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19.02.2013 Views

194 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf ljleGg wfld{s cg'i7fg Pjd\ rf8kj{x¿df lxGb' ;+:sf/ k4lt Pjd\ ;+:s[tsf] k|efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . $= Joj;fosf ¿kdf ;+:s[t ;+:s[tdf /x]sf] 1fge08f/nfO{ ljleGg Joj;fosf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ dflg;x¿n] hLjgofkg u/]sf] kfOG5. o;/L Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]udf cfPsf If]qx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\— $=!= sd{sf08 g]kfndf sd{sf08nfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf lng] dflg;x¿ w]/} 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] hLjgofkgsf] nflu k|d'v cfly{s ;|f]t oxL g} /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj;fon] s]jn Joj;foLx¿nfO{ dfq kmfObf geO{ ;dfh g} o;af6 pks[t 5 . o;}n] of] ;dfhsf] cfjZostfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljb]zsf ljleGg lxGb' ;d'bfo /x]sf 7fp―x¿df ;d]t g]kfnL sd{sf08 Joj;foLx¿n] cfk\mgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . $=@= k'/f0fjfrg Pjd\ k|jrg g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg 7fp―x¿df k'/f0fjfrg Pjd\ k|jrgsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug] { ul/G5 . o:tf cfof]hgfx¿af6 clh{t cy{/flzaf6 lzIf0f ;+:yf Pjd\ lrlsT;fno :yfkgf, af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0f, k'nx¿ lgdf{0f, k':tsfno :yfkgf h:tf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg x'―b} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿af6 ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf, zflGtdo jftfj/0f / ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgfsf] clej[l4 ug{df ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . $=#= cfo'j] {b clxn] ljZjdf cfo'j] {b;―u ;DalGwt cg]sf} ― lrlsT;f s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfo'j] {b g]kfndf Pnf]k]yLsf] j}slNks lrlsT;fk|0ffnLsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . g]kfnsf hl8a'6Lx¿sf] ljifodf cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L cf}iflw pTkfbg Pjd\ lgof{t u/]df b]zsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 a9\g] b]lvG5 . cfh cfo'j] {b pkrf/ k4ltk|lt 8An' Pr\ cf]h:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] Wofg cfslif{t ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L sltko Pnf]k]yLsf lrlsT;sn] klg j}slNks pkrf/ k4ltsf ¿kdf cfo'j] {b pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ ckgfpg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . $=$= Hof]ltif g]kfndf Hof]ltif ljifonfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u ug] { dflg;x¿ klg k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . $=%= of]u g]kfndf of]unfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg w]/} /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg of]uk|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfng u/L sof} + JolQmn] cfo cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf ljleGg wfld{s d7x¿ / Wofg s]Gb|x¿df ljleGg :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL dflg;x¿ Wofg Pjd\ of]u l;Sg hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . $=^= cWoog–cg';Gwfg ;+:s[tsf] ljleGg 1fgsf If]qx¿df cWoog Pjd\ cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu ljleGg b]zx¿af6 ljBfyL{ Pjd\ cg';Gwftfx¿ g]kfndf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;af6 g]kfn ;/sf/ /

195 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿df sfo{/t hgzlQmn] ;+:s[tnfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . $=&= ;Dkfbg Pjd\ cg'jfb ;+:s[t 1fge08f/;―u ;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿ g]kfndf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . tL k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿sf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{af6 ;+:s[t1x¿n] cfo cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . $=*= snf;fwgf g]kfndf zf:qLo ;ª\uLt, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, jf:t'snf h:tf ;+:s[t;―u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿ y'k| } 5g\ . $=(= tflGqs cg'i7fg g]kfndf ljleGg dlGb/x¿df tflGqs k4ltaf6 k"hf, pkf;gf, ;fwgf Pjd\ tGq–dGq, emf/km"s h:tf tflGqs cg'i7fg u/]/ cfocfh{g ug] { dflg;x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . %= :jf:Yo lj1fgsf ¿kdf ;+:s[t dfgjsf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sltko ljifox¿ ;+:s[tleq /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] cfo'j] {b, of]uzf:q, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, dGqtGq -emf/km's_, Hof]ltif -/Tgwf/0f_ cflb k|d'v 5g\ . ljZj kl/j]zdf ;+:s[t hd{gLdf >'lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ O8f{u]g, k|m]Oau{, xDau{, dfu] {r'{Plau]gh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkg u/fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] :d[lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ af]g, dfa{u{ k|m]Oau{h:tf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkgsf ljifo agfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} af}4bz{gnfO{ af]g, af]s'g, Hof]li7ª\u]g, d'Gv]g, d]Ghh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] k9fO /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ d]Gh, dfa{u{, d'Gv]gh:tf :yfgdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;+:s[t jfª\docGtu{tsf ljljw ljifosf cfkm\g} df}lns tyf ljlzi6 lzIf0f ljlwsf] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM u/]/ l;s -Learning by doing_ sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ o; k/Dk/fsf x/]s lqmofsnfk k|of]ufTds cEof;df g} s]lGb|t /xG5g\ . o;n] efiff l;sfOsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf /x]sf] zAb 1fg tyf k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . o;y{ o; ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 M -s_ k|bz{g ljlw -v_ 5nkmn ljlw -u_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw -3_ cjnf]sg -ª_ JofVofg -r_ b08fGjo ljlw -5_ v08fGjo ljlw -h_ kl/of]hgf ljlw cflb .

195<br />

g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿df sfo{/t hgzlQmn] ;+:s[tnfO{<br />

Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .<br />

$=&= ;Dkfbg Pjd\ cg'jfb<br />

;+:s[t 1fge08f/;―u ;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿ g]kfndf k|sflzt x'g]<br />

u/]sf 5g\ . tL k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿sf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{af6 ;+:s[t1x¿n] cfo cfh{g<br />

ul//x]sf 5g\ .<br />

$=*= snf;fwgf<br />

g]kfndf zf:qLo ;ª\uLt, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, jf:t'snf h:tf ;+:s[t;―u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{<br />

Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿ y'k| } 5g\ .<br />

$=(= tflGqs cg'i7fg<br />

g]kfndf ljleGg dlGb/x¿df tflGqs k4ltaf6 k"hf, pkf;gf, ;fwgf Pjd\ tGq–dGq,<br />

emf/km"s h:tf tflGqs cg'i7fg u/]/ cfocfh{g ug] { dflg;x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .<br />

%= :jf:Yo lj1fgsf ¿kdf ;+:s[t<br />

dfgjsf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sltko ljifox¿<br />

;+:s[tleq /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] cfo'j] {b, of]uzf:q, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, dGqtGq -emf/km's_,<br />

Hof]ltif -/Tgwf/0f_ cflb k|d'v 5g\ .<br />

ljZj kl/j]zdf ;+:s[t<br />

hd{gLdf >'lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ O8f{u]g, k|m]Oau{, xDau{, dfu] {r'{Plau]gh:tf<br />

:yfgx¿df /x]sf<br />

ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkg u/fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] :d[lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ af]g, dfa{u{<br />

k|m]Oau{h:tf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkgsf ljifo agfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} af}4bz{gnfO{ af]g,<br />

af]s'g, Hof]li7ª\u]g, d'Gv]g, d]Ghh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] k9fO /x]sf 5g\ eg]<br />

;+:s[t ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ d]Gh, dfa{u{, d'Gv]gh:tf :yfgdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n]<br />

lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ .<br />

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk<br />

;+:s[t jfª\docGtu{tsf ljljw ljifosf cfkm\g} df}lns tyf ljlzi6 lzIf0f ljlwsf] k/Dk/f<br />

/lxcfPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM u/]/ l;s -Learning by doing_ sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ o; k/Dk/fsf x/]s<br />

lqmofsnfk k|of]ufTds cEof;df g} s]lGb|t /xG5g\ . o;n] efiff l;sfOsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf<br />

/x]sf] zAb 1fg tyf k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . o;y{ o; ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{<br />

k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]udf Nofpg<br />

;lsG5 M<br />

-s_ k|bz{g ljlw -v_ 5nkmn ljlw -u_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw<br />

-3_ cjnf]sg -ª_ JofVofg -r_ b08fGjo ljlw<br />

-5_ v08fGjo ljlw -h_ kl/of]hgf ljlw cflb .

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