view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
194 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf ljleGg wfld{s cg'i7fg Pjd\ rf8kj{x¿df lxGb' ;+:sf/ k4lt Pjd\ ;+:s[tsf] k|efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . $= Joj;fosf ¿kdf ;+:s[t ;+:s[tdf /x]sf] 1fge08f/nfO{ ljleGg Joj;fosf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ dflg;x¿n] hLjgofkg u/]sf] kfOG5. o;/L Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]udf cfPsf If]qx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\— $=!= sd{sf08 g]kfndf sd{sf08nfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf lng] dflg;x¿ w]/} 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] hLjgofkgsf] nflu k|d'v cfly{s ;|f]t oxL g} /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj;fon] s]jn Joj;foLx¿nfO{ dfq kmfObf geO{ ;dfh g} o;af6 pks[t 5 . o;}n] of] ;dfhsf] cfjZostfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljb]zsf ljleGg lxGb' ;d'bfo /x]sf 7fp―x¿df ;d]t g]kfnL sd{sf08 Joj;foLx¿n] cfk\mgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . $=@= k'/f0fjfrg Pjd\ k|jrg g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg 7fp―x¿df k'/f0fjfrg Pjd\ k|jrgsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug] { ul/G5 . o:tf cfof]hgfx¿af6 clh{t cy{/flzaf6 lzIf0f ;+:yf Pjd\ lrlsT;fno :yfkgf, af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0f, k'nx¿ lgdf{0f, k':tsfno :yfkgf h:tf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg x'―b} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿af6 ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf, zflGtdo jftfj/0f / ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgfsf] clej[l4 ug{df ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . $=#= cfo'j] {b clxn] ljZjdf cfo'j] {b;―u ;DalGwt cg]sf} ― lrlsT;f s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfo'j] {b g]kfndf Pnf]k]yLsf] j}slNks lrlsT;fk|0ffnLsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . g]kfnsf hl8a'6Lx¿sf] ljifodf cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L cf}iflw pTkfbg Pjd\ lgof{t u/]df b]zsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 a9\g] b]lvG5 . cfh cfo'j] {b pkrf/ k4ltk|lt 8An' Pr\ cf]h:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] Wofg cfslif{t ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L sltko Pnf]k]yLsf lrlsT;sn] klg j}slNks pkrf/ k4ltsf ¿kdf cfo'j] {b pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ ckgfpg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . $=$= Hof]ltif g]kfndf Hof]ltif ljifonfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u ug] { dflg;x¿ klg k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . $=%= of]u g]kfndf of]unfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg w]/} /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg of]uk|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfng u/L sof} + JolQmn] cfo cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf ljleGg wfld{s d7x¿ / Wofg s]Gb|x¿df ljleGg :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL dflg;x¿ Wofg Pjd\ of]u l;Sg hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . $=^= cWoog–cg';Gwfg ;+:s[tsf] ljleGg 1fgsf If]qx¿df cWoog Pjd\ cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu ljleGg b]zx¿af6 ljBfyL{ Pjd\ cg';Gwftfx¿ g]kfndf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;af6 g]kfn ;/sf/ /
195 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿df sfo{/t hgzlQmn] ;+:s[tnfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . $=&= ;Dkfbg Pjd\ cg'jfb ;+:s[t 1fge08f/;―u ;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿ g]kfndf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . tL k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿sf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{af6 ;+:s[t1x¿n] cfo cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . $=*= snf;fwgf g]kfndf zf:qLo ;ª\uLt, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, jf:t'snf h:tf ;+:s[t;―u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿ y'k| } 5g\ . $=(= tflGqs cg'i7fg g]kfndf ljleGg dlGb/x¿df tflGqs k4ltaf6 k"hf, pkf;gf, ;fwgf Pjd\ tGq–dGq, emf/km"s h:tf tflGqs cg'i7fg u/]/ cfocfh{g ug] { dflg;x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . %= :jf:Yo lj1fgsf ¿kdf ;+:s[t dfgjsf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sltko ljifox¿ ;+:s[tleq /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] cfo'j] {b, of]uzf:q, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, dGqtGq -emf/km's_, Hof]ltif -/Tgwf/0f_ cflb k|d'v 5g\ . ljZj kl/j]zdf ;+:s[t hd{gLdf >'lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ O8f{u]g, k|m]Oau{, xDau{, dfu] {r'{Plau]gh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkg u/fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] :d[lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ af]g, dfa{u{ k|m]Oau{h:tf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkgsf ljifo agfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} af}4bz{gnfO{ af]g, af]s'g, Hof]li7ª\u]g, d'Gv]g, d]Ghh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] k9fO /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ d]Gh, dfa{u{, d'Gv]gh:tf :yfgdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;+:s[t jfª\docGtu{tsf ljljw ljifosf cfkm\g} df}lns tyf ljlzi6 lzIf0f ljlwsf] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM u/]/ l;s -Learning by doing_ sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ o; k/Dk/fsf x/]s lqmofsnfk k|of]ufTds cEof;df g} s]lGb|t /xG5g\ . o;n] efiff l;sfOsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf /x]sf] zAb 1fg tyf k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . o;y{ o; ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 M -s_ k|bz{g ljlw -v_ 5nkmn ljlw -u_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw -3_ cjnf]sg -ª_ JofVofg -r_ b08fGjo ljlw -5_ v08fGjo ljlw -h_ kl/of]hgf ljlw cflb .
- Page 153 and 154: ^= Pyn]l6S; 143 1= 5f]6f] bf}8 2= n
- Page 155 and 156: 145 { To:t} k"0ff{ª\s !) sf] zf/Ll
- Page 157 and 158: 147 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljBfyL{df lj
- Page 159 and 160: k|ljlw nufpg], � ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf
- Page 161 and 162: jftfj/0f x|f; tyf o;sf] ;+/If0f jft
- Page 163 and 164: { ] � kl/of]hgf sfo{M ljBfyL{nfO{
- Page 165 and 166: 155 lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljBf
- Page 167 and 168: gd'gf kf7 of]hgf ! zLif{s PsfOM ;fw
- Page 169 and 170: @= sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kbfy{sf
- Page 171 and 172: 161 � k|sfz gk/]sf] efudf /ª\xLg
- Page 173 and 174: 163 :yfgLo ljifo g]kfn hflt, efiff,
- Page 175 and 176: 165 � ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflu
- Page 177 and 178: efiffefifL M :yfgLo :t/df af]lng] e
- Page 179 and 180: 169 ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt M p2]Zosf]
- Page 181 and 182: 171 ª= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk lzIf0
- Page 183 and 184: 173 sfddf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/f
- Page 185 and 186: lrqsnf / x:tsnf -l;h{gfTds snf_ $=
- Page 187 and 188: 177 � dgf]gog jf 5gf]6 ePsf avt k
- Page 189 and 190: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 191 and 192: t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] /f]u 181 cf―v
- Page 193 and 194: 183 cg'df]bg tyf kfl/t ug] { / cfjZ
- Page 195 and 196: 185 cf_ :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo hgtfs
- Page 197 and 198: 187 ;+:s[t lzIff ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ ;
- Page 199 and 200: 189 v_ @)!* ;fn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff
- Page 201 and 202: 191 ;+:s[tsf ljifoj:t' ;+:s[t eflif
- Page 203: 193 n]lvPsf 5g\ . lnR5ljsfnLg sl/a
- Page 207 and 208: 197 3_ n]vg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;s
- Page 209 and 210: fli6«o � ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf n
- Page 211 and 212: 201 s_ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
- Page 213 and 214: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 215 and 216: 205 dft[efiff g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z x
- Page 217 and 218: 207 o;y{ o;sf] kf7\oqmd ljdf{0fsf n
- Page 219 and 220: 209 sfd;―u kl/lrt tyf sfdk|lt ;sf
- Page 221 and 222: 211 6= j}slNks pmhf{ -;f}o{ pmhf{_
- Page 223 and 224: 213 sfo{ynf]df g/d ;Lk -soft skills
- Page 225 and 226: 215 pbfx/0f Hard skill soft skills
- Page 227 and 228: 217 13= ljleGg wft'sf -;'g rf―bL,
- Page 229 and 230: 219 k];f of]hgfsf cª\ux¿ -Compone
- Page 231 and 232: 221 k];f ;d"xLs/0f -Career clusters
- Page 233 and 234: 223 � To;}n] pBdL l;sfO eg]sf] cj
- Page 235 and 236: 225 c¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj -impressio
- Page 237 and 238: 227 cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]
- Page 239 and 240: { qm= ljj/0f km/skg ;= lgoldt lzIff
- Page 241 and 242: 231 7= o; k|0ffnL ldl8ofsf] k|of]u
- Page 243 and 244: 233 xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM
- Page 245 and 246: 235 u_ ;+r]tLs/0f lzIff -!(&) kZrft
- Page 247 and 248: 237 ug'{, k];f Joj;fosf 1fg ;Lk l;S
- Page 249 and 250: 239 u_ j}slNks tyf v'nf ljBfno lzIf
- Page 251 and 252: 241 qmddf ckgfOg] lqmofsnfkx¿df k|
- Page 253 and 254: 243 kIf >Jo Sof;]6sf] sdhf]/ eP tfk
195<br />
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿df sfo{/t hgzlQmn] ;+:s[tnfO{<br />
Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .<br />
$=&= ;Dkfbg Pjd\ cg'jfb<br />
;+:s[t 1fge08f/;―u ;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿ g]kfndf k|sflzt x'g]<br />
u/]sf 5g\ . tL k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿sf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{af6 ;+:s[t1x¿n] cfo cfh{g<br />
ul//x]sf 5g\ .<br />
$=*= snf;fwgf<br />
g]kfndf zf:qLo ;ª\uLt, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, jf:t'snf h:tf ;+:s[t;―u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{<br />
Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿ y'k| } 5g\ .<br />
$=(= tflGqs cg'i7fg<br />
g]kfndf ljleGg dlGb/x¿df tflGqs k4ltaf6 k"hf, pkf;gf, ;fwgf Pjd\ tGq–dGq,<br />
emf/km"s h:tf tflGqs cg'i7fg u/]/ cfocfh{g ug] { dflg;x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .<br />
%= :jf:Yo lj1fgsf ¿kdf ;+:s[t<br />
dfgjsf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sltko ljifox¿<br />
;+:s[tleq /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] cfo'j] {b, of]uzf:q, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, dGqtGq -emf/km's_,<br />
Hof]ltif -/Tgwf/0f_ cflb k|d'v 5g\ .<br />
ljZj kl/j]zdf ;+:s[t<br />
hd{gLdf >'lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ O8f{u]g, k|m]Oau{, xDau{, dfu] {r'{Plau]gh:tf<br />
:yfgx¿df /x]sf<br />
ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkg u/fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] :d[lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ af]g, dfa{u{<br />
k|m]Oau{h:tf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkgsf ljifo agfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} af}4bz{gnfO{ af]g,<br />
af]s'g, Hof]li7ª\u]g, d'Gv]g, d]Ghh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] k9fO /x]sf 5g\ eg]<br />
;+:s[t ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ d]Gh, dfa{u{, d'Gv]gh:tf :yfgdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n]<br />
lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ .<br />
lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk<br />
;+:s[t jfª\docGtu{tsf ljljw ljifosf cfkm\g} df}lns tyf ljlzi6 lzIf0f ljlwsf] k/Dk/f<br />
/lxcfPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM u/]/ l;s -Learning by doing_ sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ o; k/Dk/fsf x/]s<br />
lqmofsnfk k|of]ufTds cEof;df g} s]lGb|t /xG5g\ . o;n] efiff l;sfOsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf<br />
/x]sf] zAb 1fg tyf k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . o;y{ o; ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{<br />
k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]udf Nofpg<br />
;lsG5 M<br />
-s_ k|bz{g ljlw -v_ 5nkmn ljlw -u_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw<br />
-3_ cjnf]sg -ª_ JofVofg -r_ b08fGjo ljlw<br />
-5_ v08fGjo ljlw -h_ kl/of]hgf ljlw cflb .