view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
168 ug] {, ;ª\sng ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] { / pkof]u ug] { r]tgf / ;Lksf] cefjdf To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ To:tf h8La'6Lsf] dxŒj a'emfpg / eljiodf To:tf] h8La'6Lsf] ;ª\sng ug] {, v]tL ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] { ;Lksf] ljsf; u/L Joj;fotk{m cfslif{t ug] { d'Vo p2]Zo lnP/ :yfgLo ljifosf] ¿kdf lr/fOtf] v]tLsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . v= p2]Zo lgwf{/0f cfjZostfsf] klxrfgkl5 ;Da4 ljifoIf]qdf cfwfl/t eP/ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;}4flGtseGbf Jofjxfl/s / k|of]uk/s ljifoIf]qnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . ;fy} ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, pd]/, cfjZostf, tx÷sIff, l;sfO:t/sf ;fy} afndgf]lj1fg, ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt / ;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . p2]Zox¿ SMART (Scientific, Measurable, Achievable, Realiable and Time bond) agfpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 . p2]Zox¿ tof/ ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿nfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf Wofg lbg'kg] { x'G5 M ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/ M s'g pd]/ ;d"xsf nflu kf7\oqmd tof/ ug{ nfluPsf] xf], To;nfO{ Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ / l;Sg] tl/sf km/s x'G5 . afndgf]lj1fg M p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f ug] { qmddf afnaflnsfx¿sf] dgf]lj1fgsf nflu klg Vofn ul/g'kb{5 . s'g pd]/, sIff jf txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; ug] { qmddf Wofglbg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO:t/ M Pp6} pd]/ / Pp6} sIffsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] Ps} k|sf/sf] l;sfO:t/ x'―b}g . kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldn] klg afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO:t/df km/s kfb{5 . To;}n] kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo tof/ ug] { qmddf ;s];Dd ljleGg l;sfO:t/ ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] u/L tof/ ug] { k|of; ug'{kb{5 . sIff÷tx M kf7\oqmd s'g sIff jf txsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f To;df ;dfj]z ul/g] p2]Zosf] :t/df klg e/ kb{5 . txut / sIffut p2]Zodf /flvg] lqmofkbx¿df klg km/s kg{ ;S5 . txut p2]Zo ;fdfGo (Vague_ x'G5g\ eg] sIffut p2]Zo To;sf] t'ngfdf a9L ljlzi6Ls[t (Specific) x'G5g\ . tNnf sIff jf txsf p2]Zox¿ ;lhnf k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ eg] dflyNnf] sIff jf txsf] p2]Zox¿ tNnf sIff jf txsf] t'ngfdf sl7g x'G5g\ . sIffut jf txut p2]Zo agfp―bf s'g sIff jf txsf nflu agfOPsf] xf], To;nfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 eg] Ps sIff / csf] { sIff jf Ps tx / csf] { txaLrsf] nDaLo qmd -Vertical sequence_ tyf c¿ ljifox¿;―usf] lIflthLo qmd -Horizontal sequence_ klg Vofn ul/g'kb{5 .
169 ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt M p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ cWoog cWofkg ug] { ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltdf klg e/ kb{5 . s'g} ljifoj:t'af6 1fg dfq xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eg] To:tf] k|s[ltsf] ljifoj:t'af6 ;Lk tyf clej[lQ txsf] p2]Zo agfOof] eg] Tof] p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] p2]Zo tof/ ug] { qmddf ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;|f]t / ;fwg M kf7\oqmddf p2]Zo ;dfj]z ug{ t/ pQm p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg] { ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg g;Sg] xf] eg] To:tf] p2]Zo /fVg' / g/fVg'df s]xL cy{ /x―b}g . ;|f]t / ;fwg ef}lts, cfly{s, z}lIfs cflb x'G5g\ . - :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;|f]t ;fdu|L, @)^&, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| _ plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lr/fOtf] v]tLsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf l;sfO pknlAw -p2]Zo_ lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 M l;sfO pknlAw � lr/fOtf] h8La'6L lrGg / dxŒj atfpg . � lr/fOtf] kfOg] :yfgx¿ kQf nufpg . � lr/fOtf]sf] pkof]lutf kQf nufpg / cfjZos k/]df cfk"mn] klg pkof]u ug{ . � lr/fOtf] ;ª\sng ug] { ;Lk l;Sg . � lr/fOtf] v]tL ug] { ;Lk l;Sg . � lr/fOtf]sf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xefuL x'g . u= ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug] { b'O{cf]6f tl/sf 5g\ . klxnf] tl/sf cg';f/ ck]lIft p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 pQm p2]Zo k"/f ug{ s'gs'g ljifoj:t'sf] cfjZostf kb{5, To;sf] 5gf]6 ul/G5 . bf];|f] tl/sf cg';f/ kf7\oqmd agfp―bf cfk\mgf] cg's"ntf x]/L p2]Zo / ljifoj:t';―u;―u} 5gf]6 ul/G5 . ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ klg sIff, tx, ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, l;sfO:t/, dgf]lj1fg, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwg, ;do cflbnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lr/fOtf] v]tLsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 M ljifoj:t' � lr/fOtf]sf] kl/ro � o;sf] dxŒj � lr/fOtf] kfOg] :yfg, pko'Qm xfjfkfgL / lr/fOtf]sf] pkof]lutf � lr/fOtf]sf] ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg / pkof]u
- Page 127 and 128: 117 gfd . � tfndf tfnL ahfpg] cEo
- Page 129 and 130: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ -l;h{gfTds_ nfdf] pQ/
- Page 131 and 132: 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ snf
- Page 133 and 134: 123 :jf:Yo lzIff :jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf
- Page 135 and 136: 125 ^= :jf:Yo ;]jf &= w"dkfg tyf nf
- Page 137 and 138: 127 &= w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ � :jf
- Page 139 and 140: { ljifoj:t''sf] If]q / qmd tflnsf I
- Page 141 and 142: 5= lszf]/fj:yf, of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:
- Page 143 and 144: 9= kfl/jfl/s / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 133
- Page 145 and 146: 135 zf/Ll/s lzIff zf/Ll/s lzIff - s
- Page 147 and 148: 137 kf7\oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf kf7\o Ps
- Page 149 and 150: 139 g;s]sf / :yfgLo rngdf /x]sf v]n
- Page 151 and 152: 141 4= 5ftL / 9f8sf] s;/t 5= hf]8Ld
- Page 153 and 154: ^= Pyn]l6S; 143 1= 5f]6f] bf}8 2= n
- Page 155 and 156: 145 { To:t} k"0ff{ª\s !) sf] zf/Ll
- Page 157 and 158: 147 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljBfyL{df lj
- Page 159 and 160: k|ljlw nufpg], � ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf
- Page 161 and 162: jftfj/0f x|f; tyf o;sf] ;+/If0f jft
- Page 163 and 164: { ] � kl/of]hgf sfo{M ljBfyL{nfO{
- Page 165 and 166: 155 lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljBf
- Page 167 and 168: gd'gf kf7 of]hgf ! zLif{s PsfOM ;fw
- Page 169 and 170: @= sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kbfy{sf
- Page 171 and 172: 161 � k|sfz gk/]sf] efudf /ª\xLg
- Page 173 and 174: 163 :yfgLo ljifo g]kfn hflt, efiff,
- Page 175 and 176: 165 � ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflu
- Page 177: efiffefifL M :yfgLo :t/df af]lng] e
- Page 181 and 182: 171 ª= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk lzIf0
- Page 183 and 184: 173 sfddf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/f
- Page 185 and 186: lrqsnf / x:tsnf -l;h{gfTds snf_ $=
- Page 187 and 188: 177 � dgf]gog jf 5gf]6 ePsf avt k
- Page 189 and 190: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 191 and 192: t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] /f]u 181 cf―v
- Page 193 and 194: 183 cg'df]bg tyf kfl/t ug] { / cfjZ
- Page 195 and 196: 185 cf_ :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo hgtfs
- Page 197 and 198: 187 ;+:s[t lzIff ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ ;
- Page 199 and 200: 189 v_ @)!* ;fn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff
- Page 201 and 202: 191 ;+:s[tsf ljifoj:t' ;+:s[t eflif
- Page 203 and 204: 193 n]lvPsf 5g\ . lnR5ljsfnLg sl/a
- Page 205 and 206: 195 g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u
- Page 207 and 208: 197 3_ n]vg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;s
- Page 209 and 210: fli6«o � ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf n
- Page 211 and 212: 201 s_ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
- Page 213 and 214: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 215 and 216: 205 dft[efiff g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z x
- Page 217 and 218: 207 o;y{ o;sf] kf7\oqmd ljdf{0fsf n
- Page 219 and 220: 209 sfd;―u kl/lrt tyf sfdk|lt ;sf
- Page 221 and 222: 211 6= j}slNks pmhf{ -;f}o{ pmhf{_
- Page 223 and 224: 213 sfo{ynf]df g/d ;Lk -soft skills
- Page 225 and 226: 215 pbfx/0f Hard skill soft skills
- Page 227 and 228: 217 13= ljleGg wft'sf -;'g rf―bL,
168<br />
ug] {, ;ª\sng ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] { / pkof]u ug] { r]tgf / ;Lksf] cefjdf To;} v]/ uO/x]sf]<br />
cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ To:tf h8La'6Lsf] dxŒj a'emfpg<br />
/ eljiodf To:tf] h8La'6Lsf] ;ª\sng ug] {, v]tL ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] { ;Lksf] ljsf; u/L<br />
Joj;fotk{m cfslif{t ug] { d'Vo p2]Zo lnP/ :yfgLo ljifosf] ¿kdf lr/fOtf] v]tLsf]<br />
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] xf] .<br />
v= p2]Zo lgwf{/0f<br />
cfjZostfsf] klxrfgkl5 ;Da4 ljifoIf]qdf cfwfl/t eP/ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5<br />
. p2]Zo<br />
lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;}4flGtseGbf Jofjxfl/s / k|of]uk/s ljifoIf]qnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . ;fy}<br />
ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, pd]/, cfjZostf, tx÷sIff, l;sfO:t/sf ;fy} afndgf]lj1fg, ljifoj:t'sf]<br />
k|s[lt / ;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 .<br />
p2]Zox¿ SMART (Scientific, Measurable, Achievable, Realiable and Time bond)<br />
agfpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5<br />
. p2]Zox¿ tof/ ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿nfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf Wofg<br />
lbg'kg] { x'G5 M<br />
ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/ M s'g pd]/ ;d"xsf nflu kf7\oqmd tof/ ug{ nfluPsf] xf], To;nfO{<br />
Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ / l;Sg]<br />
tl/sf km/s x'G5 .<br />
afndgf]lj1fg M p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f ug] { qmddf afnaflnsfx¿sf] dgf]lj1fgsf nflu klg<br />
Vofn ul/g'kb{5 . s'g pd]/, sIff jf txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg /x]sf] x'G5 eGg]<br />
s'/fx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; ug] { qmddf Wofglbg'kb{5 .<br />
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO:t/ M Pp6} pd]/ / Pp6} sIffsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] Ps} k|sf/sf]<br />
l;sfO:t/ x'―b}g<br />
. kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldn] klg afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO:t/df km/s kfb{5 .<br />
To;}n] kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo tof/ ug] { qmddf ;s];Dd ljleGg l;sfO:t/ ePsf<br />
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] u/L tof/ ug] { k|of; ug'{kb{5<br />
.<br />
sIff÷tx M kf7\oqmd s'g sIff jf txsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f To;df ;dfj]z<br />
ul/g] p2]Zosf] :t/df klg e/ kb{5 . txut / sIffut p2]Zodf /flvg] lqmofkbx¿df klg<br />
km/s kg{ ;S5 . txut p2]Zo ;fdfGo (Vague_ x'G5g\ eg] sIffut p2]Zo To;sf]<br />
t'ngfdf a9L ljlzi6Ls[t (Specific) x'G5g\ . tNnf sIff jf txsf p2]Zox¿ ;lhnf<br />
k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ eg] dflyNnf] sIff jf txsf] p2]Zox¿ tNnf sIff jf txsf] t'ngfdf<br />
sl7g x'G5g\ . sIffut jf txut p2]Zo agfp―bf s'g sIff jf txsf nflu agfOPsf] xf],<br />
To;nfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 eg] Ps sIff / csf] { sIff jf Ps tx / csf] { txaLrsf] nDaLo<br />
qmd -Vertical sequence_ tyf c¿ ljifox¿;―usf] lIflthLo qmd -Horizontal sequence_<br />
klg Vofn ul/g'kb{5 .
Change language