view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
244 Kofs]hsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ af―l9g] ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ pQm ;fdu|LnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] ;fdu|Ldf ljBfyL{n] Sof;]6 ;'Gg] / 5fkf ;fdu|Ldf pNn]v ul/Psf lqmofsnfk Pskl5 csf] { qmdzM ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . r_ b[Zo 5fkf lel8of] Sof;]6 / d'lb|t ;fdu|LnfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;fdu|LnfO{ b[Zo 5fkf (Video Print) ;fdu|L elgG5 . b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] Sof;]6 / d'lb|t ;fdu|L Kofs]hsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . l;sf?n] $–% ldg]6 Sof;]6 x]/]/ d'lb|t ;fdu|Ldf pNn]v ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug'{kg] { x'G5 . l;sf?nfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s l;Sg oL ;fdu|Lx¿ pkof]uL x'G5g\ . b[Zo Sof;]6df x]b} { d'lb|t ;fdu|Ldf lbOPsf] lgb] {zgcg';f/ lqmofsnfkx¿ ubf{ ljBfyL{n] ;fdfGo ljifoj:t' b]lv lj1fg / k|ljlwsf hl6n ;d:of / l;4fGtx¿ ;d]t ;lhn};―u a'e\mg ;Sg] ePsfn] o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu Hofb} k|efjsf/L dflgG5g\ . 5_ dlN6ldl8of dlN6ldl8of eGgfn] Ps eGbf a9L ldl8ofsf] k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|L eGg] a'e\mg' kb{5 . dlN6ldl8ofdf d'lb|t, Wjlg, Plgd];g u|flkmS; Ps};fy /flvPsf] x'G5 . Pp6} l;8Ldf y'k| } kf7\oj:t' ;d]6\g ;lsg], Pskl5 csf] { lqmofsnfk ug'{kg] {, Plgd];gsf] sf/0fn] k|of]ufTds / cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ hLjGt x'g] ePsfn] dlG6ldl8of l;8L k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL eP tfklg ;L=8L x]g{sf nflu sDKo'6/sf] cfjZostf kg] { ePsfn] ;a} 7fp― / :t/sf l;sf?sf nflu of] ;fdu|Ldf kx'―r ;lhnf] eg] 5}g . h_ OG6/g]6 lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos kg] { d'lb|t, >Jo, >Job[Zo tyf rnb[Zo -animation_ h:tf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ ljleGg j]e;fO6df /ffv]/ OG6/g]6 dfk{mt kf7\o;fdu|L lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] sfo{:yn tyf 3/;Dd If0fe/d} k'¥ofpg ;lsg] of] k|ljlw cToGt cfw'lgs / e/kbf] { 5 . OG6/g]6df w]/} k|sf/sf ;'ljwfx¿ x'G5g\ . OG6/g]6df pk/f]Qm kf7\o;fdu|L, :jfWoog ;fdu|L / ;|f]t;fdu|Lsf cltl/Qm Od]n, Rofl6ª, >Job[Zo ;ef ;~rfng ug] { ;d]t ;'ljwf /x]sf] x'G5 . Od]naf6 kf7\o;fdu|L cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf cltl/Qm lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{ lbg] / ljBfyL{n] u[xsfo{ u/]/ d"Nofª\sg tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu lzIfsnfO{ k7fpg] ;'ljwf /x]sf] x'G5 . Od]n tyf km];a's v]n]sf] a]nf cfk\mgf] ;fyL tyf lzIfs;―u k|ToIf n]v]/ s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L Skype df vftf vf]n]/ k|ToIf ¿kdf cfdg] ;fdg] eO ;fyL tyf lzIfsx¿;―u ¿kdf >Job[Zo ;ef ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjsf] Pp6f s'gfdf a;]/ ;+;f/e/Lsf cfk\mgf ljBfyL{;Dd ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg] of] k|ljlw lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf of] ztfAbLs} ce"tk"j{ pknlAw xf] . ljsl;t b]zx¿df pRrtd lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf o;nfO{ k|of]u ug] { ul/P tfklg xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf >Job[Zosf kf7\of+z OG6/g]6dfk{mt cWoog ug{ r'gf}tL eP tfklg d'lb|t / >Jo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]ustf{x¿ qmlds ¿kdf a9L /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf of] dfWodsf] nf]slk|otf lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 .
em_ df]afOn kmf]g lxhf]cfh lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk / lzIfsx¿sf] k];fut Ifdtf j[l4 ug{sf nflu df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u lta| ¿kdf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . Psflt/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/sf] rfh{ 3l6/x]sf] 5 eg] csf] {lt/ k|ljlwdf ePsf] lta| ljsf;n] o;sf] nf]slk|otf a9]sf] xf] . df]afOn kmf]g lsGgdf ;:tf] 5, af]s]/ lx―8g ;lhnf] 5 . o;af6 PkmPd ;'Gg, P;PdP; k7fpg, kmf]6f]x¿ k7fpg, b[Zo ;fdu|L lvRg, OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lhn} ;lsG5 . y|L hL df]afOn kmf]gsf] ;]6af6 t kmf]g ug] { JolQmx¿sf] cg'xf/ ;d]t x]g{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] df]afOn kmf]gn] Ps lsl;dn] sDKo'6/df g} kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug{, l6p;g k9fpg, l;sfO tyf k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfa ;Nnfx lbgsf nflu of] ;fwg Hofb} g} pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L ;fljt ePsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zsf] ;jfndf eg] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk / lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf] sfo{df df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u vf;} ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . `_ l8lh6n Sofd/f kmf]6f] lvRg tyf b[Zo ;fdu|L lvRgsf nflu l8lh6n Sofd/fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . s'g} :yfgdf 36]sf 36gfx¿, lqmofsnfkx¿, lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ePsf pTs[i6 cEof;x¿sf] kmf]6f] tyf b[Zo ;fdu|L lvr]/ sDKo'6/df /fvL LCD sf] ;xfotfn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ugf{n] Psflt/ lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f ;fdu|L vf]Hgsf nflu 7"nf] ldx]gt u/L /xg' kb} {g eg] csf] {lt/ ljBfyL{x¿n] 36]sf 36gfx¿ tyf u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] af:tljs ¿k cjnf]sg u/L cfk\mgf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfb{5g\ . To;}n] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf l8lh6n Sofd/fsf] k|of]u ug] { qmd lxhf]cfh lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 . 2= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] lzIff If]qdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} k|of]u x'―b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|of]u / pkof]uLsf] cfwf/df k'/fgf / cfw'lgs u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 . kqfrf/, 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg h:tf ;fwgnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] k'/fgf ;fwg elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6, >Job[Zo ;ef, dlN6ldl8of, ;]6fnfO6 6«fl:d;g cflbnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] cfw'lgs ;fwg elgG5 . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] sfo{ynf] 5f]8g'kg] { cj:yf 5}g . cfk\mgf] sfo{If]qdf a;]/ g} OG6/g]6sf] dbtn] 245 sfNklgs sIffsf]7f -Virtual clsssroom_ dfk{mt lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;xh ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;―u} lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df y'k| } ljlw tyf tf}/tl/sfx¿sf] hGd ePsf] 5 . 5fkf, >Jo, >Job[Zo, >Jo–5fkf, >Jo b[Zo 5fkf, dlN6ldl8of / j]a ;fO6, >Jo ;ef, >Job[Zo ;ef h:tf ljljw k|sf/sf dfWod k|of]u u/L km/skm/s lsl;dsf tf}/tl/sf k|of]u u/]/ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ub} { l;sf?n] l;Sg kfpg] ePsf] x'gfn] g} lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljz]if ¿kdf dxŒj a9]sf] xf] .
- Page 203 and 204: 193 n]lvPsf 5g\ . lnR5ljsfnLg sl/a
- Page 205 and 206: 195 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u
- Page 207 and 208: 197 3_ n]vg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;s
- Page 209 and 210: fli6«o � ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf n
- Page 211 and 212: 201 s_ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
- Page 213 and 214: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 215 and 216: 205 dft[efiff g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z x
- Page 217 and 218: 207 o;y{ o;sf] kf7\oqmd ljdf{0fsf n
- Page 219 and 220: 209 sfd;―u kl/lrt tyf sfdk|lt ;sf
- Page 221 and 222: 211 6= j}slNks pmhf{ -;f}o{ pmhf{_
- Page 223 and 224: 213 sfo{ynf]df g/d ;Lk -soft skills
- Page 225 and 226: 215 pbfx/0f Hard skill soft skills
- Page 227 and 228: 217 13= ljleGg wft'sf -;'g rf―bL,
- Page 229 and 230: 219 k];f of]hgfsf cª\ux¿ -Compone
- Page 231 and 232: 221 k];f ;d"xLs/0f -Career clusters
- Page 233 and 234: 223 � To;}n] pBdL l;sfO eg]sf] cj
- Page 235 and 236: 225 c¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj -impressio
- Page 237 and 238: 227 cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]
- Page 239 and 240: { qm= ljj/0f km/skg ;= lgoldt lzIff
- Page 241 and 242: 231 7= o; k|0ffnL ldl8ofsf] k|of]u
- Page 243 and 244: 233 xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM
- Page 245 and 246: 235 u_ ;+r]tLs/0f lzIff -!(&) kZrft
- Page 247 and 248: 237 ug'{, k];f Joj;fosf 1fg ;Lk l;S
- Page 249 and 250: 239 u_ j}slNks tyf v'nf ljBfno lzIf
- Page 251 and 252: 241 qmddf ckgfOg] lqmofsnfkx¿df k|
- Page 253: 243 kIf >Jo Sof;]6sf] sdhf]/ eP tfk
- Page 257 and 258: 247 5= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfP
- Page 259 and 260: { cg';Gwfg ug'{kg] x'G5 . / 5f]6f]
- Page 261 and 262: 251 of]hgf (Plan) � s'g If]qdf kl
- Page 263 and 264: 253 s'g} klg ljifoIf]qdf sfo{d"ns c
- Page 265 and 266: 255 � cg';Gwfg slxn]b]lv ;'? x'G5
- Page 267: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 1= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
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lxhf]cfh lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk / lzIfsx¿sf] k];fut Ifdtf j[l4 ug{sf nflu df]afOn<br />
kmf]gsf] k|of]u lta| ¿kdf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . Psflt/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/sf] rfh{<br />
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k7fpg, b[Zo ;fdu|L lvRg, OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lhn} ;lsG5 . y|L hL df]afOn kmf]gsf]<br />
;]6af6 t kmf]g ug] { JolQmx¿sf] cg'xf/ ;d]t x]g{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] df]afOn kmf]gn] Ps<br />
lsl;dn] sDKo'6/df g} kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug{,<br />
l6p;g k9fpg, l;sfO tyf k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfa ;Nnfx lbgsf nflu of] ;fwg Hofb}<br />
g} pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L ;fljt ePsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zsf] ;jfndf eg] lzIf0f l;sfO<br />
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5}g .<br />
`_ l8lh6n Sofd/f<br />
kmf]6f] lvRg tyf b[Zo ;fdu|L lvRgsf nflu l8lh6n Sofd/fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . s'g} :yfgdf<br />
36]sf 36gfx¿, lqmofsnfkx¿, lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ePsf pTs[i6 cEof;x¿sf] kmf]6f]<br />
tyf b[Zo ;fdu|L lvr]/ sDKo'6/df /fvL LCD sf] ;xfotfn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b]vfpg<br />
;lsG5 . o;f] ugf{n] Psflt/ lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f ;fdu|L vf]Hgsf nflu 7"nf] ldx]gt u/L /xg'<br />
kb} {g eg] csf] {lt/ ljBfyL{x¿n] 36]sf 36gfx¿ tyf u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] af:tljs ¿k<br />
cjnf]sg u/L cfk\mgf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfb{5g\ . To;}n] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf l8lh6n Sofd/fsf]<br />
k|of]u ug] { qmd lxhf]cfh lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 .<br />
2= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u<br />
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] lzIff If]qdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} k|of]u x'―b}<br />
cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;"rgf<br />
tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|of]u / pkof]uLsf] cfwf/df k'/fgf / cfw'lgs u/L<br />
b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 . kqfrf/, 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg h:tf ;fwgnfO{ ;"rgf tyf<br />
;~rf/sf] k'/fgf ;fwg elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6, >Job[Zo ;ef, dlN6ldl8of, ;]6fnfO6<br />
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k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu lzIfs<br />
tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] sfo{ynf] 5f]8g'kg] { cj:yf 5}g . cfk\mgf] sfo{If]qdf a;]/ g} OG6/g]6sf] dbtn]<br />
245<br />
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sfo{qmdx¿ ;xh ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .<br />
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>Jo, >Job[Zo, >Jo–5fkf, >Jo b[Zo 5fkf, dlN6ldl8of / j]a ;fO6, >Jo ;ef, >Job[Zo ;ef<br />
h:tf ljljw k|sf/sf dfWod k|of]u u/L km/skm/s lsl;dsf tf}/tl/sf k|of]u u/]/ ljleGg<br />
lqmofsnfkx¿ ub} { l;sf?n] l;Sg kfpg] ePsf] x'gfn] g} lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf]<br />
ljz]if ¿kdf dxŒj a9]sf] xf] .