view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
246 k"j{k|flyldsb]lv pRr tx;Ddsf] lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / dxŒj kx'―r a9fpg, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{, lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/f lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fx¿n] k'li6 ub{5 M 1= /]l8of] kf7÷>Jo kf7sf] k|of]u u/L lzIfssf nflu sfo{If]qdf a;]/ Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljBfyL{sf nflu cWoog ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . 2= 6]lnlehgsf] k|of]u u/L uxg tyf lSn:6 kf7x¿sf] >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; u/L lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . 3= sDKo'6/sf] tyf OG6/g]6nfO{ k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;, ljifj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f, lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg, lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng tyf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 4= dlN6ldl8ofsf] k|of]u u/L PsLs[t ¿kdf >Jo, >Job[Zo tyf sDKo'6/÷OG6/g]6sf] k|of]uaf6 lzIfssf] k];fut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cWoog ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{df cfw'lgs ;dfhdf pknAw ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;a} ;fwgx¿ h:t} OG6/g]6, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], kqfrf/, j]adf cfwfl/t lzIf0f, lel8of] 6]lnsGkm/]lG;ª, sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t ;~rf/, ;]6fnfO6 6«fl:d;g, lel8of] sf];{, CD-ROMs, lel8of] 6]k cflb k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df plNnlvt ;a} ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 eg] ljsf;f]Dd'v b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfw'lgs ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u Go"g ¿kdf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf plNnlvt ;fwgx¿dWo] kqfrf/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t lzIf0f / dlN6ldl8ofsf] cf+lzs ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 eg] j]adf cfwfl/t lzIf0f, 6]lnsGkm/]lG;ª, ;]6fnfO6 6«fl:d;g, lel8of] sf];{ cflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lv―b}g . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kg] { sf/0f tyf cfjZostf y'k| } x'g ;S5g\ tLdWo] s]xL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 1= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L yf]/} lzIfsx¿ eP klg w]/} ljBfyL{sf] kx'―rdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . 2= lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mgf] 3/ tyf sfo{ynf]df g} a;]/ cfk\mgf] k];fut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ tyf cWoog cWofkg sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ . 3= lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{n] cfk\mgf] k];f Jofj;fo / cWoognfO{ ;―u;―u} n}hfg ;S5g\ . 4= of] k|0ffnL vr{sf] b[li6n] lskmfotL 5 lsg eg] Ps k6s ;fdu|L tof/ u/L ;+/rgf tof/ u/] kl5 pQm ;fdu|L k6sk6s nfvf}― lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pQm sfo{ ug{sf nflu vf;} yk ah]6sf] cfjZostf kb} {g .
247 5= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ljZjsf] s'g} Ps :yfgdf ag]sf] lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|L OG6/g]6 tyf ;]6]nfO6 6]lnlehg k|of]u u/L If0f e/df g} k'/} ljZje/Lsf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kx'―rdf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . 6= OG6/g]6 k|ljlwdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ k|ultn] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO / cWoog cWofkgnfO{ Hofb} g} ;xh agfOlbPsf] 5 . s'g} klg l;sf?n] cfk"mnfO{ sl7g nfu]sf] ljifoj:t'sf af/]df yk s'/f hfGg'kg] { ePdf lagf u'? Google nufotsf] Search engine df uP/ cfk\mgf] ;d:of n]v]df To;sf] tTsfn pQ/ kfOG5 . o;sf nflu l;sf?n] s'g} z'Ns ltg'{ kb} {g . 3= sIff lzIf0f l;sfO;“u ;DalGwt ;"Id sfo{d"ns vf]h tyf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg Psk|sf/sf] k|fof]lus Pjd\ lg0f{os]lGb|t cg';Gwfg xf], hxf― z}lIfs sfo{qmddf sfo{/t JolQm jf JolQmx¿af6} cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L sfo{ / cg';Gwfg Pp6} JolQmn] ug{ ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg elgPsf] xf] . z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿af6} cfk\mg} sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf hf―r u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g] o;k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfgn] l;4fGt / 1fgsf] k|ltkfbgdf eGbf klg sfo{If]qsf tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgdf a9\tf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lzIffljb\, lzIff k|zf;s, of]hgfljb\ / lzIfsx¿n] ug{ ;S5g\ . ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx¿n] ljBfno jf sIffdf ljBdfg ;d:of klxNofpgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5g\ h'g a9L Jofjxfl/s / sfo{d"ns x'G5 . o;df lzIfs :jod\n] cg'ej u/]sf, ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿af/] ljrf/ u/L sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf dfWodaf6 z}Ifl0fs ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / k7gkf7gsf nflu pko'Qm pkfo jf tl/sfx¿ klxNofpg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] dbt k'¥ofp―5 . t;y{ ljBfnosf ;Gbe{df lzIfs :jod\n] cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . tfTsfnLs ;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn] sIffsf]7fsf] jf:tljs ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf lglDt of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] of]hgf ug] {, sfo{ ug] { / jf:tljs tYo kQf nufpg] sfo{ u5{ . of] To:tf] cg';Gwfg xf] h;df ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfk\mgf ;d:ofx¿sf] cWoog cfk} ―m u5{ / ;'wf/ ug] { sfo{ x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gk|lt cfslif{t ug] { k|lqmofsf ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . of] Pp6f :jod\ k|ltlalDat x'g ul/g] vf]hsfo{ xf] . o;df ;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] sfdsf] k|lqmofsf] cg';Gwfg u5{g\ . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ljrf/0fLo kIfx¿ � sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] s]Gb| laGb' eg]sf] cfk"m / cfk"maf6 ;Dkflbt x'g] sfdx¿sf] pknlAw xf] . � sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf cfk} ―måf/f ;Dkflbt sfddf cfPsf r'gf}tLx¿ cWoog u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/G5 .
- Page 205 and 206: 195 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u
- Page 207 and 208: 197 3_ n]vg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;s
- Page 209 and 210: fli6«o � ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf n
- Page 211 and 212: 201 s_ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
- Page 213 and 214: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 215 and 216: 205 dft[efiff g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z x
- Page 217 and 218: 207 o;y{ o;sf] kf7\oqmd ljdf{0fsf n
- Page 219 and 220: 209 sfd;―u kl/lrt tyf sfdk|lt ;sf
- Page 221 and 222: 211 6= j}slNks pmhf{ -;f}o{ pmhf{_
- Page 223 and 224: 213 sfo{ynf]df g/d ;Lk -soft skills
- Page 225 and 226: 215 pbfx/0f Hard skill soft skills
- Page 227 and 228: 217 13= ljleGg wft'sf -;'g rf―bL,
- Page 229 and 230: 219 k];f of]hgfsf cª\ux¿ -Compone
- Page 231 and 232: 221 k];f ;d"xLs/0f -Career clusters
- Page 233 and 234: 223 � To;}n] pBdL l;sfO eg]sf] cj
- Page 235 and 236: 225 c¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj -impressio
- Page 237 and 238: 227 cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]
- Page 239 and 240: { qm= ljj/0f km/skg ;= lgoldt lzIff
- Page 241 and 242: 231 7= o; k|0ffnL ldl8ofsf] k|of]u
- Page 243 and 244: 233 xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM
- Page 245 and 246: 235 u_ ;+r]tLs/0f lzIff -!(&) kZrft
- Page 247 and 248: 237 ug'{, k];f Joj;fosf 1fg ;Lk l;S
- Page 249 and 250: 239 u_ j}slNks tyf v'nf ljBfno lzIf
- Page 251 and 252: 241 qmddf ckgfOg] lqmofsnfkx¿df k|
- Page 253 and 254: 243 kIf >Jo Sof;]6sf] sdhf]/ eP tfk
- Page 255: em_ df]afOn kmf]g lxhf]cfh lzIf0f l
- Page 259 and 260: { cg';Gwfg ug'{kg] x'G5 . / 5f]6f]
- Page 261 and 262: 251 of]hgf (Plan) � s'g If]qdf kl
- Page 263 and 264: 253 s'g} klg ljifoIf]qdf sfo{d"ns c
- Page 265 and 266: 255 � cg';Gwfg slxn]b]lv ;'? x'G5
- Page 267: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 1= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
247<br />
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l;sfO ;fdu|L OG6/g]6 tyf ;]6]nfO6 6]lnlehg k|of]u u/L If0f e/df g} k'/} ljZje/Lsf<br />
lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kx'―rdf<br />
k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .<br />
6= OG6/g]6 k|ljlwdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ k|ultn] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO / cWoog cWofkgnfO{ Hofb} g}<br />
;xh agfOlbPsf] 5 . s'g} klg l;sf?n] cfk"mnfO{ sl7g nfu]sf] ljifoj:t'sf af/]df yk s'/f<br />
hfGg'kg] { ePdf lagf u'? Google nufotsf] Search engine df uP/ cfk\mgf] ;d:of n]v]df<br />
To;sf] tTsfn pQ/ kfOG5 . o;sf nflu l;sf?n] s'g} z'Ns ltg'{<br />
kb} {g .<br />
3= sIff lzIf0f l;sfO;“u ;DalGwt ;"Id sfo{d"ns vf]h tyf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg Psk|sf/sf] k|fof]lus Pjd\ lg0f{os]lGb|t cg';Gwfg xf], hxf― z}lIfs<br />
sfo{qmddf sfo{/t JolQm jf JolQmx¿af6} cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L sfo{ / cg';Gwfg<br />
Pp6} JolQmn] ug{ ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg elgPsf] xf] . z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf<br />
;+nUg JolQmx¿af6} cfk\mg} sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf hf―r u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g] o;k|sf/sf]<br />
cg';Gwfgn] l;4fGt / 1fgsf] k|ltkfbgdf eGbf klg sfo{If]qsf tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgdf<br />
a9\tf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lzIffljb\, lzIff k|zf;s, of]hgfljb\ /<br />
lzIfsx¿n] ug{ ;S5g\ . ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx¿n] ljBfno jf sIffdf ljBdfg<br />
;d:of klxNofpgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5g\ h'g a9L Jofjxfl/s /<br />
sfo{d"ns x'G5 . o;df lzIfs :jod\n] cg'ej u/]sf, ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿af/] ljrf/ u/L<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf dfWodaf6 z}Ifl0fs ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkdf<br />
;'wf/ Nofpg / k7gkf7gsf nflu pko'Qm pkfo jf tl/sfx¿ klxNofpg sfo{d"ns<br />
cg';Gwfgn] dbt k'¥ofp―5 . t;y{ ljBfnosf ;Gbe{df lzIfs :jod\n] cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfgsf]<br />
lgisif{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . tfTsfnLs<br />
;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn] sIffsf]7fsf] jf:tljs ;d:of klxrfg u/L<br />
;dfwfgsf lglDt of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] .<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] of]hgf ug] {, sfo{ ug] { / jf:tljs tYo kQf nufpg] sfo{ u5{ . of]<br />
To:tf] cg';Gwfg xf] h;df ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfk\mgf ;d:ofx¿sf] cWoog cfk} ―m u5{ / ;'wf/<br />
ug] { sfo{ x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gk|lt cfslif{t ug] { k|lqmofsf ¿kdf klg lng]<br />
ul/G5 . of] Pp6f :jod\ k|ltlalDat x'g ul/g] vf]hsfo{ xf] . o;df ;xefuLn] cfk\mgf]<br />
sfdsf] k|lqmofsf] cg';Gwfg u5{g\ .<br />
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ljrf/0fLo kIfx¿<br />
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xf] .<br />
� sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf cfk} ―måf/f ;Dkflbt sfddf cfPsf r'gf}tLx¿ cWoog u/L ;dfwfgsf<br />
pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/G5 .