view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
134 *= cWoog e|d0f (Field Trip) (= 36gf cWoog (Case Study) !)= k|bz{g tyf vf]h (Demonstration and Enquiry) :jf:Yo lzIff ljifosf ljleGg 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ljljw k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ;lsG5 . s]xL pkof]uL lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M j0f{g u/fpg] M ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mn] b]v]sf, cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ -h:t}M kf]:6/, lrq, vfg]s'/f, 7fpF, ;/;kmfO kmf]xf]/d}nf cflbsf_ af/]df j0f{g ug{ nufpg] . cjnf]sg u/fpg] M ljBfyL{aLr z/L/sf cª\ux¿, kf];fs tyf sIffsf]7f, ljBfnosf] xftf, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f cflb cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg] . cEof; ug{ nufpg] M :jf:Yo lzIffcGtu{t l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] cEof; ug{ nufpg] -h:t}M xftv'6\6f w'g nufpg], ;/;kmfO ug] { cflb ._ lrq agfpg nufpg] M ljBfno j/k/, 3/, 5/l5d]sdf ePsf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifosf /fd|f kIfsf / ;'wfg'{kg] { kIfsf lrq agfpg nufpg] . cg'ej jf k|ltj]bg eGg nufpg] M ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf k|ltj]bg, cjnf]sgsf cg'ej sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] . u/]/ b]vfpg nufpg] M :jf:Yo;DaGwL vf;vf; ;Lkx¿ u/]/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfo{ ug{ nufpg] . vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg M s'g} lglZrt ljifosf] ;d:of jf tYo kQf nufpg nufpg] . ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg :jf:Yo lzIff cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{x¿df jfl~5t Jojxf/ :yflkt ug'{ /x]sfn] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgstf{n] k|To]s l;sfO pknlAwcg';f/ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePgePsf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBfno jftfj/0f ;f]xLcg's"n agfO{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf nflu pTk| ]l/t ug'{kg] { x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ o; txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL qmdzM tnb]lv dfly cjnf]sg, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ ub} { lnlvt k/LIfftk{m k"0ff{ª\s a9fp―b} hfg'k5{ . ck]lIft l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n geP;Dd k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ;Dks{df /xL Jofjxfl/s ;Lk tyf 1fg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lbO/xg'k5{ .
135 zf/Ll/s lzIff zf/Ll/s lzIff - sIff !–%_ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] Ps cleGg cª\u xf], o;sf] dfWod zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkx¿ / v]ns'b x'g\ . o;n] JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] ljsf; cyf{t ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; ub{5 . k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfx¿ x's{g] pd]/sf ePsf x'gfn] z/L/sf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ ;xL 9f―rf k|bfg ug{ zf/Ll/s lzIffn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . zf/Ll/s lzIffsf clwsf+z cg'ejx¿ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf lbOg] x'gfn] o;sf nflu v]Ng] 7fp― tyf ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljBfnodf pknAw ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ . o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M != zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ s_ ultzLn cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ @= zf/Ll/s Jofofd / sjfh #= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ $= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿ %= es'G8f] v]nx¿ ^= lhDgfl:6S; tyf ;Gt'ng sfo{ txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M s_ zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ k|bz{g ug{ . v_ ;d"xdf Ps};fy kL=6L= tyf sjfhsf sfo{x¿ k|bz{g ug{ . u_ ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ v]Ng . 3_ syf / ljleGg hgfj/df cfwfl/t l;h{gfTds tyf cg's/0ffTds sfo{x¿ ug{ . ª_ an �of―Sg, ;dfTg, kf; ug{ / ;fwf/0f an v]nx¿ v]Ng . r_ lhDgfl:6S;sf ;fwf/0f kN6g], em'lG8g] / ;Gt'ng sfo{x¿ ug{ { If]q / qmd o; ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / qmd tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff # != zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ -s_ ultzLn � /]vfdf lx―8fO � ;fwf/0f bf}8 � pk|mfO � @% ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8 � bf―ofafof― ;g] lx―8fO � pk|mfO � #) ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8 � sd b'/Lsf] nªhDk
- Page 93 and 94: 8= 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; / ;fdflhs s'/
- Page 95 and 96: 26= dxfåLk / dxf;fu/x¿sf] kl/ro 2
- Page 97 and 98: 2= cfk\mgf] ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns, P
- Page 99 and 100: sIff - & 1= ;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf;qm
- Page 101 and 102: 22= Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokf
- Page 103 and 104: 10= sfdcg';f/sf] kmn sIff - * 1= c;
- Page 105 and 106: 4= ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt JolQm, 3/ k
- Page 107 and 108: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ s_ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k
- Page 109 and 110: 'Mv si6 / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ef]Ug' k/]
- Page 111 and 112: � kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf] 9
- Page 113 and 114: l;h{gfTds snf afnaflnsfx¿df /x]sf
- Page 115 and 116: ljBfyL{x¿n] cfcfk\mgf] ;d"xut tyf
- Page 117 and 118: a'gfO (Weaving) wfuf], sfuh jf rf]o
- Page 119 and 120: 5kfO sfo{ � xft jf xftsf cf} ―n
- Page 121 and 122: sfo{ RoftfO tyf s6fO . � sfuhnfO{
- Page 123 and 124: ;fwf/0f a'gfO 117
- Page 125 and 126: 115 :j/ cEof; ug] { tl/sf cEof; !M
- Page 127 and 128: 117 gfd . � tfndf tfnL ahfpg] cEo
- Page 129 and 130: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ -l;h{gfTds_ nfdf] pQ/
- Page 131 and 132: 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ snf
- Page 133 and 134: 123 :jf:Yo lzIff :jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf
- Page 135 and 136: 125 ^= :jf:Yo ;]jf &= w"dkfg tyf nf
- Page 137 and 138: 127 &= w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ � :jf
- Page 139 and 140: { ljifoj:t''sf] If]q / qmd tflnsf I
- Page 141 and 142: 5= lszf]/fj:yf, of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:
- Page 143: 9= kfl/jfl/s / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 133
- Page 147 and 148: 137 kf7\oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf kf7\o Ps
- Page 149 and 150: 139 g;s]sf / :yfgLo rngdf /x]sf v]n
- Page 151 and 152: 141 4= 5ftL / 9f8sf] s;/t 5= hf]8Ld
- Page 153 and 154: ^= Pyn]l6S; 143 1= 5f]6f] bf}8 2= n
- Page 155 and 156: 145 { To:t} k"0ff{ª\s !) sf] zf/Ll
- Page 157 and 158: 147 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljBfyL{df lj
- Page 159 and 160: k|ljlw nufpg], � ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf
- Page 161 and 162: jftfj/0f x|f; tyf o;sf] ;+/If0f jft
- Page 163 and 164: { ] � kl/of]hgf sfo{M ljBfyL{nfO{
- Page 165 and 166: 155 lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljBf
- Page 167 and 168: gd'gf kf7 of]hgf ! zLif{s PsfOM ;fw
- Page 169 and 170: @= sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kbfy{sf
- Page 171 and 172: 161 � k|sfz gk/]sf] efudf /ª\xLg
- Page 173 and 174: 163 :yfgLo ljifo g]kfn hflt, efiff,
- Page 175 and 176: 165 � ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflu
- Page 177 and 178: efiffefifL M :yfgLo :t/df af]lng] e
- Page 179 and 180: 169 ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt M p2]Zosf]
- Page 181 and 182: 171 ª= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk lzIf0
- Page 183 and 184: 173 sfddf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/f
- Page 185 and 186: lrqsnf / x:tsnf -l;h{gfTds snf_ $=
- Page 187 and 188: 177 � dgf]gog jf 5gf]6 ePsf avt k
- Page 189 and 190: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- Page 191 and 192: t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] /f]u 181 cf―v
- Page 193 and 194: 183 cg'df]bg tyf kfl/t ug] { / cfjZ
134<br />
*= cWoog e|d0f (Field Trip)<br />
(= 36gf cWoog (Case Study)<br />
!)= k|bz{g tyf vf]h (Demonstration and Enquiry)<br />
:jf:Yo lzIff ljifosf ljleGg 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ljljw k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿<br />
u/fpg ;lsG5 . s]xL pkof]uL lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M<br />
j0f{g u/fpg] M ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mn] b]v]sf, cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ -h:t}M kf]:6/,<br />
lrq, vfg]s'/f, 7fpF, ;/;kmfO kmf]xf]/d}nf cflbsf_ af/]df j0f{g ug{<br />
nufpg] .<br />
cjnf]sg u/fpg] M ljBfyL{aLr z/L/sf cª\ux¿, kf];fs tyf sIffsf]7f, ljBfnosf]<br />
xftf, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f cflb cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ k|ltj]bg<br />
tof/ ug{ nufpg] .<br />
cEof; ug{ nufpg] M :jf:Yo lzIffcGtu{t l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] cEof; ug{ nufpg] -h:t}M<br />
xftv'6\6f w'g nufpg], ;/;kmfO ug] { cflb ._<br />
lrq agfpg nufpg] M ljBfno j/k/, 3/, 5/l5d]sdf ePsf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifosf<br />
/fd|f kIfsf / ;'wfg'{kg]<br />
{ kIfsf lrq agfpg nufpg] .<br />
cg'ej jf k|ltj]bg eGg nufpg] M ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf k|ltj]bg, cjnf]sgsf cg'ej sIffdf<br />
k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .<br />
u/]/ b]vfpg nufpg] M :jf:Yo;DaGwL vf;vf; ;Lkx¿ u/]/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfo{ ug{<br />
nufpg] .<br />
vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg M s'g} lglZrt ljifosf] ;d:of jf tYo kQf nufpg nufpg] .<br />
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg<br />
:jf:Yo lzIff cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{x¿df jfl~5t Jojxf/ :yflkt ug'{<br />
/x]sfn] ljBfyL{<br />
d"Nofª\sgstf{n] k|To]s l;sfO pknlAwcg';f/ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePgePsf] cjnf]sg u/L<br />
cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBfno jftfj/0f ;f]xLcg's"n agfO{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf nflu pTk| ]l/t ug'{kg]<br />
{<br />
x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ o; txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL<br />
qmdzM tnb]lv dfly cjnf]sg, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ ub} { lnlvt k/LIfftk{m k"0ff{ª\s a9fp―b} hfg'k5{ .<br />
ck]lIft l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n geP;Dd k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ;Dks{df /xL Jofjxfl/s ;Lk tyf<br />
1fg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lbO/xg'k5{ .