view - National Center for Education Development
view - National Center for Education Development view - National Center for Education Development
118 /xg;xg tyf af]nLrfnLsf] clego /xg;xg tyf af]nLrfnLsf] clego lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmof l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snfk|ltsf] ?lr / ;Lksf] ;DaGw afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]ul;t /xG5 . ;a} afnalfnsfdf lrqfª\sgk|lt ?lr / Ifdtf slxNo} ;dfg dfqfdf /x―b}g . lzIfsn] k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] j}olQms ljleGgtfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L To;cg';f/ cWofkg ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu b;hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f 3/sf] lrq agfpg nufOof] eg] b;hgfn] b; lsl;dsf 3/sf] lrq agfpg] 5g\ . s;}n] lgs} /fd|f] agfpnfg\, s;}n] 7Ls} agfpnfg\ / s;}n] g/fd|f] klg agfpnfg\ t/ Tof] df}lns l;h{gf Pjd\ cleJolQm xf] . lzIfsn] afnaflnsfdf lglxt log} df}lns lrGtg / l;h{gf ug] { k|j[lQnfO{ pTk| ]/0ff lbg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ df}lns lrq l;h{gf ug] {tkm{ ;w} ― xf};nf lbO/xg'k5{ . afnsnfsf] ;'Gb/tf Pjd\ dxTj klg o;}df 5 . ;ª\uLt ljifosf] lzIf0f lqmofsnfk u/fp―bf ;'?df 7"nf] ;d"xdf cEof; u/fO;s]kl5 dfq ;fgf] ;d"xdf, hf]8Ldf / Psn cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . jfbg ;fdu|Lx¿ gePsf] cj:yfdf klg xftn] tfln ahfP/ tfnsf] cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . ljBfnodf cfjZos jfB ;fdu|Lx¿ / ;f] ahfpg hfGg] lzIfs gePsf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw Snax¿, wfld{s ehg d08nLx¿ tyf cGo ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿;―u ;xof]u lnO{ ljBfnodf k7g kf7g ug] { Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifodf d"Nofª\sg klqmofn] ljBfyL{x¿df /x]sf] 1fg tyf ;Lk ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 . l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifodf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ;Lk, 1fg tyf lqmofsnfk;―u ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] d"Nofª\sg klg To;}cg'¿k x'g'k5{ . h:t}M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'g} lrq jf g[To ug{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;f]sf] d"Nofª\sg klqmofnfO{ klg lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfks} Ps cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ;―u;―u} lnP/ hfg'kg] { x'G5 . of] ljifo k"0f{¿kn] k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] d"Nofª\sg klqmof klg To;}cg'¿k x'g'k5{ . ;a}nfO{ xf};nf lbg] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{nfO{ k|z+;f ug] { tyf ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{aLrsf] sfo{x¿sf] t'ngf slxNo} klg ug{ x'―b}g . ;s];Dd pgLx¿sf] sfo{sf] k|z+;f ug{ 'sf ;fy} pgLx¿df :jtGq ¿kn] lrq lgdf{0f, cfTdljZjf;, df}lns ;f]rfO, ;f}Gbo{k|lt cf:yf tyf vf]hL ug] { afgLsf] ljsf; x'g] lqmofsnfk u/L ;a}nfO{ xf};nfTds s'/f ug] { tyf l;h{gfTds sfo{x¿df pTk| ]l/t ug'{kb{5 .
gd'gf k|Zgx¿ -l;h{gfTds_ nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg != ælrqsnf tyf x:tsnf ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ JofVofg ljlweGbf k|of]u ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] lzIf0f a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5Æ eGg] s'/fsf] cfk\mgf] cg'ej ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k'li6 ug'{xf];\ . @= lzIfs /df sf7df8f} ―sf Ps k|ltli7t ;/sf/L ljBfnodf k|fylds txdf k9fpg' x'GYof] . t/ xfn pxf―sf] ;?jf d'u' lhNnfdf ePsf] 5 . k|fylds txdf l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . t/ ljBfnodf of] ljifo l;sfpgsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw x'g g;Sbf pxf― lrlGtt x'g'x'G5 . pxf―nfO{ h;/L eP klg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ of] ljifo l;sfpg' 5 . s]s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ l;=c=s= ljifosf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ / s;/L sIff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 < lzIfs /dfnfO{ ;'emfa lbg'xf];\ . 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ != k|fylds txdf lrqsnf ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg] { s'g} rf/cf]6f s'/fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . @= sf]nfh s:tf] lsl;dsf] snf xf] < sf]nfh ljifo l;sfpg] qmddf tkfO{ ― ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'gs'g ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug] { / s;/L tof/ ug] { 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . #= cfn'af6 5kfO ljifo l;sfpg Pp6f kf7of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ . $= snf lzIf0fdf /ªsf] dxŒjaf/] k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ . %= k|fylds /ª tyf låtLo /ª eGgfn] s] a'e\mg'x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ . ^= tkfO{ ―sf] ljBfnodf l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo lzIf0fsf qmddf cfpg] u/]sf ;d:ofsf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ . &= k|fylds txaf6} l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo l;sfpg'sf] p2]Zo s] xf]nf < ts{ lbg'xf];\ . *= l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo cGo clgjfo{ ljifosf] t'ngfdf clns km/s lsl;dsf] ljifo xf] . of] ljifosf] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg s;/L ubf{ pko'Qm xf]nf, ts{ lbg'xf];\ . nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ @= lzIfs /df sf7df8f} ―sf] Ps k|ltli7t ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] lzIfs ePsf] sf/0fn] pxf―nfO{ of] ljifo s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} vf; ;d:of cfp―b}g xf]nf . k|fylds txsf] lzIfs ePsf] / ljifosf] 1fg ePsf] sf/0fn] d'u' lhNnfsf] ;/sf/L ljBfnodf klg cjZo /fd|f];―u l;sfpg] sfd ug'{ x'g]5 . t}klg l;=c=s= ljifo l;sfpg] af/]df / pxf―sf] tTsfnLg ;d:of z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf af/]df s]xL ;'emfax¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ . lrqsnf ljifo k"0f{tof k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsf] sf/0fn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;d"xut ¿kdf snf l;h{gf ug{ nufpg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq sf]bf{ slxn] klg cfk"mn] gd'gf agfP/ 119
- Page 77 and 78: 7f]; cw{7f]; ;ª\s]t oL r/0fx¿dWo]
- Page 79 and 80: � of]hgfcg';f/ k|To]s r/0fsf] xn
- Page 81 and 82: ca, bf];|f] lrqsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg o
- Page 83 and 84: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ s_ tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿s
- Page 85 and 86: � b'j} ;d"xdf ;femf ePsf ;b:onfO{
- Page 87 and 88: ljleGg ul0ftLo wf/0ff÷ljifoj:t'aLr
- Page 89 and 90: ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof tyf g}lts
- Page 91 and 92: 15= :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf cfly{s lqmofs
- Page 93 and 94: 8= 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; / ;fdflhs s'/
- Page 95 and 96: 26= dxfåLk / dxf;fu/x¿sf] kl/ro 2
- Page 97 and 98: 2= cfk\mgf] ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns, P
- Page 99 and 100: sIff - & 1= ;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf;qm
- Page 101 and 102: 22= Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokf
- Page 103 and 104: 10= sfdcg';f/sf] kmn sIff - * 1= c;
- Page 105 and 106: 4= ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt JolQm, 3/ k
- Page 107 and 108: gd'gf k|Zgx¿ s_ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k
- Page 109 and 110: 'Mv si6 / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ef]Ug' k/]
- Page 111 and 112: � kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf] 9
- Page 113 and 114: l;h{gfTds snf afnaflnsfx¿df /x]sf
- Page 115 and 116: ljBfyL{x¿n] cfcfk\mgf] ;d"xut tyf
- Page 117 and 118: a'gfO (Weaving) wfuf], sfuh jf rf]o
- Page 119 and 120: 5kfO sfo{ � xft jf xftsf cf} ―n
- Page 121 and 122: sfo{ RoftfO tyf s6fO . � sfuhnfO{
- Page 123 and 124: ;fwf/0f a'gfO 117
- Page 125 and 126: 115 :j/ cEof; ug] { tl/sf cEof; !M
- Page 127: 117 gfd . � tfndf tfnL ahfpg] cEo
- Page 131 and 132: 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ snf
- Page 133 and 134: 123 :jf:Yo lzIff :jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf
- Page 135 and 136: 125 ^= :jf:Yo ;]jf &= w"dkfg tyf nf
- Page 137 and 138: 127 &= w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ � :jf
- Page 139 and 140: { ljifoj:t''sf] If]q / qmd tflnsf I
- Page 141 and 142: 5= lszf]/fj:yf, of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:
- Page 143 and 144: 9= kfl/jfl/s / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 133
- Page 145 and 146: 135 zf/Ll/s lzIff zf/Ll/s lzIff - s
- Page 147 and 148: 137 kf7\oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf kf7\o Ps
- Page 149 and 150: 139 g;s]sf / :yfgLo rngdf /x]sf v]n
- Page 151 and 152: 141 4= 5ftL / 9f8sf] s;/t 5= hf]8Ld
- Page 153 and 154: ^= Pyn]l6S; 143 1= 5f]6f] bf}8 2= n
- Page 155 and 156: 145 { To:t} k"0ff{ª\s !) sf] zf/Ll
- Page 157 and 158: 147 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljBfyL{df lj
- Page 159 and 160: k|ljlw nufpg], � ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf
- Page 161 and 162: jftfj/0f x|f; tyf o;sf] ;+/If0f jft
- Page 163 and 164: { ] � kl/of]hgf sfo{M ljBfyL{nfO{
- Page 165 and 166: 155 lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljBf
- Page 167 and 168: gd'gf kf7 of]hgf ! zLif{s PsfOM ;fw
- Page 169 and 170: @= sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kbfy{sf
- Page 171 and 172: 161 � k|sfz gk/]sf] efudf /ª\xLg
- Page 173 and 174: 163 :yfgLo ljifo g]kfn hflt, efiff,
- Page 175 and 176: 165 � ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflu
- Page 177 and 178: efiffefifL M :yfgLo :t/df af]lng] e
gd'gf k|Zgx¿ -l;h{gfTds_<br />
nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg<br />
!= ælrqsnf tyf x:tsnf ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ JofVofg ljlweGbf k|of]u ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] lzIf0f<br />
a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5Æ eGg] s'/fsf] cfk\mgf] cg'ej ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k'li6 ug'{xf];\<br />
.<br />
@= lzIfs /df sf7df8f} ―sf Ps k|ltli7t ;/sf/L ljBfnodf k|fylds txdf k9fpg' x'GYof] . t/<br />
xfn pxf―sf] ;?jf d'u' lhNnfdf ePsf] 5 . k|fylds txdf l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo<br />
clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . t/ ljBfnodf of] ljifo l;sfpgsf nflu z}lIfs<br />
;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw x'g g;Sbf pxf― lrlGtt x'g'x'G5 . pxf―nfO{ h;/L eP klg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ of]<br />
ljifo l;sfpg' 5 . s]s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ l;=c=s= ljifosf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{<br />
/ s;/L sIff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 < lzIfs /dfnfO{ ;'emfa lbg'xf];\ .<br />
5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿<br />
!= k|fylds txdf lrqsnf ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg] { s'g} rf/cf]6f s'/fx¿ pNn]v<br />
ug'{xf];\<br />
.<br />
@= sf]nfh s:tf] lsl;dsf] snf xf] < sf]nfh ljifo l;sfpg] qmddf tkfO{ ― ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'gs'g<br />
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug] { / s;/L tof/ ug] { 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .<br />
#= cfn'af6 5kfO ljifo l;sfpg Pp6f kf7of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\<br />
.<br />
$= snf lzIf0fdf /ªsf] dxŒjaf/] k|sfz kfg'{xf];\<br />
.<br />
%= k|fylds /ª tyf låtLo /ª eGgfn] s] a'e\mg'x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .<br />
^= tkfO{ ―sf] ljBfnodf l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo lzIf0fsf qmddf cfpg] u/]sf<br />
;d:ofsf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .<br />
&= k|fylds txaf6} l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo l;sfpg'sf] p2]Zo s] xf]nf < ts{<br />
lbg'xf];\ .<br />
*= l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo cGo clgjfo{ ljifosf] t'ngfdf clns km/s lsl;dsf]<br />
ljifo xf] . of] ljifosf] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg s;/L ubf{ pko'Qm xf]nf, ts{ lbg'xf];\ .<br />
nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/<br />
@= lzIfs /df sf7df8f} ―sf] Ps k|ltli7t ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] lzIfs ePsf] sf/0fn] pxf―nfO{ of]<br />
ljifo s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} vf; ;d:of cfp―b}g xf]nf . k|fylds txsf] lzIfs ePsf]<br />
/ ljifosf] 1fg ePsf] sf/0fn] d'u' lhNnfsf] ;/sf/L ljBfnodf klg cjZo /fd|f];―u l;sfpg]<br />
sfd ug'{<br />
x'g]5 . t}klg l;=c=s= ljifo l;sfpg] af/]df / pxf―sf] tTsfnLg ;d:of z}lIfs<br />
;fdu|Lsf af/]df s]xL ;'emfax¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ .<br />
lrqsnf ljifo k"0f{tof k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsf] sf/0fn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;d"xut<br />
¿kdf snf l;h{gf ug{ nufpg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq sf]bf{ slxn] klg cfk"mn] gd'gf agfP/<br />
119