view - National Center for Education Development

kfp―5g\ h;n] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ klg l;sfOsf nflu k| ]/0ff a9fpg;S5 . xfd|f clwsf+z
ljBfnox¿df hfGg] / sdhf]/ b'a} vfnsf ljBfyL{x¿n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] k"/f c+z ;'Gg] k|rng
sd dfqfdf kfOG5 . o; k|rngn] k|efjsf/L efiff lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u ub} {g . sdhf]/
ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/n] lzIfsnfO{ ;Gt'li6 glbgfn] lzIfsn] To:tf ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] k"/f
c+z g;'Gg] u/]sf] atfp―5g\ lzIffljb\x¿, sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] k"/f pQ/ gelgsg lzIfsn] p;nfO{
xtf]T;flxt ub} { aLr}df /f]Sg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o;n] sIffdf ePsf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfufdL
lbgx¿df k|Zgsf] pQ/ hfgLghfgL lbgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ub} {gg\ .
ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/sf] k"/f c+z ;'lg;s]kl5 lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] k|ltlqmof÷d"Nofª\sg k|:t't
ug'{kb{5
cyf{t lbOPsf] pQ/ slt 7Ls eof] / s'g 7fp―df ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5
eGg] af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . o;} qmddf hfGg] ljBfyL{n] olb lzIfsn] ck]Iff u/]sf]eGbf klg /fd|f]
pQ/ lbPsf] /x]5 eg] Tof] s'/f ToxL ;dodf elglbg' kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] hfGg] ljBfyL{ klg cem
k|of; ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'g]5g\ eg] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿ klg ljleGg tl/sfn] l;sfOk|lt pT;fxL
x'g;S5g\ . pQ/sf] d"Nofª\sgs} qmddf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{
;aeGbf klxn] p;sf] pQ/df kfOPsf /fd|f s'/fx¿ pNn]v u/L cfk"mn] ck]Iff u/]sf] eGbf /fd|f]
pQ/ kfPsf] s'/f atfOlbg' kb{5 . lzIfsn] o;f] elglbgfn] olb ljBfyL{df d lgs} sdhf]/ 5'
eGg] efjgf /x]5 eg] Tof] x6]/ d}n] klg s]xL s'/f hfg]sf] /x]5' ca d]xgt a9fP― eg] d klg
hfGg] x'g;Sg] /x]5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . o; qmddf lzIfsn] To:tf ljBfyL{sf ;'wf/
ug'{kg]
{ s'/fx¿ klg pNn]v ul/lbg' kb{5 . sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{
klxn] sdhf]/ kIfsf] phfu/ slxn] klg ul/lbg' x'―b}g
. klxn] sdhf]/ kIfsf] phfu/ ugf{n]
ljBfyL{ a9L xtf]T;flxt x'g;S5g\ . x'g t sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] lzIfsn] ck]Iff u/]sf] h:tf] /fd|f]
pQ/ glbPsf] klg x'g;S5 t/ Tof] oyfy{ p;sf ;fyLx¿aLr elglbgfn] p;df xLg efjgf
a9fpg] ePsfn] To:tf ljBfyL{x¿n] lbPsf] pQ/leq /fd|f s'/fx¿ vf]h]/ klxn] tL s'/fx¿
elglbg' kb{5 egL APPLE tl/sfn] eGb5 . sIff d"Nofª\sgsf qmddf APPLE tl/sfnfO{
7Ls 9ª\un] k|of]u ul/of] eg] efiff lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
k|Zg g+= !* sf] pQ/
clxn]sf] ;a}sf] ck]Iff eg]sf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0faf6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff pknAw
u/fpg' xf] . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] of] ck]Iff cfsl:ds ¿kdfrflx+ slxNo} klg k"/f x'g;Sb}g .
o;sf nflu oL kf―r r/0fx¿– of]hgf, tof/L, k|:t'lt, cEof; / d"Nofª\sg k"/f x'g} kb{5 . efiff
lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu t oL kf―r r/0fx¿ k"/f u/]/ lzIf0f ug'{
clt cfjZos
5 .
sIffdf k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu of]hgf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
of]hgfljgfsf] lzIf0fl;sfO uGtJoljgfsf] ofqL h:t} x'G5 . cGo ljifo lzIf0fsf t'ngfdf g]kfnL
efiff lzIf0fl;sfO cln hl6n / dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ klg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg
ug{sf nflu lzIfsn] b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfpg} kb{5 . lzIfsn] agfPsf] b}lgs kf7of]hgf
19