view - National Center for Education Development

lzIfs ;]jfsf] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff 

tof/L sIff ;~rfng 

-cfwf/e"t tx_ 

;|f]t ;fdu|L 

- efu – @ _ 

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| 

;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ 

@)^*

k|sfzs 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

lzIff dGqfno 

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| 

;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ 

© z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, @)^*

Od]n M nced@moe.gov.np 

j]e : www.nced.gov.np 

kmf]g g+= M )!–^^#)&^^, )!–^^#*!%), )!–^^#!@&^ 

k\mofS; M )!–^^#!$*^

;Nnfxsf/ 

>L ;"o{k|;fb uf}td 

>L b]js'df/L u'/fufO{ 

>L 1fgL ofbj 

>L a}s'07k|;fb sfk\mn] 

n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg 

>L 1fgL ofbj >L a}s'07k|;fb sfk\mn] 

8f= jf;'b]j sfk\mn] >L /fdx/L >]i7 

8f= afns[i0f /l~ht >L ldqgfy utf} {nf 

>L zDe' bfxfn >L lbgfgfy uf}td 

>L af]ws'df/ vgfn >L l8NnLZj/ k|wfg 

>L ;'sb]j ;fksf]6f >L tf]ofgfy vgfn 

>L uf]kfnk|;fb e§/fO{ >L afns[i0f rfkfufO{ 

>L /fdrGb| kf}8]n >L k/z'/fd ltjf/L 

>L ;'dg ah|frfo{ >L l8saxfb'/ /fO{ 

>L s'nk|;fb vgfn >L vu]Gb|k|;fb g]kfn 

>L k'¿iff]Qd l3ld/] >L af}w/fh lg/f}nf 

>L OZj/Lk|;fb 1jfnL

e"ldsf 

lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, cj;/ tyf cfocfh{g cflb If]qx¿df dlxnf k'?ifaLr c;dfgtf 5 eGg] 

s'/f xfdL gsfg{ ;Sb}gf} ― . clwsf/ / kx'―rdf 

dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf x'g'kb{5 . o:tf lje]bnfO{ 

cGTo ug'{kb{5 

. lzIfs lzIff cfof]hgfn] blnt, hghflt tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d"x ljz]iftM 

dlxnfx¿nfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z u/fpg ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zo cg'¿k @%)) hgfnfO{ 

k"j{;]jfsfnLg k|fylds lzIfs tflnd 5fqj[lQ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . k|fylds ljBfnodf sDtLdf 

Pshgf dlxnf lzIfs /fVg] k|fjwfg lzIff lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL 

agfpg ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t b/jGbLdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] 

lzIfs kbdWo] $%∞ kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL ##∞ df dlxnf pd]b\jf/x¿aLrdf 

dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . 

oL Joj:yfx¿ eP tfklg ljleGg lhNnfx¿df k'?ifeGbf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof Hofb} sd ePsf] 

b]lvG5 eg] dlxnf lzIfs ePsf] ljBfnodf 5fqfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ctM dlxnf 

lzIfssf] Go"g ;xeflutf ePsf lhNnfx¿df lzIf0f k];fdf dlxnf lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpgsf 

nflu lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] lzIfsx¿sf] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] k"j{ ;]jf k|j]z 

tof/L sIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . pQm tof/L sIff z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x¿df ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . 

lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_ sf] lzIf0f cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf 

pd]b\jf/x¿sf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf dlxnf pd]b\jf/x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf ljsf; ug] { 

p2]Zo /fvL o; tflnd sf];{÷;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't ;fdu|L !) lbg] tof/L sIff 

;~rfngsf] Pp6f ;xof]uL ;fwg dfq xf] . pd]b\jf/x¿nfO{ cGo ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog ug{ klg 

cg'/f]w ub{5' . 

of] ;fdu|L tof/Lsf] qmddf ;~rfng ePsf sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1x¿af6 

of] ;fdu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . ctM ;fdu|L tof/Lsf] qmddf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ljåtju{ 

wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . cGTodf, 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ ePsf] of] ;fdu|LnfO{ cem :t/Lo agfpg 

;Da4 ;a} dxfg'efjx¿;―u /fo ;'emfasf nflu o; s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 . 

kmfNu'0f, @)^* 

;"o{k|;fb uf}td 

sfo{sf/L lgb] {zs 

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo;"rL 

qm=;+= zLif{s k]h 

! g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ! 

@ Teaching English Language @& 

# ul0ft lzIf0f ^$ 

$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof tyf g}lts lzIff *! 

% l;h{gfTds snf !)$ 

^ :jf:Yo lzIff !@# 

& zf/Ll/s lzIff !#% 

* lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f !$& 

( :yfgLo ljifo !^# 

!) ;+:s[t lzIff !*& 

!! dft[efiff @)% 

!@ k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw @)* 

!# cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]h @@%

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f 

ljBfnoLo txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_ 

cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] hu g} dflgG5 . o; txdf cGo ljifosf t'ngfdf g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] 

lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ljz]if dxŒj 5 . o; txdf g]kfnL efiffn] dxŒj kfpg] sf/0fdf of] efiff 

g]kfnsf clwsf+z ljBfnodf lzIf0fl;sfOsf] dfWod efiff eP/ klg xf] . g]kfnL efiff ljBfnoLo 

lzIffsf] dfWod ePsf] cj:yfdf olb afnaflnsfx¿ g]kfnL efiffsf rf/cf]6f ;Lkdf bIf 5g\ 

eg] cGo ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO klg ;xh ¿kdf cufl8 a9\b5 . 

g]kfndf g]kfnL efiffn] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug] { ;femf dfWodsf] klg sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . olb 

cfwf/e"t txdf cWoog ug{ cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf bIf agfpg ;Sof} ― eg] 

o;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf 7"nf] ;xof]u ub{5 . lzIffsf b[li6n] cfwf/e"t lzIff k"/f ug] { 

afnaflnsfx¿ d"nt b'O{ lsl;dsf kfOG5g\ – dflyNnf] txsf] cWoogdf hfg]÷cfk\mgf] 3/fo;L 

Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf k|j]z ug] { . g]kfnL efiffsf ;Lkx¿df bIf agfpg ;lsof] eg] plNnlvt b'a} 

vfn] ljBfyL{x¿n] /fd|/L nfe k|fKt ub{5g\ lsgeg] eflifs bIftfn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] c¿ ljifosf] 

l;sfO klg k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;af6 pgLx¿ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;kmn x'G5g\ . ljljw 

sf/0fn] dfWolds txsf] lzIff xfl;n ug{ c;dy{ ePsf ljBfyL{n] cfk\mgf] b}lgs Jofjxfl/s 

hLjg ;xh / ;/n agfpg ;S5 . To:t} dflyNnf] txsf] lzIff xfl;n ug{ hfg] ljBfyL{sf] 

cfwf/e"t lzIff dhj't ePsf sf/0fn] dflyNnf] txsf] lzIff ;xh ¿kdf k"/f x'g;S5 . To;}n] 

;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff pknAw u/fpgsf nflu g]kfnL 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kb{5 

. cfwf/e"t txdf g]kfnL efiff 

lzIf0fl;sfOsf] dxŒjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ g} xf]nf sIff !–# sf] kf7\oqmdn] g]kfnL efiff 

ljifonfO{ ;fKtflxs * lkl/o8 sIff $–% sf] kf7\oqmdn] * lkl/o8 / sIff ^–* sf] kf7\oqmdn] 

% lkl/o8 kf7\oef/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . 

1

kf7\oqmdsf] 9f“rf 

kf7\oqmd ljsf;s]Gb|n] lgDgfg';f/sf] kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ M 

k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] 9f“rf 

qm=;+= ljifo sIff !–# sIff $–% 

kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s 

! g]kfnL * !)) * !)) 

@ cª\u| ]hL % !)) % !)) 

# ul0ft ^ !)) ^ !)) 

$ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf ^ !)) 

% lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff 

^ :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff % !)) $ !)) 

& ;fdflhs cWoog $ !)) % &% 

* l;h{gfTds snf # @% 

( lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f $ %) 

!) :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s lzIff $ %) 

hDdf #$ ^)) #( ^)) 

lgDgdfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] 9f“rf 

qm=;+= ljifo sIff ^,& / * 

kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s 

!= g]kfnL 

% !)) 

@= ul0ft 

^ !)) 

#= cª\u| ]hL 

^ !)) 

$= ;fdflhs cWoog 

% !)) 

%= lj1fg 

% !)) 

^= :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s 

# %) 

&= * 

;+:s[t÷gful/s tyf g}lts lzIff 

# %) 

*= hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0fLo lzIff 

# %) 

(= snf÷k"j{ Jofj;flos lzIff 

# %) 

hDdf 

#( &)) 

* 

@)^) j}zfvb]lv ;+:s[tsf] ;§fdf gful/s tyf g}lts lzIff cWofkgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] . 

2

k|fylds txsf txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ 

s_ ;'gfO ;Lk 

!= ljleGg k|sf/sf lgb] {zgx¿ ;'g]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ 

@= s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] j0f{g, 5nkmn cflb Wofgk"j{s ;'g]/ ltgsf] cy{ / cf;o a'emL 

k|ltlqmof hgfpg 

#= afnsyf, uLt, sljtf cflb cfgGb lng]u/L ;'Gg] 

v_ af]nfO ;Lk 

!= zAbx¿ z'4 / :ki6;―u pRrf/0f u/L :jfefljs ultsf ;fy af]Ng 

@= b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/f l;nl;nf ldnfO atfpg 

#= s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn cflbdf cfk\mgf s'/f ws gdfgL lzi6 9ª\un] /fVg 

u_ k9fO ;Lk 

!= g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf ;/n kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ ult / olt ldnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf k9\g 

@= ;;fgf ;"rgf ljj/0f k9]/ cfzo a'e\mg 

#= ;/n afn;flxTosf /rgfx¿ ?lr lnO{ k9\g 

3_ n]vfO ;Lk 

!= 7Ls b'/Ldf afGsL ldnfP/ cIf/ n]Vg 

@= b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ z'4;―u n]Vg 

#= cfk\mgf] cg'ejsf ;]/f]km]/f]sf ljifodf 5f]6f lnlvt /rgf tof/ kfg{ 

lgDg dfWolds txsf txut p2]Zox¿ 

!= pRrfl/t WjgLx¿sf] leGgtf klxNofpg / ;f]xL cg';f/ pRrf/0f ug{ 

@= c¿åf/f cleJoQm ljrf/ a'e\mg]u/L ;'Gg 

#= zAbx¿sf] z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{ 

$= ;'g]sf ljifj:t'sf] d'Vod'Vo s'/f atfpg 

%= cfk"mn] b]v]sf, ;'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf ljifoj:t'df df}lvs cleJolQm lbg 

^= cfk"mn] eGg rfx]sf s'/fnfO{ xfpefpk"0f{ Pjd\ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] cleJolQm lbg 

&= s'/fsfgL, ;Djfb, jfbljjfb, k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmn cflb df}lvs cleJolQmx¿df efu lng 

*= lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ efjcg';f/ ult, olt ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;―u ;:j/ jfrg ug{ 

(= ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿ df}g jfrg ug{ 

!)= ljleGg p2]Zon] lnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿ k9\g 

!!= kl7t zAbx¿sf] ;f}Gbo{k"0f{ k|of]u ug{ 

!@= k9]sf ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/f+z eGg / n]Vg 

!#= cfk"mn] b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf ljifoj:t'df lnlvt cleJolQm lbg 

!$ pko'Qm jfSou7g, lxHh], lj/fdlrGx cflb ldnfO{ z'4;―u n]Vg 

!%= :t/cg';f/sf ljifox¿df ;Gbe{ / l;nl;nf ldnfO n]Vg 

3

!^= kl7t zAbx¿nfO{ lxHh] ldnfO n]Vg 

!&= kf7df k|o'Qm pvfg6'Ssfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ 

!*= ljlzi6 c+zx¿sf] efj lj:tf/ ug{ 

!(= ;;fgf df}lns /rgfx¿ ;Gbe{ / l;nl;nf ldnfO{ n]Vg 

@)= ljleGg ljifox¿ k9L zAbe08f/sf] j[l4 ug{ 

@!= Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t tTj a'emL ltgsf] pko'Qm k|of]u ug{ 

@@= g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf ljleGg ljwfsf ;d;fdlos kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ k9\g] cle?lrsf] ljsf; 

ug{ 

@#= p2]Zoc'g;f/sf ljleGg k7g sf}znx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ 

@$= lzi6 / z'4 efiffsf] k|of]u ug] { afgL a;fNg 

@%= ;flxlTos /rgfx¿ k9\g] cle?lr a9fpg 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu of]hgf 

of]hgf eg]sf] h'g;'s} sfd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ul/g] k"j{ tof/L xf] . s'g} klg 

sfd ;'? ug'{eGbf 

klxn] Tof] sfd sxf― ug] {, slxn] ug] {, s;/L ug] {, lsg ug] {, s;n] ug] {, s'g 

;|f]taf6 ug] {, ck]lIft pknlAw s] x'g], s;n] cg'udg ug] {, sfdsf] nlIft ;d"x sf] x'g] OToflb 

s'/fx¿sf] :ki6 hjfkm of]hgfdf x'G5 . of]hgfa4 ¿kdf sfd ubf{ h'g;'s} sfd l56f] 5l/tf] / 

;:tf];―u k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;DkGg x'G5 . h:tf];'s} sl7g sfd klg of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ubf{ 

;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg x'g] ePsfn] clxn] h'g;'s} ;/sf/L lgsfo, ljBfno / ljleGg ;ª\3 

;ª\u7gx¿n] cfk\mgf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;DkGg u/] u/fPsf] kfOG5 . 

lzIff xfl;n ug] { u/fpg] sfd clt dxŒjk"0f{ / hl6n 5 . lzIff If]qdf hl6ntfsf] ;'?jft 

lzIf0f ug] { ljifo / ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf}6b]lv g} x'G5 . kf7\oqmd lzIff If]qsf] b]zel/sf nflu 

tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgf xf] . of] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug] { u/fpg] k|To]s ljBfnosf] bfloTj xf] . 

kf7\oqmd b]ze/Lsf] of]hgf ePsfn] k|To]s ljBfnon] cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf] ef}lts, z}lIfs / 

dfgjLo ;fwgx¿sf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . ljBfnox¿df k9fO x'g] w]/} 

ljifox¿ 5g\ . tL ljifox¿dWo] g]kfnL efiff klg Pp6f ljifo xf] . g]kfnL efiff ljifo ljBfno 

txsf] lzIffsf] dfWod efiff klg ePsfn] o; ljifosf] ;kmntfk"j{s lzIf0f ug'{ 

klxnf] 

cfjZostf xf] . ljBfnodf g]kfnL efiffsf] ;kmntfk"j{s lzIf0f l;sfO hl6n sfo{ xf] . of] 

hl6n sfo{ klg of]hgfk"j{s u/]df ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg x'G5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f ug] { 

of]hgfsf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDg a'―bfx¿n] 

klg :ki6 kfb{5g\ M 

!= tf]lsPsf] ;dodf kf7\oqmdsf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ 

@= tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ef}lts, dfgjLo / z}lIfs ;fwgx¿sf] plrt pkof]uug{ 

#= ljBfnodf cfPsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eflifs ;Lkx¿df bIf agfpg 

$= ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgdf ;kmntfk"j{s lzIf0f ug{ 

%= 5f]6f] ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eflifs ;Lkx¿df bIf agfpg 

4

^= lzIfssf] lzIf0f s'zntf ;kmntfk"j{s k|bz{g ug{ 

&= sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf Ifdtfjfg agfpg 

*= eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy ljBfyL{x¿n] l;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{ 

(= snflzIf0fnfO{ ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t agfpg 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu tof/ ul/g] of]hgfx¿ 

!= jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf÷jflif{s kf7of]hgf 

@= PsfO of]hgf 

#= b}lgs kf7of]hgf 

!= jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf÷jflif{s kf7of]hgf 

of] of]hgf Ps z}lIfs jif{df g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] lzIf0f ug{sf nflu lzIfsåf/f tof/ 

ul/g] of]hgf xf] . of] of]hgf ljBfnodf tof/ kfl/Psf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf cfwf/df tof/ 

kfl/G5 . ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgfn] Ps z}lIfs jif{el/df ljBfno v'Ng] hDdf lbg, 

k9fO ;~rfng x'g] hDdf lbg, k/LIff ;~rfng x'g] / glthf k|sfzg x'g] lbgx¿;d]t k|i6 

kfb{5 . log} ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ljBfnodf lzIf0f ug] { lzIfsx¿n] cfk"mn] lzIf0f ug] { 

ljifosf] k|To]s sIffsf nflu jflif{s kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 

. cGo ljifosf] h:t} g]kfnL 

efiff lzIf0f ug] { lzIfsn] klg cfk\mgf] jflif{s kf7of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 . sltko lzIfsx¿ 

k9fpg] kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs lgb] {lzsfx¿ x'―bfx'―b} 

jflif{s kf7of]hgf agfpg' cfjZos 5}g 

eGg] ts{ klg ub{5g\ . of] 7Ls ts{ xf]Og . lsgeg] kf7\ok':ts eg]sf] of]hgf geP/ Pp6f 

;fwg dfq xf] clg lzIfs lgb] {lzsf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L xf] . oL b'j} ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]un] jflif{s 

kf7of]hgf agfpg ;lsG5 . 

@= PsfO of]hgf 

of] of]hgf jflif{s kf7of]hgfsf cfwf/df agfOG5 . jflif{s kf7of]hgf ;ª\lIfKt ¿ksf] x'G5 

eg] PsfO of]hgf jflif{s kf7of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf kf7÷PsfOsf] lj:t[t of]hgf xf] o; 

of]hgfdf klg ;fwf/0f p2]Zo pNn]v ul/G5 . oxf― PsfO of]hgfsf] klg Pp6f vfsf k|:t't 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

#= b}lgs kf7of]hgf 

ljBfnodf k9fO x'g] Pp6f lkl/o8df k9fO x'g] kf7\oj:t'sf] k"j{ tof/L b}lgs kf7of]hgf 

xf] . o; of]hgfdf PsfO of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zosf cfwf/df ljlzi6 p2]Zo 

pNn]v ul/G5 . p2]Zosf cfwf/df z}lIfs ;fdu|L, lj:t[t ¿kdf lzIf0f lqmofsnfkx¿ / 

d"Nofª\sg;d]t pNn]v u/L lzIf0fsf] of]hgf tof/ ul/G5 . 

jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf÷jflif{s kf7of]hgfsf] 9f“rf 

ljBfnosf] gfd / 7]ufgf 

lzIfssf] gfd 

ljifo z}lIfs jif{ Ps jif{el/df k9fO x'g] hDdf lbg sIff 

5

l;=g+= kf7÷PsfOsf] 

gfd 

lzIf0f ug{ nfUg] 

cg'dflgt 306L 

p2]Zo ;fdu|L lqmofsnfk d"Nofª\sg 

{ 

z}lIfs jif{el/df ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffx¿sf] ljj/0f 

z}lIfs jif{el/df ;~rfng x'g] ;x lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljj/0f 

o; z}lIfs jif{df g]kfnL efiffsf] ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt ug] cf};t cª\s M 

;aeGbf a9L cª\s M 

lzIfssf] ;xL 

;aeGbf sd cª\s 

6

ljBfnosf] gfd 

lzIfssf] gfd 

ljifo 

PsfO of]hgfsf] 9f“rf 

sIff PsfOsf] gfd PsfO lzIf0f ug{ nfUg] hDdf lkl/o8 

p2]Zox¿ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ lzIf0fl;sfO 

lqmofsnfkx¿ 

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 

k|Zgx¿ 

o; PsfOsf] cWofkgsf aLrdf / cGTodf ;~rfng ul/g] hf―rsf] ljj/0f 

o; PsfOsf] cWofkgsf qmddf ;~rfng ul/g] ;x lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljj/0f 

lzIfssf] ;xL 

b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf] 9f―rf 

ljBfnosf] gfd sIff 

lzIfssf] gfd ldlt 

ljifo 306L 

kf7 ;do 

ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 

!= ljlzi6 p2]Zo 

o; kf7sf] lzIf0f ;DkGg ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDg s'/fx¿df ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

s_ 

v_ 

u_ 

@= z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ 

s_ b}lgs k|of]usf ;fdu|Lx¿ 

v_ 

u_ 

#= lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ 

$= d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|Zgx¿ 

%= u[xsfo{ 

jflif{s kf7of]hgfdf Ps z}lIfs jif{el/df ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffsf af/]df klg pNn]v ug'{kb{5 

. 

ljBfnodf ;~rfng ul/g] q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k/LIffsf af/]df jflif{s sfo{of]hgfdf g} 

7

pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 . jflif{s kf7of]hgfdf rflx― lzIfsn] sIffdf ;~rfng ug] { k/LIff‘hf―rsf 

af/]df pNn]v ug'{kb{5 

. cWofkgsf aLraLrdf ;~rfng ul/g] o:tf hf―rsf dfWodaf6 

lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] lzIf0f sfo{df ;'wf/ Nofpg k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ub{5g\ ;fy} ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

l;sfOPtf klg yfxf x'G5 . sIffdf lzIfsx¿n] ;~rfng ug] { hf―rsf sf/0fn] ljBfyL{x¿df 

ljBfnon] ;~rfng ug] { k/LIffx¿df ;xh ¿kdf ;dfj]z x'g] Ifdtfsf] klg ljsf; x'G5 . x'g 

t sIffdf ;~rfng ul/g] hf―rx¿ lzIfssf nflu af]em klg x'g;S5g\ t/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

l;sfO:t/ a9fpgsf nflu sIffsf hf―rx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ePsfn] lzIfsn] o;nfO{ 

klg pko'Qm ;fwgsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. o:tf hf―rx¿ lzIfsn] PsfO÷kf7sf] cWofkgsf] 

aLr / cGTodf klg ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 

. hf―rs} qmddf yfxf kfpg'kg] { dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] 

hf―rsf pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ ;dodf g} hf―r]/ cfjZos lgb] {zg;lxt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pknAw 

u/fpg'kb{5 . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf] sfd ub{5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;x lqmofsnfkx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;x 

lqmofsnfk eGgfn] kf7\oqmdn] g]kfnL efiff ljifodf ck]Iff u/]sf pknlAwx¿sf] ;xh ¿kdf 

k|flKtsf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ;~rfng ul/g] lqmofsnfk eGg] a'lemG5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ 

sDtLdf Ps xKtfdf Psk6s ;~rfng ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ;x lqmofsnfkx¿ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr / 

Ifdtfcg';f/ k9fO eO;s]sf kf7x¿;―u ;DalGwt u/fP/ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 

. ;x 

lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfngdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g} ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsof] eg] o;n] ljBfyL{sf] g]t[Tj 

Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ub{5 . ;x lqmofsnfksf ¿kdf k|fylds txdf xflh/Lhjfkm 

k|ltof]lutf, sljtf k|ltof]lutf, df}lvs syf k|yltof]lutf, r'6\lsnf k|ltof]lutf, uLt k|ltof]lutf / 

g[To k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;x lqmofsnfknfO{ k|ltof]lutfsf ¿kdf ;~rfng 

ubf{ g} a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsn] d"Nofª\sg kmf/fdsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;f]sf] k|of]u 

ljBfyL{af6} u/fpg'kb{5 . ;x lqmofsnfksf] clen]v /fvL ;f]sf] cfwf/df jflif{s ¿kdf glthf 

k|sfzg u/L k'/:s[t;d]t ubf{ ckm a]; x'G5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu 

lzIfsn] jflif{s kf7of]hgf, PsfO of]hgf / b}lgs kf7 of]hgfdf a9LeGbf a9L lqmofsnfkx¿ 

pNn]v ug'{kb{5 

. lqmofsnfkx¿ pNn]v ubf{ ;s];Dd ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g] vfnsf /fVg' 

/fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ lzIfsnfO{ rflx― ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf /fVg'kb{5 . ;fdfGotof lzIfsx¿sf] 

;?jf sd x'g] ub{5 clg ;?jf eP/ csf] { ljBfnodf klg lzIf0f g} ug'{kg] 

{ ePsfn] Psk6s 

agfPsf] of]hgfnO{ cfjZos dfqfdf cBfjlws u/]/ w]/} jif{;Dd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] 

jflif{s kf7of]hgf, PsfO of]hgf / b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfp―bf ;dofg's"n cBfjlws ul/g] s'/fx¿ 

n]Vgsf nflu s]xL vfnL7fp― klg /fVg' a]; x'G5 . 

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf of]hgfx¿dWo] g]kfnsf lzIfsx¿sf] sfo{af]emsf cfwf/df b}lgs 

kf7of]hgf agfP/ lzIf0f ug'{ 

ufx|f] 5 . o:tf] ufx|f] sfd ;lhn} ;DkGg ug] { pkfox¿ klg 5g\ . 

tL pkfodWo] jflif{s k/LIffsf] glthf ljZn]if0f u/]/ of]hgf agfpg' klg Ps xf] . jfli{fs 

z}Ifl0fs of]hgfdf s]xL ;"rsx¿, h:t} – o; jif{ g]kfnL efiff ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt ug] { 

8

cf};t cª\s, ljBfyL{n] k|fKt ug] { ;aeGbf a9L cª\s clg ;aeGbf sd cª\s klg pNn]v x'g] 

x'gfn] jflif{s k/LIffsf] glthf ljZn]if0f ubf{ tf]lsPsf ;"rscg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] 

klg hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . o; qmddf h'g sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfk\mgf] ljifodf pknlAw 

sdhf]/ 5 ;f]xL ljifosf] lzIf0f k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug] { u/L dfly pNn]v ul/Psf 

jflif{s kf7of]hgf, PsfO of]hgf / b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfp―bf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ /fd|/L lnlvt 

¿kdf g} of]hgf agfP/ k9fp―bf / dfgl;s ¿kdf of]hgf agfP/ lzIf0f ubf{sf] cGt/ klg yfxf 

x'G5 . o;/L k|To]s jif{ jflif{s k/LIffsf] glthf ljZn]if0fu/]/ To;sf cfwf/df z}Ifl0fs 

of]hgfx¿ agfP/ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f u/]sf v08df g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fug] { lzIfsnfO{ Pp6f 

;kmn / pbfx/0fLo lzIfssf ¿kdf ljsl;t / kl/lrt u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu p2]Zox¿ 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/g] z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx¿df /flvg] p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/sf 

x'G5g\ M 

;fwf/0f p2]Zo 

ljlzi6÷Jofjxfl/s p2]Zox¿ 

;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fndf k|fKt ug{÷k"/f ug{ ;lsg] p2]ZonfO{ ;fwf/0f p2]Zo elgG5 . h:t} 

jflif{s kf7of]hgfdf /flvPsf p2]Zo ;fwf/0f p2]Zo x'g\ . kf7\oqmddf pNn]v ePsf lzIffsf 

/fli6«o, txut p2]Zo / ljifout p2]Zox¿ klg ;fwf/0f p2]Zosf pbfx/0f x'g\ . To:t} 5f]6f] 

;dodf k"/f x'g] p2]ZonfO{ ljlzi6÷Jofjxfl/s p2]Zo elgG5 . b}lgs kf7of]hgfdf /flvg] 

p2]Zox¿ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf pbfx/0f x'g\ . k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf] d'Vo cfwf/ eg]sf] 

of]hgfa4 lzIf0f xf] eg] of]hgfsf] cfwf/ eg]s} p2]Zo ePsfn] g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { lzIfsn] 

z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx¿ agfp―bf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . p2]Zo lgwf{/0f 

ug] { qmddf p2]Zosf lgDgfg';f/sf ljz]iftfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lzIfsnfO{ x'g' cfjZos 5 . 

z}Ifl0fs p2]Zosf ljz]iftfx¿ 

!= ljBfyL{x¿sf] k"j{1fg÷k|j]u Jojxf/;―u ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . 

@= kf7\oqmdsf l;sfOpknlAw;―u ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . 

#= dfkgof]Uo x'g'kb{5 . 

$= :ki6 a'lemg] vfnsf x'g'kb{5 . cyf{t p2]Zodf k|of]u ul/g] lqmofkb atfpg ;Sg], n]Vg;Sg], 

JofVof ug{;sg], cy{ eGg] ;sg], jfSodf k|of[u ug{;Sg], ;:j/÷df}g jfrg ug{;Sg] OToflb 

x'g'kb{5 . 

%= tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldfleq k|fKt ul/g] x'g'kb{5 . 

^= k|fKt ul/g] ;do;Ldf tf]lsPsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

&= ljBfnodf pknAw ;|f]t;fwg;―u ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . 

9

h'g;'s} ljifosf] lzIf0f ug] { lzIfsn] z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf p2]Zosf 

ljz]iftfx¿ /fd|/L a'em]/ p2]Zo lgdf{0f u/L of]hgf agfpg' clt cfjZos 5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ 

p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;xof]u ug] { h'g;'s} ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5 . cyjf z}Ifl0fs 

p2]Zox¿ k|flKtdf ;xhtf Nofpgsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5 . 

h:t} olb z}Ifl0fs of]hgfdf o; kf7sf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ kf7sf x/kmx¿ ult, olt / no 

ldnfP/ z'4;―u ;:j/ jfrg ug{;Sg]5g\ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf ;xof]u 

k'¥ofpg] Pp6f z}lIfs ;fdu|L efiff kf7\ok':ts xf] eg] csf] { ;fdu|Ldf sIffsf ljBfyL{dWo] kf7sf 

x/kmx¿ ult, olt / no ldnfP/ z'4;―u ;:j/ jfrg ug{ /fd|/L hfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ klg k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu s]s] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ 

lzIfssf] hf―u/, nugzLntf, k|lta4tf, ljBfnosf] cfly{s cj:yf, k|wfgfWofkssf] z}lIfs 

g]t[Tj, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;ª\sng, k|of]u / e08f/0fdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf 

OToflbsf cfwf/df dfq lbg ;lsG5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] lzIf0fdf /f]rstf yk]/ /dfOnf] 

jftfj/0fdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOdf ;xefuL u/fp―5, yf]/} ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿n] eflifs ;Lkx¿ 

;lhn} l;Sb5g\, ljBfyL{x¿df l;sfOk|lt pTk| ]/0ff a9fp―5, ljBfyL{x¿sf] pknlAw:t/ a9fp―5, 

ljBfnodf x'g] z}lIfs Ifltx¿ a9fp―5, ljBfno lzIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kx'―r 

a9fpg ;xof]u 

ub{5 . ;du|df eGbf ljBfno lzIffsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] Pp6f s8Lsf ¿kdf z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ 

lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ 

;lsG5 M 

!= b}lgs k|of]usf ;fdu|Lx¿ – sfnf]÷;]tf] kf6L, rs÷af]8{dfs{/, 8:6/ / efiff kf7\ok':ts 

@= kmnfl6g kf6L / uf]hL tflnsf 

#= lrq syfx¿ / ljleGg lrqx¿ 

$= cIf/kQL, zAbkQL, jfSokQL / rf6{x¿ 

%= afn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ / afn klqsfx¿ 

^= lzIfs lgb] {lzsf 

&= sIffdf ePsf /fd|f] k|ltef÷Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿ 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f, ;ª\sng, k|of]u / e08f/0fdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

;lqmo ;xeflutf u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] ljifodf lzIfs :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . sltko z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ 

lgdf{0f÷tof/ ug{sf nflu ljBfyL{sf] /fd|f] Ifdtf x'g;S5 . o; s'/fsf] klxrfg lzIfsn] u/]/ 

To:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ klg ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

;xeflutf clgjfo{ ¿kdf u/fpg'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] sIff lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf / 

;xeflutf a9fp―5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofglbg'kg] { csf] { dxŒjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] 

;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ klg xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf zAbkQL agfOPsf] 5 

10

eg] ;fdu|L ;fdfGo sfuhdf eGbf sf8{af]8{df g} agfpg' clt cfjZos 5 . o;f] ul/Psf pQm 

zAbkQL /fd|/L e08f/0f u/]/ cfufdL jif{x¿df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ;Gbe{df e08f/0fsf] s'/f klg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f 

/ ;ª\sng ubf{ ;do, d]xgt / k};fsf] ;d]t nufgL ePsf] x'G5 . ;fy} Psk6s k|of]u ul/Psf] 

;fdu|L cfufdL jif{x¿df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] e08f/0f klg 

plrt tl/sfn] ug'{kb{5 

. z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/0f sIffsf]7fdf g} ul/of] eg] o;n] 

sIffsf]7fsf] ;hfj6 klg ub{5 ;fy} tL ;fdfgx¿sf] ;+/If0f klg ljBfyL{x¿s} ;xeflutfdf 

/fd|/L x'g;S5 . sIffsf]7fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/0fsf] k"j{;t{ eg]sf] sIffsf]7fsf] ;'/Iff xf] 

h;sf] k|aGw lzIfs / ljBfnosf] g]t[Tj kIfn] ldnfpg'kb{5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu lzIf0f ljlw 

s'g} klg ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{;dIf ;/n / k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] k|:t't ug] { dfWodnfO{ g} lzIf0f ljlw 

elgG5 . lzIf0fsf qmddf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf 

nflu h]h:tf dfWod / k|lqmofx¿ k|of]u ul/G5, tL ;a} lzIf0f ljlwleq kb{5g\ . lzIf0f ljlw 

lzIfssf] Ifdtf, ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, :t/, pd]/ clg ljifo / ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltdf e/kb{5 . z}lIfs 

p2]Zox¿ nIo÷uGtJo x'g\ eg] Tof] uGtJodf k'¥ofpg] dfWod eg]sf] lzIf0f ljlw xf] . h;/L 

Ps 7fp―af6 csf] { 7fp―df ;lhn} / l5§} k'Ugsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf oftfoftsf ;fwgdf e/ 

kb{5 To:t}u/L z}Ifl0fs of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf p2]Zox¿sf] ;xh k|flKt lzIf0fsf qmddf 

k|of]u ul/Psf lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] 5gf}6 / k|of]udf e/kb{5 . 

lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg jf lgwf{l/t p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ sIffdf 

ul/g] ;~rf/ k|0ffnL klg elgG5 . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnLn] g} sIff lzIf0fsf] ;kmntfnfO{ 

pRr txdf k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { lzIfsn] lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] 5gf}6 / 

k|of]udf plrt Wofg lbg'kb{5 . clxn] sIffdf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f x'g'kg] { dfGotf :yflkt 

eO;s]sf] 5 . o; dfGotfn] sIffsf lqmofsnfkx¿df ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] dfu 

ub{5g\ . To;}n] lzIfsn] lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] 5gf}6 / k|of]u ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;lqmo ;xefuL 

u/fpg] / lzIfsn] Pp6f ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng]u/L ug'{kb{5 

. lzIf0f ljlwsf ;Gbe{df Wofg 

lbg'kg] { Pp6f s'/f s] 5 eg] sIffdf ljleGg ?lr / Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{ clg efiff kf7\ok':tsdf 

efiff lzIf0fsf nflu ljleGg ljwfx¿sf] ;+of]hg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] lzIf0fsf qmddf lzIf0f 

ljlwx¿sf] k|of]udf klg ljljwtf Nofpg ;lsof] eg] efiff lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . 

lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg] 

{ s'/fx¿ 

!= z}lIfs p2]Zox¿ 

@= ljifoj:t' / ljwfsf] k|s[lt 

#= lzIfssf] lzIf0f s'zntf, Ifdtf, ?lr / sfo{af]w 

$= ljBfyL{x¿sf] k"j{1fg÷k|j]z Jojxf/, ?lr, Ifdtf:t/ / pd]/ 

11

%= sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] dft[efiffsf] cj:yf 

^= ljBfnodf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cj:yf 

&= pknAw z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf qmddf k|of]u ul/g] lzIfss]lGb|t / ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0fljlwx¿ 

!= lzIfss]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwx¿ 

s_ JofVofg÷k|jrg ljlw 

v_ k|bz{g ljlw 

u_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw 

3_ ;f]wk'5 ljlw 

ª_ cfudg / lgudg ljlw 

@= ljBfyL{s]lGb|t ljlwx¿ 

s_ k|of]ufTds ljlw 

v_ :ynut e|d0f ljlw 

u_ vf]h ljlw 

3_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw 

ª_ ;j] {If0f ljlw 

r_ 5nkmn ljlw 

5_ kl/of]hgf ljlw 

h_ clego ljlw 

sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df eflifs ;Lkx¿df bIf 

agfpgsf nflu tn pNn]v ul/Psf ljlw÷lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 M 

!= ;'gfO lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] lqmofsnfkx¿ 

s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf―vf lrDng nufP/ ljleGg cfjfh ;'gfO tL cfjfh x¿ klxrfg ug{ 

nufpg] . 

v_ ljleGg cfjfhx¿ ;'Gg nufO{ ltgLx¿sf] gSsn ug{ nufpg] 

u_ ljleGg lgb] {zgx¿ lbP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ nufpg] 

3_ syf / r'6\lsnfx¿ ;'gfP/ ltg} syf / r'6\lsnfx¿ eGg nufpg] . 

ª_ ljleGg ljifoj:t' / 36gf ;'gfP/ ltgLx¿sf d'Vod'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] 

r_ cIf/, zAb / jfSosf] >'ltn]vg u/fpg] 

5_ Sof;]6 ;'gfP/ k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn u/fpg] 

@= af]nfO lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] lqmofsnfkx¿ 

s_ j0f{, cIf/ / zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] 

v_ s'g} ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] 

12

u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljBfno j/k/sf ljleGg j:t' ;ª\sng ug{ nufP/ tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf 

af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg] . 

3_ lzIfsn] afnuLtx¿ ult, olt / no ldnfP/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg pgLx¿n] 

hfg]sf uLtx¿ ufpg nufpg] . 

ª_ afn syfx¿ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg pgLx¿n] hfg]sf syfx¿ eGg nufpg] . 

r_ lzIfsn] /f]rs lrqx¿ sIffdf k|:t't ul/lbg] / pQm lrqx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] 

5_ ;fyLefO / ;d"xdf s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn u/fpg] 

h_ syf, uLt / sljtf k|ltof]lutf u/fpg] 

#= k9fO lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] lqmofsnfkx¿ 

s_ j:t' / cIf/ ;DalGwt u/fP/ cIf/ lrGg cEof; u/fpg] 

v_ uf]hLtflnsfdf cfsf/ (T) / Osf/ (l, L) kQL /fvL To;df cIf/kQL hf]8\b} dfqf 

l;sfpg] 

u_ uf]hLtflnsf k|of]u u/L zAbkQL / jfSokQL k9\g nufpg] 

3_ uf]hLtflnsfdf ePsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpg nufpg] 

ª_ ;;fgf ljj/0f, ;"rgf, kf7 cflbsf] cf;o a'e\mg]u/L k9\g nufpg] 

r_ k9]sf s'/fsf] cy{ / cf;o eGg nufpg] 

5_ cg'R5]b lbO{ k9\g nufP/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] 

$= n]vfO lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] lqmofsnfkx¿ 

s_ ljleGg wsf{ / cfsf/ n]Vg nufpg] 

v_ j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ afGsL ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] 

u_ k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] 

3_ >'ltn]v u/fpg] 

ª_ k':tsdf ePsf kf7x¿sf] cg'n]vg u/fpg] 

r_ c¿n] n]v]sf ;fdu|Lsf] ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg] 

5_ lrq, j:t' / jftfj/0fsf] j0f{g u/L n]Vg nufpg] 

h_ ljleGg k|;ª\usf lr7L / lgj]bg n]Vg nufpg] 

em_ s'g} k|;ª\udf cg'R5]b n]Vg nufpg] 

`_ 5f]6f5f]6f syf / sljtf n]Vg nufpg] 

6_ cfk"m, cfk\mgf] ;fyL, lzIfs / kl/jf/sf ;b:osf af/]df cg'R5]b n]Vg nufpg] 

7_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ?lrcg';f/sf /rgfx¿ tof/ ug{ nufpg] . 

plNnlvt lqmofsnfkx¿sf ;fy} sIffut kf7\ok':tsdf /flvPsf ljleGg ljwfx¿sf] lzIf0fsf 

nflu lgDgcg';f/sf ljlw÷lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ;lsG5 M 

!= sljtf lzIf0f – noaf]w, efjaf]w, zAbfy{ / jfSolgdf{0f, k|Zgf]Q/, a'―bfl6kf]6 

13

@= syf lzIf0f – ;:j/ / df}g k7g, zAbfy{ / jfSolgdf{0f, k7gaf]w, k|Zgf]Q/, ;f/f+z syg, 

JofVof / efj lj:tf/, df}lvs j0f{g, pvfg6'Ssfsf] cy{ / jfSodf k|of]u 

#= hLjgL lzIf0f – >'ltaf]w, k7gaf]w, zAbfy{ / jfSodf k|of]u, pRrf/0f ;:j/ k7g, 

k|Zgf]Q/, d'Vod'Vo 36gfx¿sf] l6kf]6, :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/sf dxfg\ JolQmTjx¿sf] 

klxrfg / hLjgL n]vg 

$= k|jGw÷lgaGw lzIf0f – k7gaf]w, df}lvs j0f{g, ;:j/ / df}g jfrg, lnlvt j0f{g, 

pRrf/0f, zAbfy{ / jfSodf k|of]u, k|Zgf]Q/, k|aGw lgaGw n]vgsf nflu lzif{sx¿sf] 

klxrfg / lgaGw÷ k|aGw n]vg 

%= ;+jfb lzIf0f – ;:j/ / df}g k9fO, e"ldsf lgjf{x, k7gaf]w, k|Zgf]Q/ zAbfy{ / jfSodf 

k|of]u, ;Djfb n]vgsf nflu lzif{sx¿sf] klxrfg, ;Djfb n]vg, cfk;L ;Djfb 

^= afbljjfb lzIf0f – ;:j/ / df}g k9fO, zAbfy{ / jfSodf k|of]u, pRrf/0f, e"ldsf lgjf{x, 

jfbljjfbsf lzif{sx¿sf] klxrfg, jfbljjfb ;~rfng, k|Zgf]Q/, a'―bfl6kf]6 

&= lr7L lzIf0f – ;:j/ / df}g k9fO, zAbfy{ / jfSodf k|of]u, pRrf/0f lr7Lsf] gd'gf 

k|:t'lt, lr7Lsf d'Vod'Vo cª\ux¿sf] klxrfg, lr7L n]vg / k|:t'lt 

*= Jofs/0f lzIf0f – ;"q jf lgodåf/f Jofs/0f l;sfpg], pbfx/0fåf/f Jofs/0f l;sfpg], 

efiffsf] z'4 k|of]u l;sfpg], efiffsf kf7\ok':tsåf/f Jofs/0f l;sfpg], cg'R5]b n]vg / 

k/LIf0f 

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] k|of]usf qmddf lzIfsn] Wofg lbg'kg] { s'/fx¿df Pp6} 

kf7÷ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0fsf nflu PseGbf a9L ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. o;f] ugf{n] ljleGg 

Ifdtf:t/ ePsf afnaflnsfx¿n] eflifs ;Lkx¿df cfk\mgf] Ifdtf a9fp―5g\ eg] o;n] 

lzIfsnfO{ klg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/sf lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf 

lzIf0f ug] { Ifdtf a9fpg dbt ub{5 . 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] ;kmntfsf nflu d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf d"Nofª\sg lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . d"Nofª\sg eg]sf] kf7\oqmdn] 

/fv]sf ck]Iffx¿ s]slt dfqfdf k|fKt eP÷ePgg\ eg]/ n]vfhf]vf ug] { k|lqmof xf] . eflifs 

d"Nofª\sgdf ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgeGbf eflifs ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; s]slt dfqfdf eof] eGg] s'/fdf 

hf]8 lbOG5 . d"Nofª\sg lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . k|fylds txsf] 

kf7\oqmdn] sIff % ;Dd / clxn] sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] sIff & 

;Dd lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug] { p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . of] k|0ffnL lgdf{0ffTds 

d"Nofª\sg;―u ;DalGwt 5 . o; d"Nofª\sgn] l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg xf]Og l;sfOsf nflu 

d"Nofª\sg eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . d"Nofª\sgsf] o; k|0ffnLn] g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f 

l;sfO ;―u;―u} d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug'{kg] 

{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . To;}n] k|fylds / 

lgDgdfWolds txdf cWofkg ug] { lzIfsn] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf af/]df hfgsf/L a9fP/ 

14

o;sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] eflifs Jojxf/ 

cjnf]sg ;x lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;~rfng, u[xsfo{sf] k|of]u, sIffut ¿kdf lnlvt hf―rsf] 

k|of]u OToflb k|lqmofx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. ca jflif{s ¿kdf k/LIffsf] ;~rfng u/]/ 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pQL0f{÷cg'QL0f{ 5'6\ofpg] sfd k'/fgf] / sfd gnfUg] eO;s]sfn] cfwf/e"t txdf 

lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] xf] . 

k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmdn] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf s]xL s'/fx¿ 

!= o; txdf lgdf{0ffTds÷;'wf/fTds d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ 

;'lglZrt ul/G5 . 

@= sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{;~rflnsf (Portfolio) kmfon /flvg]5 . 

#= sIff !–# df pbf/ sIff]Gglt gLlt nfu" ul/g]5 . 

$= k|fylds txdf ljljw l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] d"Nofª\sg 

k|lqmof ckgfpg'kg] {5 . 

lgDgdfWolds txsf] g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] kf7\oqmdn] eflifs d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] 

If]q / cª\s lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5 M 

If]q ljwf cª\s 

k9fO / n]vfO 

s_ kf7ut k|Zg 

v_ af]w 

u_ ;f/f+z 

3_ efjlj:tf/ 

JofVof 

ª_ /rgf 

– lgb] {lzt 

– :jtGq 

zAbe08f/ 

Jofs/0f 

syf, sljtf, k|aGw, hLjgL, ¿ks 

syf, k|aGw÷lgaGw, hLjgL 

syf, sljtf, k|aGw÷lgaGw, hLjgL 

syf, sljtf, k|aGw÷lgaGw, hLjgL 

k|aGw÷lgaGw 

lr7L, lgj]bg, ;Djfb, ljjfbfTds cleJolQm, syfTds 

cleJolQm 

zAbsf] cy{, jfSodf k|of]u 

klxrfg / k|of]u 

#) 

% 

% 

!) 

@) 

!) 

!) 

15

gd'gf 5f]6f] p|Q/fTds k|Zgx¿ 

!= cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf] kf7\oqmdn] g]kfnLefiff ljifonfO{ k"0ff{ª\s / kf7\oef/sf 

b[li6n] lbPsf] dxŒjnfO{ pNn]v u/L ;f] dxŒjsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug'{xf];\ 

. 

@= sIff ! df ;'gfO / af]nfO ;LknfO{ lbOPsf] jflif{s kf7\oef/ slt xf] < o; kf7\oef/af6 sIff 

!–# ;Dd afnaflnsfx¿df ;'gfO / af]nfO;DaGwL s'gs'g ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n x'g] ck]Iff 

ul/Psf] 5 < 

#= g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf] dxŒj pNn]v u/L b}lgs 

kf7of]hgfdf /flvg] ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ljz]iftfx¿sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

$= cfwf/e"t txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] dxŒj 

af/] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

/ sIff !–# ;Dd k|of]u ul/g] sDtLdf rf/cf]6f z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] gfd klg 

pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

%= sIff !–# ;Ddsf] kf7\oqmdn] g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] k9fO / n]vfO ;Lk ljsf;df /fv]sf 

ck]Iffx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

^= sIff ! sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;'gfO af]nfO lzIf0fsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug'{ 

eO{ ;'gfO af]nfO 

lzIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] s'g} # cf]6f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

&= efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf d"Nofª\sgsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug'{ eO{ tkfO{ +n] ug'{ 

x'g] sIff d"Nofª\sgsf] 

tl/sfsf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

*= g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] dxŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{eO{ 

sIff kf―rdf syf 

lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s'g} tLgcf]6f z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] gfd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

(= tkfO{ +n] lzIf0f ug] { sIffdf tfdfª, u'?ª / g]jf/ hfltsf] kl/jf/af6 klg afnaflnsfx¿ 

ljBfnodf cfPsf 5g\ . tL afnaflnsfx¿ cfcfk\mgf] dft[efiffsf] k|efjdf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf 

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tkfO{ + g]kfnL g]kfnL lzIf0f s;/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug'{x'G5 

< pko'Qm t/Lsf 


. 

!)= sIff b'O{sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9fO n]vfO ;Lk lzIf0fsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug'{ 

eO{ lzIf0f ubf{ 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s'g} # cf]6f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

!!= æcEof;n] dflg;nfO{ k"0f{ agfp―5Æ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df o; egfOsf] dxŒjsf 

af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

!@= k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf] dxŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{eO{ 

sIff #÷& df 

sljtf lzIf0fsf nflu b}lgs kf7of]hgf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

!#= clxn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL nfu" 

u/]sf] 5 . o; txsf] lzIffdf lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] dxŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{eO{ 

o; 

d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u ubf{ tof/ kfl/g] ljBfyL{ k|ult ljj/0f kmf/fdsf] 9f―rf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

!$= tkfO{ +n] g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { sIffsf rf/hgf afnaflnsfx¿ g]kfnL efiffdf Psbd sdhf]/ 

5g\ eg] To:tf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOsf nflu tkfO{ + s]s:tf yk k|of;x¿ ug'{x'G5 

< rrf{ 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

16

!%= cfwf/e"t lzIffdf lr7L lzIf0fl;sfOsf] dxŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{eO{ 

sIff rf/sf 

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lr7L lzIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ug'{x'g] 

s'g} b'O{cf]6f lzIf0f tl/sfsf af/]df pNn]v 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

!^= æafns Pp6f k':ts xf] . o;sf k|To]s kfgfx¿ lzIfsn] k9\g'kb{5 .Æ o; egfOsf] cy{ / 

dxŒj g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf ;Gbe{df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

!&= sIff ^–* ;Dd g]kfnL efiff ljifonfO{ kf7\oqmdn] lbPsf] dxŒjnfO{ k"0ff{ª\s / kf7\oef/sf 

b[li6n] pNn]v ug'{ 

eO{ o; ljifosf cfwf/e"t txsf s'g} rf/cf]6f txut p2]Zo pNn]v 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

!*= k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf kf―rcf]6f r/0fx¿ – of]hgf, tof/L, k|:t'lt, cEof; / d"Nofª\sgsf] 

dxŒjnfO{ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df rrf{ ug'{xf]; 

\ . 

!(= pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{eO{ 

pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf 

tl/sfx¿sf af/]df ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

@)= g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4sf nflu k/LIff glthf ljZn]if0fn] k'¥ofpg] 

of]ubfgsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

gd'gf pQ/x¿ 

k|Zg 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf d"Nofª\sgsf] dxŒjsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{ 

eO{ sIff d"Nofª\sgsf] pko'Qm 

tl/sfsf af/]df pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

pQ/ 

lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ cleGg k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] 

k|efjsfl/tf;―u cGo ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tf e/ kg] { ePsfn] efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf 

d"Nofª\sgsf] 5'6\6} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] pknlAw:t/sf] 

n]vfhf]vf ug{ k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ Ps xb;Dd plrt 

dflgP klg d"Nofª\sg eg]sf] ljBfyL{x¿sf] pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug] { ;fwg dfq xf] eGgrflx― 

ldNb}g . d"Nofª\sg eg]sf] efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf ;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . of] 

ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu eGbf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu k|of]u 

ul/g] k|lqmof xf] . b}lgs ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿n] eflifs ;Lkx¿df s]xL dfqfdf eP klg 

pGglt÷k|ult ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o; qmddf cfOkg] { ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub} { cufl8 a9\gsf 

nflu efiff lzIf0f d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. 

b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf] d'Vo cª\usf ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] sIff lzIf0fsf qmddf 

d"Nofª\sgnfO{ pko'Qm tl/sfn] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ljleGg 

tl/sfx¿ k|of]udf NofOPsf] x'G5 . oxf― rflx― efiff lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ul/g] 

d"Nofªsgsf] APPLE techniques sf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nofª\sgsf] o; tl/sfn] 

lzIfsdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] gfd nufot cGo ljj/0f klg /fd|/L yfxf x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf 

17

fVb5 . d"Nofª\sgsf] o; tl/sfsf af/]df hfGgsf nflu APPLE sf] k"0f{ ¿ksf af/]df /fd|/L 

a'e\mg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf] k"0f{ ¿k o:tf] 5 – 

A - Ask question in group 

P - Pause for a while 

P- Pick up one student for answer 

L- Listen to him/her 

E - Evaluate them properly. 

sIff lzIf0fsf qmddf APPLE technique k|of]u u/L eflifs d"Nofª\sg ug] { ;Gbe{df lzIfsn] 

sIffdf /x]sf ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f ;d"x ¿kdf lnP/ k|Zg ;f]Wg'kb{5 . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|Zg 

;f]Wg] a]nfdf Pp6f ljBfyL{ klxrfg u/]/ p;}nfO{ k|Zg ;f]w]/ sIffdf d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u ug] { 

k|rng xfd|f ljBfnox¿df a9L dfqfdf kfOG5 . d"Nofª\sgsf] o; APPLE tl/sfn] k|Zg 

;f]Wg] a]nfdf sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|Zgk|lt Wofg cfslif{t ug{sf nflu lzIfsn] – ca d 

ltdLx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]W5' . o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ ltdLx¿dWo] hf];'s}n] klg lbg'kb{5 . To;}n] k|Zg 

;a}n] Wofg lbP/ ;'g . eGg'kb{5 . olt elg;s]kl5 lzIfsn] sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] ;'Gg]u/L 

k|Zg ;f]Wg'kb{5 . 

lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]lw;s]kl5 ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ dl:tisdf tof/ ug{sf nflu 

Psl5g kv{g' (Pause) kb{5 . o; ;dodf lzIfsn] rflx― o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ s'g ljBfyL{af6 

dfUg] eGg] ljifodf :ki6 eO;Sg' kb{5 . APPLE tl/sfsf] t];|f] r/0fdf lzIfsn] s'g} Pshgf 

ljBfyL{nfO{ pQ/ eGg cx|fpg' kb{5 . o; qmddf lzIfsn] k|Zgsf] pQ/ dfluPsf] ljBfyL{sf] gfd 

eGg' clt h?/L 5 . ljBfyL{;―u lzIfsn] Jojxf/ ubf{ p;sf] gfd eGg' eg]sf] lzIfs / 

ljBfyL{aLrsf] cfk;L lrghfgsf] Pp6f k|df0f xf] h;n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;sf/fTds k|efj 

kfb{5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] gfdaf6 Jojxf/ ubf{ ljBfyL{n] cfk"m lzIfssf] glhs ePsf] dx;'; 

u/fp―5 . ljBfyL{df cfPsf] o:tf] dx;';n] l;sfOsf nflu pTk| ]l/t u/fp―5 . h'g;'s} ljBfyL{ 

sIffdf cfk"m sdhf]/ xf]Og Ifdtfjfg eP/ cfk\mgf] ;d"xdf ;dfof]lht x'g rfxG5 . cfk"m 

Ifdtfjfg ePsf] cfk\mgf ;fyLx¿df dx;';÷ljZjf; u/fpg] Pp6f dfWod sIffdf x'g] 

k|Zgf]Q/sf] cj;/ xf] . olb lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ 7Ls ePdf ljBfyL{n] cfk"mnfO{ 

;fyLx¿aLrdf uj{sf] dx;'; ub{5 . o;n] p;nfO{ cem d]xgt;fy l;Sg k| ]l/t ub{5 . ljBfyL{n] 

lbPsf] pQ/ ldn]g eg] klg csf] {k6s cfk\mgf] Ifdtf b]vfpgsf nflu yk k|oTg ub{5 . k|Zg 

;f]Wg] qmddf lzIfsn] sIffsf w]/} hfGg], dWod vfnsf / sdhf]/ tLg} l;sl;dsf 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. o;f] ubf{n] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ hfGg] / hfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfk\mgf] 

ljlzi6 Ifdtf agfpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . 

ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg elg;s]kl5 sIff d"Nofª\sgsf] rf}yf] r/0f ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] 

p|Q/sf] k"/f c+z lzIfsn] ;'lglbg' kb{5 . o;n] lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mgf] lzIf0fdf ePsf ;an / 

;'wf/ ug'{kg] 

{ kIfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . 

ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] k"/f c+z lzIfsn] ;'lglbPdf Psflt/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] af]nfO Ifdtf 

a9fpg] cj;/ x'G5 eg] csf] {lt/ c;fwf/0f Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{n] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf b]vfpg] cj;/ 

18

kfp―5g\ h;n] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ klg l;sfOsf nflu k| ]/0ff a9fpg;S5 . xfd|f clwsf+z 

ljBfnox¿df hfGg] / sdhf]/ b'a} vfnsf ljBfyL{x¿n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] k"/f c+z ;'Gg] k|rng 

sd dfqfdf kfOG5 . o; k|rngn] k|efjsf/L efiff lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u ub} {g . sdhf]/ 

ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/n] lzIfsnfO{ ;Gt'li6 glbgfn] lzIfsn] To:tf ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] k"/f 

c+z g;'Gg] u/]sf] atfp―5g\ lzIffljb\x¿, sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] k"/f pQ/ gelgsg lzIfsn] p;nfO{ 

xtf]T;flxt ub} { aLr}df /f]Sg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o;n] sIffdf ePsf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfufdL 

lbgx¿df k|Zgsf] pQ/ hfgLghfgL lbgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ub} {gg\ . 

ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/sf] k"/f c+z ;'lg;s]kl5 lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] k|ltlqmof÷d"Nofª\sg k|:t't 

ug'{kb{5 

cyf{t lbOPsf] pQ/ slt 7Ls eof] / s'g 7fp―df ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 

eGg] af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ 

hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . o;} qmddf hfGg] ljBfyL{n] olb lzIfsn] ck]Iff u/]sf]eGbf klg /fd|f] 

pQ/ lbPsf] /x]5 eg] Tof] s'/f ToxL ;dodf elglbg' kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] hfGg] ljBfyL{ klg cem 

k|of; ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'g]5g\ eg] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿ klg ljleGg tl/sfn] l;sfOk|lt pT;fxL 

x'g;S5g\ . pQ/sf] d"Nofª\sgs} qmddf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] lbPsf pQ/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ 

;aeGbf klxn] p;sf] pQ/df kfOPsf /fd|f s'/fx¿ pNn]v u/L cfk"mn] ck]Iff u/]sf] eGbf /fd|f] 

pQ/ kfPsf] s'/f atfOlbg' kb{5 . lzIfsn] o;f] elglbgfn] olb ljBfyL{df d lgs} sdhf]/ 5' 

eGg] efjgf /x]5 eg] Tof] x6]/ d}n] klg s]xL s'/f hfg]sf] /x]5' ca d]xgt a9fP― eg] d klg 

hfGg] x'g;Sg] /x]5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . o; qmddf lzIfsn] To:tf ljBfyL{sf ;'wf/ 

ug'{kg] 

{ s'/fx¿ klg pNn]v ul/lbg' kb{5 . sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] pQ/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ 

klxn] sdhf]/ kIfsf] phfu/ slxn] klg ul/lbg' x'―b}g 

. klxn] sdhf]/ kIfsf] phfu/ ugf{n] 

ljBfyL{ a9L xtf]T;flxt x'g;S5g\ . x'g t sdhf]/ ljBfyL{n] lzIfsn] ck]Iff u/]sf] h:tf] /fd|f] 

pQ/ glbPsf] klg x'g;S5 t/ Tof] oyfy{ p;sf ;fyLx¿aLr elglbgfn] p;df xLg efjgf 

a9fpg] ePsfn] To:tf ljBfyL{x¿n] lbPsf] pQ/leq /fd|f s'/fx¿ vf]h]/ klxn] tL s'/fx¿ 

elglbg' kb{5 egL APPLE tl/sfn] eGb5 . sIff d"Nofª\sgsf qmddf APPLE tl/sfnfO{ 

7Ls 9ª\un] k|of]u ul/of] eg] efiff lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . 

k|Zg g+= !* sf] pQ/ 

clxn]sf] ;a}sf] ck]Iff eg]sf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0faf6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff pknAw 

u/fpg' xf] . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] of] ck]Iff cfsl:ds ¿kdfrflx+ slxNo} klg k"/f x'g;Sb}g . 

o;sf nflu oL kf―r r/0fx¿– of]hgf, tof/L, k|:t'lt, cEof; / d"Nofª\sg k"/f x'g} kb{5 . efiff 

lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu t oL kf―r r/0fx¿ k"/f u/]/ lzIf0f ug'{ 

clt cfjZos 

5 . 

sIffdf k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu of]hgf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . 

of]hgfljgfsf] lzIf0fl;sfO uGtJoljgfsf] ofqL h:t} x'G5 . cGo ljifo lzIf0fsf t'ngfdf g]kfnL 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfO cln hl6n / dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ klg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg 

ug{sf nflu lzIfsn] b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfpg} kb{5 . lzIfsn] agfPsf] b}lgs kf7of]hgf 

19

k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf] klxnf] r/0f xf] h;n] lzIfsnfO{ s], lsg, s;/L, s;nfO{, slxn] 

h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] :ki6 hjfkm lbG5 . lzIfsn] agfPsf] b}lgs kf7of]hgf s;/L sfof{Gjog ug] { 

eGg] af/]df lzIfsn] s]xL ;do tof/L klg ug'{kb{5 

. lzIf0fsf] o; r/0fn] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf 

qmddf s]s:tf hl6ntfx¿ cfp―5g\ eGg] ljifodf klxrfg u/]/ To:tf hl6ntfx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf 

nflu ;hu / ;r]t x'g lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 . tof/Ln] g} lgld{t of]hgf tf]lsPsf] 

;do;Ldfleq k"/f x'g]5÷x'―b}g 

eGg] af/]df lzIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] / ;f]cg';f/ of]hgfdf 

cfjZos dfqfdf ;+zf]wg ug] { cj;/ klg pknAw u/fp―5 . oL b'O{cf]6f r/0fx¿ k"/f 

ul/;s]kl5 lzIfs sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z ug'{kb{5 

. 

lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 

h;nfO{ k|:t'lt 

elgG5 . sIffsf]7fsf] lzIfssf] k|:t'lt /dfOnf] jftfj/0f agfP/ afnsn] dof{lbt eO{ 

cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy l;Sgsf nflu cg's"n x'g'kb{5 . o; qmddf lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

;lqmo ;xeflutf u/fP/ lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 

eGg] s'/f e'Ng' x'―b}g 

. efiff lzIf0fsf 

qmddf sIff lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf x'g ;s]g eg] pgLx¿df eflifs bIftf 

a9\g ;Sb}g . k|:t'ltkl5sf] csf] { r/0f cEof; xf] . efiff lzIf0f l;sfO ;Lksf] lzIf0fl;sfO 

ePsfn] cfjZos dfqfdf cEof; u/fO{Pg eg] ljBfyL{x¿df eflifs ;Lkx¿df bIftfsf] j[l4 

x'―b}g 

. æcEof;n] g} dflg;nfO{ k"0f{ agfp―5Æ eGg] pvfg efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tf;―u 

Psbd} a9L ;fGble{s 5 . cEof;sf qmddf lzIfsn] sIffsf ;a}vfn] -w]/} hfGg], hfGg], dEod 

vfnsf / sdhf]/_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} ljz]if u/]/ sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 

yk ;xof]u pknAw u/fP/ cEof; u/fPsf] v08df lzIf0fdf cem k|efjsfl/tf a9]sf] dflgG5 . 

lsgeg] lzIf0fn] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ hfGg] / hfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ w]/} hfGg] agfpg] xf] . 

d"Nofª\sg k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf] kf―rf} + / dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . oxf― d"Nofª\sg eGgfn] 

lgdf{0ffTds÷lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg eGg] a'e\mg' kb{5 . sIffdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sgn] lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mgf] 

lzIf0f sfo{sf] ;kmntf / ;'wf/ ug'{kg] 

{ kIfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 . ;fdfGotof d"Nofª\sg 

sIff lqmofsnfksf cGTodf k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f k|lqmof xf] eGg] a'lemG5 . tyflk o;nfO{ 

lqmofsnfksf aLrdf / lqmofsnfks} ¿kdf klg k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. sIff d"Nofª\sgaf6 lzIfsn] 

cfk\mgf] lzIf0fsf] cj:yfsf af/]df klg hfgsf/L lng] ePsfn] o; qmddf sIffsf hfGg] 

ljBfyL{sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfjZos dfqfdf ;Gt'li6 lng] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 hf] /fd|f] k|lqmof xf]Og . 

To;}n] d"Nofª\sgsf qmddf klg ;a}vfn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|of]u u/]sf v08df dfq lzIf0fl;sfOsf] 

jf:tljs lrq yfxfkfpg ;lsG5 ;fy} o;n] sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sIffdf ;xeflutf a9fpg 

klg dbt ub{5 . 

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf r/0fx¿ k"/f u/]/ lzIf0f u/]sf v08df xfd|f ljBfnox¿df 

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf ;Lkx¿df cfjZos dfqfdf bIf agfpg dbt ub{5 . 

20

k|Zg g+= $ sf] p|Q/ n]Vgsf nflu a'“bfx¿ 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf efiff ;fwg / ;fWo b'j} xf] . efiff lzIf0fsf] ;fWo k|flKtsf nflu z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] 7"nf] dxŒj 5 . 

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] dxŒj emNsg] s]xL a'―bfx¿ 

s_ sIffdf /dfOnf] lzIf0fl;sfO jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' 

v_ tf]lsPsf p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xofqL x'g' 

u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOk|lt pTk| ]l/t ug{ ;xof]u x'g' 

3_ lzIfsn] k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;xof]uL x'g' 

ª_ lzIfsnfO{ cem d]xgt ug] { x'gsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{ 

r_ sd ;dodf w]/} l;Sg ;xof]uL x'g' 

5_ sIff lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg ;xof]uL x'g' 

sIff !–# ;Dd g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s]xL z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ 

s_ /ª\uLg lrqx¿ 

v_ c;/÷j0f{, zAb kQLx¿ 

u_ uf]hL tflnsf 

3_ lrq syfx¿ 

k|Zg g+= ! sf] pQ/ n]Vg] a'“bf÷cfwf/x¿ 

s_ k"0ff{ª\s – !)) 

v_ kf7\oef/ – * 

kf7\oqmdn] g]kfnL efiff ljifonfO{ lbPsf] dxŒjsf] cf}lrTo 

s_ ljBfnoLo lzIffsf] dfWod efiff 

v_ clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿sf] ;femf ;Dks{sf] dfWod 

u_ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff 

3_ g]kfnL Ot/ dft[efiff ePsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf bIf agfpg hf]8 lbg' 

nfdf] pQ/fTds gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 

!= tkfO{ + a;f]af; ul//xg'ePsf] ;d'bfodf s'g s'g dft[efiff ePsf hfthfltx¿sf] a;f]af; 

5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

/ tL hfthfltsf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfnodf k9\g cfP eg] tkfO{ 

ltgLx¿nfO{ s;/L g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug'{x'G5 

< pko'Qm lzIf0f tl/sfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

@= tkfO{n] lzIf0f ul//xg'ePsf] sIffdf kf―rhgf ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnL efiff ljifodf cToGt 

sdhf]/ 5g\ . jflif{s k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg x'―bf 

tL ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnL efiff ljifodf 

cg'QL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . o:tf afnaflnsfx¿sf] g]kfnL efiff ljifodf pknlAw:t/ a9fpgsf 

nflu tkfO{ +n] ug{;Sg] k|of;x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

21

#= /fdk|;fb l3ld/] k~rdL k|fylds ljBfnosf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { lzIfs x'g\ . 

ljBfnosf] jflif{s k/LIffsf] glthf x]bf{ pgn] k9fpg] ljifodf %) k|ltzt klg ljBfyL{ 

pQL0f{ ePsf 5}gg\ . pgsf ;|f]tJolQm;―u /fdk|;fb eG5g\ – æd}n] t ;w} + ljBfnodf cfP/ 

k9fPs} 5' . hf―rdf klg ;lhn} k|Zgx¿ lbPsf] x'― 

. ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm} + k9b}gg\ / km]n x'G5g\ 

t d s] u/f} + < tkfO{ +n] eg]h:tf] b}lgs kf7of]hgf tof/ u/]/ k9fpg t ca ;ls―b}g . a? 

;?jf eP/ ckfos eP klg c¿ g} ljBfnodf hfp―nf .Æ o:tf] cj:yfsf /fdk|;fbnfO{ ca 

s;/L cufl8 a9\g ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 < 

$= ;do, ;Lk / ;|f]tsf] sdLn] xgf{df8L uf=lj=;= cGt/utsf lzIfsx¿ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lljgf g} 

g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f ub{5g\ . g]kfnL efiff ljifonufot cGo ljifodf klg ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

pknlAwt /fd|f] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf To:tf ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] s;/L z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f ;ª\sng / k|of]u ug{;S5g\ . pko'Qm pkfox¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. g]kfnL 

efiffsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf nflu ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] cfjZostf / 

dxŒj pNn]v u/L s'g} rf/cf]6f o:tf ljlwx¿sf af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

%= sIff ! sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;'gfO / af]nfO lzIf0f ug'{sf] 

cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf 

af/]df rrf{ ug'{ 

eO{ ;'gfOaf]nfO lzIf0fsf nflu s'g} # cf]6f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'emfpg'xf];\ . 

^= g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf ;d:of / tL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu 

pko'Qm pkfox¿;d]t pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

&= cfwf/e"t txdf g]kfnL efiff ljifodf pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf] dxŒj s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 

pNn]v u/L pRrf/0f lzIf0fsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

*= g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fl;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg of]hgfsf] cfjZostfsf af/]df rrf{ 

ug'{xf];\ 

/ ljBfnodf tof/ kfl/g] jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf / PsfO of]hgfsf] 9f―rf k|:t't 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

(= sIff kf―rsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9fO n]vfO lzIf0f ug{ s]s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg 

;lsG5 s'g} rf/cf]6f lqmofsnfkx¿ k|of]u ug] { tl/sf;d]t pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

k|Zg g+= @ sf] pQ/ 

Pp6} sIffdf cWoog ug] { afnaflnsfx¿dWo] s]xL afnaflnsfx¿ sdhf]/ x'G5g\ g} . o;sf] 

dtnj of] xf]Og ls To:tf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ yk ;xof]u ug'{kb} 

{g . lzIfsn] sIffdf k|efjsf/L 

¿kdf lzIf0f ug{sf nflu ;aeGbf klxn] cfk"mn] lzIf0f ug] { ljBfyL{x¿dWo] w]/} hfGg], dWod / 

sdhf]/ vfnsf ljBfyL{x¿ s'gs'g x'g\ eGg] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 

. o;/L km/s km/s Ifdtf ePsf 

ljBfyL{x¿ klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 ;f]xLcg';f/sf] lzIf0f of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 . lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] 

of]hgfcg';f/ sIffdf lzIf0f ubf{ hlxn] klg sdhf]/vfnsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yk ;xof]u 

ug'{kb{5 

. sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yk ;xof]u ug'{ 

eg]sf] To:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIff 

lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL agfpg], z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;ª\sng / k|of]udf ;xefuL 

u/fpg], u[xsfo{ hf―r ul/lbg] nufot yk ;do;d]t pknAw u/fP/ pgLx¿sf] eflifs ;Lk 

22

j[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . clxn]sf] kl/j]zdf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ubf{ d 

ljBfyL{eGbf w]/} hfGg] 5' eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ xf]RofP/eGbf pgLx¿sf] Pp6f c;n ;xof]uLsf 

¿kdf cfk"mnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/]/ ;w} + ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{kb{5 

. 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df ljBfyL{x¿ sdhf]/ x'g] sf/0fdf pgLx¿sf] dft[efiffsf] klg 

e"ldsf x'G5 . olb ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnL Ot/ dft[efiffsf] kl/jf/af6 cfPsf 5g\ eg] lzIfsn] 

To:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ubf{ bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fl;sfOsf af/]df ;d]t /fd|/L a'em]/ lzIf0f 

ug'{kb{5 

. o; ;Gbe{df lzIfsn] tL kf―rhgf ljBfyL{x¿ s'g s'g dft[efiff ePsf ljBfyL{ x'g\ 

eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lng'kb{5 . g]kfnL Ot/ dft[efiff ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] g]kfnL efiffdf 

sl7gfOsf] If]q / tx klg km/s km/s x'G5 . To;}n] g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { lzIfssf gftfn] 

cfk\mgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] dft[efiffsf ljifodf klg cfjZos dfqfdf hfgsf/L /fVg'kb{5 . o:tf] 

hfgsf/Ln] ljBfyL{x¿df g]kfnL efiff l;sfOdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . 

sIffsf g]kfnL efiff ljifodf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf ljBfyL{dWo] g]kfnL dft[efiff ePsf ljBfyL{ klg 

x'g;S5g\ . g]kfnL Ot/ dft[efiff ePsf / g]kfnL efiff g} dft[efiff ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] g]kfnL 

efiff l;sfOdf x'g] ;d:of÷sl7gfOsf If]q klg km/s x'G5g\ . To;}n] lzIfsn] g]kfnL efiff 

dft[efiff ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf sl7gfOsf If]qx¿ klg yfxf kfpg'kb{5 . 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOdf 3/kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0fn] klg 7"nf] k|efj kfb{5 . 3/kl/jf/sf] jftfj/0f 

eGgfn] ljBfyL{n] ljBfnoaf6 3/df uPkl5 k9fOsf nflu slt ;do kfp―5 < 3/df a;]/ 

k9\gsf nflu 5'§} sf]7f 5÷5}g < ;fy} ljBfyL{sf cfdfa'afsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf slt xf] < clg 

pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOsf nflu sltsf] ;xof]u ub{5g\ < OToflb s'/fx¿n] 

dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOdf 3/kl/jf/, ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf] lqkIfLo 

e"ldsf x'g] ePsfn] oL tLg} kIfsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu lzIfsn] g} d'Vo e"ldsf 

v]Ng'kb{5 . To;}n] lzIfsn] cfk\mgf ljBfyL{sf] 3/kl/jf/df ;d]t k|ToIf ;Dks{ u/L cfjZos 

hfgsf/L lng], 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;―usf] ;DaGwnfO{ bl/nf] agfpg], ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] 

;'wf/sf nflu 3/kl/jf/n] v]Ng'kg] { e"ldsfsf af/]df ;r]tgf a9fpg] ;fy} 3/kl/jf/ / 

lzIfsaf6 ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ug'{kg] 

{ kxn / k|of;sf af/]df ;d]t cfjZos cGt/lqmof ug'{kb{5 

. 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu lzIfsn] dfly pNn]v u/]sf k|of;x¿sf cfwf/df 

cfk\mgf] lzIf0f of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 . lzIf0f of]hgf agfp―bf ljBfyL{df b]lvPsf sdhf]/Lx¿ 

x6fpgsf nflu s]lGb|t x'g] vfnsf /0fgLlt / lqmofsnfkx¿ pNn]v ug'{ 

clt cfjZos 5 . 

lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] lzIf0f of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs ;fyLx¿, 

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3sf kbflwsf/Laf6 klg cfjZos ;xof]u 

lng'kb{5 . o;sf nflu pgLx¿;―u klg cfjZos ;/;Nnfx, 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ug'{kb{5 

. 

lzIf0f of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg] { z}lIfs ;fdu|L / sIffsf] ef}lts Joj:yfkgsf 

nflu k|wfgfWofks / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Laf6 cfjZos ;xof]u kfpgsf 

nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 

. 

23

ljifout lzIf0fsf nflu ljBfnosf g]kfnL efiff ljifosf c¿ lzIfs / ljifout ljefusf] klg 

cu|0fL e"ldsf /xG5 . To;}n] lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] lzIf0fdf k|efjsfl/tf a9fpgsf nflu cfk\mgf] 

ljBfnodf dflyNnf sIffx¿df lzIf0f ug] { g]kfnL efiff ljifosf lzIfsx¿ / ljBfnosf] g]kfnL 

efiff lzIf0f ljefuaf6 klg cfjZos dfqfdf ;xof]u lng'kb{5 . ljBfnodf g} sfo{/t lzIfs / 

g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ljefuaf6 lnOg] ;xof]usf] lg/Gt/tfn] ljBfnodf ;d"x l;sfOsf] lj:tf/ 

x'g'sf ;fy} ljBfnonfO{ l;sfO ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu klg ;xof]u k'U5 . o; 

qmddf lzIfssf] sIff cjnf]sg / k[i7kf]if0f cfbfg k|bfgnfO{ klg lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] Pp6f 

k|d'v dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ 

clt cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { 

lzIfsn] g} cu'jfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 . 

g]kfnL efiff ljifodf sdhf]/ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;|f]ts]Gb| / 

z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|sf] klg cu|0fL e"ldsf x'G5 . ;|f]ts]Gb|df sfo{/t ;|f]tJolQm / ljBfno 

lg/LIfsaf6 klg k];fut ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;|f]ts]Gb|df cfk\mgf] ;]jfIf]qcGt/utsf] bIf 

/ cg'ejL hgzlQmaf6 klg ;|f]t JolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfsn] lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg 

;Sb5g\ . ;|f]tJolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfsn] lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ . ;|f]tJolQm / 

ljBfno lg/LIfsaf6 o:tf] k|fl1s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] eg] lzIfssf] bIftf a9\g] t 5―b}5 

o:sf ;fy} ;|f]tJolQm – lzIfs / ljBfno lg/LIfs – lzIfsaLrsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/;d]t 

cfp―5 . ;|f]ts]Gb|cGt/utsf lzIfsx¿n] ;|f]ts]Gb|af6 o:tf] k|fl1s / k]zfut ;xof]u dfu 

u/]sf v08df ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|f]tJolQmn] klg cfk\mgf] k];fut bIftf a9fpg] / k|bz{g ug] { 

cj;/ kfp―5g\ . 

ljBfnodf :jLs[t b/aGbLdf sfo{/t lzIfsx¿nfO{ z}lIfs tflnds]Gb| æsÆ, z}lIfs tflnds]Gb| 

ævÆ / pks]Gb| u/L hDdf #$ cf]6f ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] klg lzIfsx¿sf] k];fut bIftf 

j[l4sf nflu lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . To;}n] ljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] lzIf0f 

ul//x]sf lzIfsx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ cWofkg sfo{df ;d:ofx¿ cfPsf v08df cfk"mnfO{ kfos kg] { 

o:tf ;+:yfx¿df uP/ Toxf― sfo{/t jl/i7 k|lzIfs, k|lzIfs, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs / tflnd 

;+of]hsx¿af6 cfjZos dfqfdf ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . lzIfs tflnd;―u ;DalGwt oL 

lgsfox¿df g]kfnL efiff ljifosf k|lzIfs klg x'g] ePsfn] g]kfnL efiff ljifo lzIf0f ug] { 

lzIfsx¿n] Toxf― uP/ cfjZos kg] { k];fut k/fdz{, ;Nnfx / ;xof]u ;lhn} lng;S5g\ . 

ljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff ljifo lzIf0fsf gfddf cfpg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu k|d'v 

e"ldsf v]Ng] eg]sf] ;DalGwt ljifo lzIfs g} xf] eGg] s'/f dflysf] ljj/0fn] :ki6 kfg{ vf]h]sf] 

5 . To;}n] g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] lzIf0f ug] { lzIfs lh1f;', d]xgtL, ldng;f/ / hf―ul/nf] x'g' 

clt cfjZos 5 . lzIfssf o:tf u'0fx¿n] ubf{ pm ;w} + cfk\mgf] ljifodf cBfjlws eO{ 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] z}lIfs pknlAw :t/ a9fP/ cfk\mgf] klg 5'§} klxrfg b]vfpg ;Sg]df s'g} b'O{ dt 

5}g . 

24

k|Zg g+= ^ sf] pQ/ 

efiff dfgjLo ljrf/ ljlgdosf] ;zQm dfWod xf] . efiffs} sf/0fn] ubf{ dfgjLo hLjg ;/n / 

;xh klg ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL efiff cfwfeGbf a9L g]kfnLx¿sf] dft[efiff, 

clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿sf] ;femf ;Dks{sf] efiff, ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff clg ljBfno lzIffsf] 

dfWod efiffsf ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . plNnlvt dfGotfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnL efiff 

ljBfno txsf] kf7\oqmddf clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf k7gkf7g x'g]u/L ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . of] 

ljifon] sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd k7gkf7g x'g] ^ cf]6f ljifodWo] kf7\oef/sf b[li6n] klxnf] 

k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 . 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfO{ eg]sf] ;Lksf] lzIf0f l;sfO xf] . efiffsf rf/cf]6f ;Lkx¿ x'G5g\ . ;'gfO, 

af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO efiffsf ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . oL rf/cf]6f ;Lkx¿dWo] ;'gfO / k9fO cfk"mn] 

c¿sf ljrf/x¿ lng] / af]nfO / n]vfO cfk\mgf ljrf/x¿ c¿;dIf k'¥ofpg] sfd;―u ;DalGwt 

5g\ . oL rf/cf]6f ;LkdWo] ;'gfO / af]nfOnfO{ k|f/lDes ;Lk klg elgG5 . oL b'O{cf]6f k|f/lDes 

;Lksf sf/0fn] sIff ! df egf{ ePsf ;fgf afnaflnsfx¿ ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ub{5g\ . k|fylds 

txsf] g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] kf7\oqmdn] ;'gfO / af]nfO ;LknfO{ sIff ! df jflif{s &&÷&& 306L 

k9fO x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

sIff ! df egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsfx¿ kf―rjif{ pd]/ k"/f eO;s]sf x'G5g\ . o; pd]/ 

;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿ ;'g]/ c¿sf ljrf/x¿ lng] clg af]n]/ cfk\mgf ljrf/x¿ lbg] ePsfn] 

kf7\oqmdn] oL ;LknfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] xf] . csf] { s'/f oL b'O{cf]6f ;Lk g} efiffsf 

k|f/lDes ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . k|f/lDes ;Lkdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cEo:t u/fpg ;lsof] eg] dfq 

k9fO / n]vfO ;Lkdf cEo:t u/fpg ;lsg] ePsfn] eflifs Ifdtfsf] hu alnof] agfpgsf 

nflu kf7\oqmdn] ;'gfO / af]nfO ;LknfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . oxL k|fyldstfsf 

cfwf/df sIff ! df g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug] { lzIfsn] ;aeGbf klxn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;'gfO / 

af]nfO ;Lkdf bIf agfpgsf nflu lzIf0f ug'{kb{5 

. 

xfd|f ljBfnox¿df sIff ! df egf{ x'g cfpg] afnaflnsfx¿ g]kfnL dft[efiff ePsf / gePsf 

u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . g]kfnL efiff dft[efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug] { kl/jf/sf 

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug'{kb{5 

hf] ;xh / 

:jefljs x'G5 . g]kfnL Ot/ dft[efiff k|of]u ug] { kl/jf/af6 cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 

ljBfnodf bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f ug'{kb{5 

hf] s[lqd / oflGqs x'G5 . 

g]kfnL dft[efiff ePsf / gePsf b'j} vfnsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] g]kfnL efiffsf 

;'gfO / af]nfO ;Lkdf g} cEof; u/fpg' kg] { ePsfn] sIff ! df oL ;Lksf] lzIf0fnfO{ klxnf] 

k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] xf] . 

efiff lzIf0fl;sfO eg]sf] ;Lksf] lzIf0fl;sfO g} xf] . ;'gfO / af]nfO ;Lkdf bIf agfpgsf 

nflu lzIfsn] sIffdf lzIf0f ubf{ pko'Qm vfnsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|of]u u/]sf v08df dfq 

afnaflnsfx¿n] ;xh ¿kdf l;Sb5g\ . ;'gfO / af]nfO lzIf0fsf qmddf lzIfsn] yfxf 

kfpg}kg] { s'/f s] 5 eg] oL b'O{ ;LkaLrdf 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . To;}n] b'j} ;Lksf] lzIf0fsf nflu 

25

k|of]u ul/g] lqmofsnfk÷ljlw klg cGt/;DalGwt g} 5g\ . eflifs ;Lkdf ljBfyL{nfO{ bIf 

agfpgsf nflu sIffdf k|of]u ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿df klg ljljwtf x'g'k5{, h;n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfp―5 . ;'gfO / af]nfO{ ;Lk lzIf0fsf nflu sIff ! df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 

lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ – j0f{ lje]bLs/0f, jfSo lje]bLs/0f, >'ltaf]wfTds k|Zgf]Q/, 

ljjfbf:kb s'/f ;'gfpg], s'/fsfgL÷;+jfb, lrq tyf j:t' j0f{g, syfsyg, 36gf j0f{g tyf 

df}lvs k|ltj]bg OToflb . 

j0f{ lje]bLs/0f 

of] lqmofsnfk d"nt ;'gfO ;Lk lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . ;'gfO / af]nfO ;Lk 

cGt/;DalGwt ePsfn] o; lqmofsnfkaf6 af]nfO ;Lk lzIf0fdf klg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . lzIf0fsf 

qmddf lzIfsn] ljBfyLx¿nfO{ sf7÷sf―7, af5f÷afrf, ef―8f÷af―8f, j/÷a/, ufh/÷ufhn, 

bfO÷bfO―, 3/jfl/÷3/af/L OToflbh:tf ;'Gbf p:t} nfUg] t/ cy{df leGgtf ePsf zAbhf]8Lx¿ 

;'gfpg' kb{5 . eflifs ;Lk lzIf0fdf cEof;sf] 7"nf] dxŒj ePsfn] oL zAbhf]8Lx¿ af/Daf/ 

;'gfpg] ug'{kb{5 

. o; qmddf oL zAbhf]8Lx¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg eGg nufpg'kb{5 . lzIfsn] 

zAbx¿ ;'gfp―bf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu cEof; x'g] clg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tL 

zAbx¿ eGg nufp―bf ljBfyL{sf] ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf] d"Nofª\sg x'g'sf ;fy} af]nfO ;Lk 

ljsf;df klg dbt k'Ub5 . o; lqmofsnfksf] k|of]usf nflu lzIfsn] a9LeGbf a9L o:tf 

zAbhf]8Lx¿sf] vf]hL u/]/ lqmofsnfksf qmddf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. o; lqmofsnfksf] k|of]un] 

ljBfyL{x¿df pRrf/0f ;Lkdf klg bIftf a9fpg ;lsG5 . 

jfSo lje]bLs/0f 

;'Gbf p:t}h:tf nfUg] t/ km/s km/s cy{ ePsf jfSox¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'gfP/ ul/g] 

lqmofsnfk xf] of] . o; lqmofsnfkaf6 ljBfyL{x¿df jfSodf ePsf cy{ut / cf;out leGgtf 

klxrfg u/fpg ;lsG5 h;n] ljBfyL{df jfSon] lbg] cy{ a'e\mg] Ifdtf klg a9fp―5 . o; 

lqmofsnfksf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s]xL jfSox¿ o:tf 5g\ – sfd eof]÷ sfd eP5, sfd 

x'G5 ÷sfd xf]nf, ;Ltf n]lV5g\÷;Ltfn] n]lv5g\, /fd k9\5g\÷ /fd k9\5, efO 3/ uof]÷ efO 

3/df cfof] OToflb . lzIfsn] o; lqmofsnfksf] k|of]usf nflu o:tf vfnsf w]/} lqmof jfSox¿ 

tof/ ug'{kb{5 

. lqmofsnfksf] k|of]usf qmddf yfxf kfpg} kg] { s'/f s] eg] ;s];Dd j0f{ 

lje]bLs/0fsf] k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 dfq jfSo lje]bLs/0f lqmofsnfk u/fpg' a]; x'G5 . lsgeg] 

jfSo l;Sgsf nflu j0f{sf] l;sfO÷a'emfOn] cfwf/sf] klg sfd ub{5 . jfSo lje]bLs/0f klg 

d"ntM ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ljlw xf] tyflk jfSo af]nfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu 

klg o;sf k|of]u x'G5 . 

26

s'/fsfgL ÷;+jfb 

of] lqmofsnfk sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk;df af]Ng nufP/ k|of]uug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] 

k|of]u klg leGg tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 . sIffdf ePsf b'O{hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 NofP/ klg of] 

lqmofsnfk u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ c¿ ljBfyL{x¿n] pgLx¿sf aLrdf ePsf] s'/fsfgL ;'g]/ 

klg ;'gfO / af]nfO ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5g\ . sIff Psdf k9\g cfPsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿ 

sIffsf] cufl8 cfP/ ;xh ¿kdf af]Ng ;Sg] vfnsf x'―b}gg\ 

. To;}n] lzIfsn] k|of]u ug] { ljBfyL{ 

cufl8 cfP/ nfh, 8/ gdfgLsg af]Ng;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf g} x'g'kb{5 . o:tf vfnsf ljBfyL{sf] 

k|of]un] c¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg cufl8 uP/ lgw{Ss;―u af]NgnfO{ k| ]l/t ub{5 . 

o; lqmofsnfksf] k|of]usf] csf] { tl/sfdf sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b'O{b'O{hgfsf b/n] 

;d"xdf /fv]/ cfk;df s'/fsfgL u/fpg ;lsG5 . o; tl/sfn] ;Djfb u/fp―bf lzIfsn] rflx― 

;xhstf{sf ¿kdf e"ldsf v]lnlbg' kb{5 . sltko afnaflnsfx¿ nhfP/ gaf]Ng klg ;Sb5g\ 

clg sltkon] c¿nfO{ af]Ng lbb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf lzIfsn] ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;lqmo 

;xeflutf x'g] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ul/lbg' kb{5 . ;+jfbsf] lqmofsnfksf qmddf lzIfsn] s'g 

;d"xn] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;+jfb ug{;Sof] ;f]sf] klxrfg u/L Tof] ;d"xnfO{ gd'gfsf ¿kdf klg 

k|:t't ul/lbg' kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] /fd|f] k|ltef ePsf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|f]T;fxg kfp―5g eg] To:tf 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|:t'ltn] c¿ ljBfyL{x¿ klg lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g pTk| ]l/t x'G5g\ . ;+jfb 

u/fpg] qmddf lzIfsn] Wofg lbg'kg] { s'/f s] 5 eg] ;Djfbsf] ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{x¿sf] b}lgs 

Jofjxfl/s hLjg;―u ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . h:t} cfk\mgf] gfd, afa'sf] gfd, cfdfsf] gfd, cfk\mgf] 

pd]/, cfk\mgf efOalxgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof, cfh ljxfg 3/df u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿ OToflb . 

s'/fsfgL÷;+jfb d"nt af]nfO ;Lk ljsf;;―u ;DalGwt 5 tyflk o; lqmofsnfkaf6 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;df klg dbt k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . lzIfsn] o; lqmofsnfknfO{ 

dflyNnf sIffx¿df ;+jfb n]Vg nufP/ g]kfnL efiffsf] n]vfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu klg k|of]u 

ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] lzIfsn] g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ s;/L 

;a} ;Lk ljsf;;―u ;DalGwt u/fP/ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 / Pp6} lqmofsnfknfO{ 

klg ljleGg sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/ / l;sfOPtf cg's"n x'g]u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] 

ljifodf lrGtg ul//xg' kb{5 . 

k|Zg g+= ( sf] pQ/ n]Vg] a'“bfx¿ 

!= of]hgfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro pNn]v ug] {, 

@= z}Ifl0fs of]hgfsf af/]df rrf{ ug] {, 

#= z}Ifl0fs of]hgfaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ a'―bfut 

¿kdf pNn]v ug] { 

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27

Teaching English Language 

English was introduced in the Nepalese education system in 1854 when the then Prime 

Minister Jung Bahadur Rana opened a high school for the Ranas in Kathmandu. 

However, it was not introduced in higher education until 1918 when Tri-Chandra 

College, the first college in the country, was established. Introduction of ELT in 

Nepalese education virtually started in l97l with the implementation of National 

Education System Plan (NESP). With the initiation of B.Ed. programme in English 

education by Institute of Education of Tribhuwan University in 1971, the field of ELT 

emerged in Nepal. 

English is a major international language. It is one of the six official languages of the 

United Nations and the means of international communication. It has been taught as a 

second language in all schools in Nepal and as a medium of teaching and learning at 

higher level. Furthermore, it has been taught from grade one onwards in school 

education. There is also a provision of English as optional subject at secondary level 

(grade 9 -12).Besides Nepali language, English also can be used as the medium of 

instruction in all schools as per the provision made by Education Regulations. Existing 

English curriculum has been designed with a view to catering the immediate needs of 

children learning English and building a basic foundation for their further studies in and 

through English. Moreover, it aims at developing comprehensive communicative 

competence in the learners. 

The major focus of the curriculum is on language skills viz. listening, speaking, reading 

and writing. 

Level wise objectives of English Language Teaching 

The objectives of teaching English in Basic level (1-5) are: 

� to give pupils ample exposure to the English language so that they can understand 

and respond in simple English with acceptable pronunciation and intonation, 

� to provide them with the opportunities to practise their English in and outside the 

classroom, so that they can communicate in simple English, 

� to help them develop enthusiasm for reading so that they will be responsive and 

knowledgeable readers, 

� to help them develop their potentialities in writing so that they can be creative 

writers, and 

� to develop a positive attitude towards learning English and build up confidence in 

using English. 

The objectives of teaching English in Basic level (6-8) as per Lower Secondary Level 

28

English Curriculum 2064 BS are to: 

� communicate in speech and writing with other people who speak English, 

� understand and use the language functions prescribed in the curriculum, 

� gain skills of developing competency in reading different types of written materials, 

and 

� develop an enthusiasm for and appreciation of reading both for information and 

enjoyment. 

The competencies of Basic level English (6-8) ( As per the Basic level curriculum 2068 

under piloting) 

English being an academic language course should help students of this level gain 

competency at grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic and strategic level. Hence, the 

following competencies have been derived from the above mentioned levels for the Basic 

level (Grades 6, 7 and 8) students: 

� Listen and comprehend spoken English in a variety of personal, social and academic 

contexts. 

� Communicate in spoken English in a variety of personal, social and academic 

contexts 

� Comprehend written English in personal, social and academic contexts. 

� Communicate in written English in a variety of personal, social and academic 

contexts. 

� Develop skills and competencies to use English as a medium for further studies and a 

tool for obtaining information and enjoyment 

� Learn to think creatively and critically to develop the language skills by promoting 

tolerance, inclusiveness and socio-cultural harmony 

Curriculum, Textbook and Teachers' Guide 

Curriculum 

A curriculum is a master plan of all the activities of a school. In other words, it is the 

lifeblood of a school. Curriculum is also the term narrowly used for the course of study 

or syllabus in a school or college. The curriculum sets the objectives, selects teaching 

items to achieve the objectives, mentions the methods to be used to teach those teaching 

items, and tells about the evaluation procedures to be adopted to measure the students' 

achievements. Basically, curriculum contains objectives, learning outcomes, content, 

teaching method and evaluation. 

Textbook 

29

A textbook is a course book. It is a teaching resource that deals with a particular subject 

and is used in a formal approach to education. It can also be defined as a document that 

reflects the objectives and teaching items set out in the curriculum or syllabus. A 

language textbook is intended to help students learn the target language. Its function is to 

help conduct teaching and learning activities in the class. 

Teacher's guide 

A teacher's guide is a comprehensive hand book which gives guidance to teachers for 

delivering the prescribed textbook and the curriculum. 

Curriculum is a whole programme of educational activities 

Textbook is written under the scope and sequence of the subjects the curriculum 

mentions; it fulfils the objectives of the curriculum. 

Teacher's guides deal with teaching techniques for each part of the activities of a 

lesson. 

Components of Present English Curriculum (1-5) 

This curriculum consists of the following components. 

a. General Objectives, Grades 1 - 5 ( As mentioned earlier) 

b. Specific Objectives (Grade and skill wise) 

Grade Language 

area 

Learning achievement 

One Listening 1. Hear English spoken during the whole (or most part of the) 

lesson 

2. ................................................................................................. 

Speaking 1. Sing a song or recite a chant by listening to the teacher or a 

tape 

2. .................................................................................................. 

Reading 1. Recognize different lines and shapes essential for reading 

2. ............................................................................................. 

Writing 1. Hold a pencil correctly and gain control to draw lines, curves 

and circles, etc. 

2. ................................................................................................. 

c. Scope and sequence ( Skill wise) 

An example of scope and sequence as mentioned in English the curriculum is given 

below: 

30

Writing 

Grade One Grade Two Grade Three 

� To trace and draw all 

kinds of lines from left 

to right. 

� To draw straight lines 

and circles. 

� To draw small letters 

with correct method. 

� To write simple words 

independently. 

� To write simple 

sentences. 

� To write all small and 

capital letters correctly. 

� To complete sentences. 

� To use capitals, full 

stops and question 

marks. 


sentences 

independently. 

� To complete, match, 

order or re-write 

� To use capitals, fullstops, 

and question 

marks, with good 

standard of writing 

and layout. 


stories, descriptions 

or poems with clues. 

d. Elaboration matrix (Grade wise) 

Elaboration matrix presents the specific language structures for the given language 

functions, possible classroom activities and student evaluation techniques. It has 

been presented grade wise and skill wise for the user's convenience. An example of 

elaboration matrix for grade one is given below: 

Listening and speaking 

S.N. Language Language/Structure Activities and context 

function 

1. Greeting. Good morning/afternoon 

(name/children) 

Hello, How are you? 

I‟m fine. Thank you. 

2. Introducing 

and 

naming. 

What‟s your/his/her name? 

I‟m___. It‟s___ / She‟s __ 

Hello, I‟m ___. I'm a girl. 

This is ______. 

Drill pronunciation. Classroom daily 

routine. Role-play. Simple chant. 

Teacher/pupil dialogue. Role play. 

Pair work, groups. 

People meeting for the first time. 

Reading and Writing (Grade Four) 

S.N. Content Activities and Context Evaluation 

1. Reading simple, Animals, other countries, Short structured 

illustrated factual aspects of Nepal, conversations using 

text, silently. surprising facts, flashcards, text book 

31

2. 

Reading stories 

(including direct 

speech) silently. 

interesting people and 

feats. 

Making chart from text, 

true/false, short answers. 

Drawing, making poster, 

doing puzzles. Quiz. 

Skimming for specific 

words. 

Folk tales, adventure 

stories, funny stories. 

Skimming for specific 

things, and answers to 

limited questions. 

Group/pair work to find 

words, answer questions 

and other activities to 

check understanding. 

Ordering sentences to 

retell story. Writing true 

sentences only. 

Completing sentences. 

pictures, real objects 

stick pictures simple 

maps will give 

students opportunity 

to show they can do the 

language functions. Extra 

listening tasks in 

which students listen for 

certain details can be given. 

e. Time allotment (weighting) 

All lessons integrate four language skills. Below are the guidelines showing the 

relative importance of the different skills. 

Skills Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 

(45- minutes period, 5 

days a week for roughly 

150 days in one 

academic year. 

Listening 40% 35% 30% 25% 25% 

Speaking 40% 35% 30% 25% 25% 

Reading 10% 20% 20% 25% 25% 

Writing 10% 10% 20% 25% 25% 

f. Teaching techniques: 

� The English classroom should have an enjoyable atmosphere where the children 

hear and speak English in a natural way through a variety of activities. 

� All four skills will develop together but new materials will be learnt orally and 

aurally before being read. 

� Along with, teacher-pupil conversation, there will be many opportunities for 

pupils to talk to each other in pairs or groups or in front of the whole class. 

32

� Praise for effort and achievement and provide encouragement to each child to 

make progress. 

� Encourage from the beginning creativity and pupil‟s independent use. 

� Each lesson should have a variety of activities, suitable for the children‟s age and 

interests. 

These can include: 

� Games, use of pictures on the blackboard or from books and flashcards for 

questions, answers, cues in drills, new vocabulary and language learning 

� Simple craft activities. 

� Chants, rhymes, and action songs 

� Talking in pairs and small groups with a pupil as “teacher” 

� Simple acting and role play 

� Actions to aid word retention 

� Stories 

� Simple listening exercises where pupils respond without writing or speaking 

� Reading from the board, and daily practice in reading word flashcards 

� Silent reading leading to answering specific questions 

� Use of sound(s), and look and say, but no spelling aloud 

� A large variety of written exercises from the board. 

� Use of the textbook as a source of practice in speaking and developing reading 

skills and in providing challenging exercises. 

g. Teaching resources 

� A comprehensive teacher‟s guide for the year‟s activity with instructions for 

games and methods in Nepali, and the teacher‟s and pupils‟ conversations in 

English. 

� A set of picture flashcards with the words included. 

� These should cover nouns, including people, and uncountable and verbs. Each 

school should have a complete set, printed on good card. 

� A pupil‟s book for each student. 

� Teachers have to make their own word flashcards on paper or cheap card. 

h. Assessment 

For the lower grades continuous assessment of each child‟s achievement of the 

curricular inten items in all four skills is most appropriate. For Grade 5 (and possibly 

four) a slightly more formal test can be given involving (a) simple, familiar 

conversation (b) response to aural stimulus (listening activity) and an interesting 

reading/writing test with new material. Familiar methods, vocabulary and language 

33

which tests the pupils ability to read and understand simple sentences and write 

neatly and correctly should be employed. 

Lower Secondary English Curriculum (grade 6-8), 2064 BS 

Below are the major components of the curriculum. 

a) General Objectives 

b) Specific Objectives (Grade as well as skill wise) 

c) Time allotment 

All lessons integrate four language skills. Below are the guidelines showing the relative 

importance of the different skills. 

Skills Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 

(45- minutes period, 6 days a 

week for roughly 180 days in 

one academic year. 

Listening 30% 25% 20% 

Speaking 30% 25% 20% 

Reading 20% 25% 30% 

Writing 20% 25% 30% 

d) Teaching and assessment 

Teaching principle 

� learner centered teaching and learning 

� pair work and individual participation 

� Avoidance of use of mother tongue in classroom as far as possible 

� Integration of four language skills and designing activities accordingly 

� Emphasis on task-based activities 

Teaching techniques 

Answering questions both orally and in writing, story-telling, role play, 

demonstration, pair work, group discussion, use of picture cues, silent reading, 

reading aloud, using language games, puzzles and chants, completing sentences, 

filling the blanks in a cloze exercise, matching sentences and copying into their 

answer books, answering comprehension questions, describing pictures in writing, 

writing paragraphs by elaborating given guidelines, parallel writing, writing 

paragraphs independently and writing letters, thank you note, notes of apology etc. 

Assessment 

All language skills are assessed. In district level examination, 20% marks should be 

allocated to listening and speaking while 80% to reading and writing. 

e) Teaching resources ( Text book, Teacher's guide, Cassette tape, other teaching 

materials) 

f) Elaboration matrix ( Grade wise) 

Basic Level English Curriculum (Grades 6-8)- For Piloting 

Some of the important features of this revised curriculum are as follows. 

34

1. The four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing are carefully 

graded and sequenced. 

2. Common language competences are set for basic level. 

3. Language functions are presented with the emphasis on using them for 

communication. 

4. Extra materials other than prescribed textbooks are required for extensive practice. 

5. Subject matters to practice the language skills are updated. 

6. Students' evaluation is expected to be based on the objectives of language skills and 

alternative test items can be made for differently abled students. 

7. The curriculum presents common proficiencies/competencies for this level and skillwise 

objectives have been derived for separate grades from lower to higher difficulty 

level. Separate list of language functions for each grade has been presented with 

structures and sentences as examples. 

8. The next part presents the elaboration matrix which mainly focuses on the language 

functions. It provides possible teaching technique, teaching materials as well as 

student assessment procedure. The skills are divided into four areas listening, 

speaking, reading and writing, although in practice it is impossible to isolate them in 

this way. 

Note: For detail study, go through the original curriculum. 

Approaches, Methods and Techniques in ELT 

These words are often used in day to day conversation synonymously or interchangeably. 

Let's now look at them more specifically and see how they are used in ELT specifically. 

Approach 

An approach is a set of co-relative assumptions dealing with the nature of language 

teaching and learning. An approach is a philosophy of language teaching and learning. It 

refers to the theories and principles of language, its nature and its teaching. Approach is 

just a hypothesis, an untested truth, and it need not be proved. So an approach is 

axiomatic in nature. 

Method 

Method can be defined as 'an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language 

material. A method discusses the processes and procedures of language teaching. In other 

words, a method is a set of procedures, which is used in a systematic way in the 

classroom. It deals with the steps to be followed in the class while teaching. So it is 

procedural in nature. A method grows out of an approach. There can be many methods 

within one approach. 

Technique 

35

A technique, on the other hand, is "a particular trick-used by the teacher in the classroom 

to achieve immediate objectives. Technique is an implementation activity, it, therefore, 

it takes place in the classroom. Technique must be consistent with a method and 

therefore in harmony with an approach as well. Some of the common techniques are 

role-play, drills, games, group or pair work, discussion, etc. 

Grammar Translation Method (GT Method) 

GT Method is the oldest method of teaching a foreign language or a second language, 

which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning 

activities. This method was widely used to teach English in Nepal before the 

implementation of National Education System Plan (1971). Though officially not 

suggested, this method is still popular in Nepal. It is called classical method. 

Principles/ characteristics/ features of G.T. method; 

1. Foreign language is learnt by the rules of grammar and translation. 

2. Reading and writing are the major focus; little or no systematic attention is paid to 

speaking and listening. 

3. Vocabulary selection is based solely on the reading texts used, and words are taught 

through bilingual words lists, dictionary study, and memorization. 

4. The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and practicing language. 

5. Accuracy is emphasized. 

6. Grammar is taught deductively. (first rules then examples) 

The Oral Structural Situational (OSS) approach 

This is the modern approach, combining three approaches- oral, structural, and 

situational. The oral presentation and the practice of structure in a meaningful situation is 

the key to OSS approach. 

Characteristics of OSS approach 

1. It is primarily aural (concerning the ear) and oral (concerning the mouth) so this 

method emphasizes on listening and speaking. 

2. It makes the structure (sentence) a teaching unit. 

3. Dialogues are learnt through mimicry and memorization. 

4. There is very little or no translation, no formal grammatical rules, explanation, so 

translation and grammatical explanation are strongly discouraged. 

5. Language learning is a process of habit formation. 

6. Language skills are taught in the order of listening, speaking, reading and writing. 

7. Vocabulary is strictly limited and taught in the context. 

8. There is much use of tapes, language laboratories and visual aids. 

9. Great importance is attached to pronunciation. 

36

Communicative approach 

Communicative approach was developed as a reaction against grammar based 

approaches especially in Britain. In the late 20 th century, some applied linguists began to 

argue that language was the vehicle for communication and the aim of language teaching 

was to develop communicative ability in the students. 

According to communicative approach, language is a system for the expression or 

meaning. The primary function of language is communication. 

Characteristics of communicative approach 

1. The aim of language teaching is to develop the ability to communicate or 

communicative competence. 

2. The role of teacher will be that of a presenter, participant and counsellor. 

3. The learners learn by communicating each other. 

4. The materials used with a communicative approach are communicative functions, 

dialogues, task based materials. 

5. Functional syllabus is used. 

6. Grammar is just a look for communicative approach. 

7. Student centred techniques such as group work, pair work, role-play, discussion etc. 

are used. 

8. Errors are the sign of learning. Grammatical errors are tolerated for the sake of 

communication. This means fluency is more important than accuracy. 

9. Students‟ mother tongue is not used. 

Teaching four language skills 

a. Teaching listening skill 

Listening is the first language skill and also called natural and receptive skill. 

A sample procedure for teaching a listening text is as follows: 

� Get the pupils ready with textbooks, papers and pencils. 

� Ask them to look at the exercise in the textbook or worksheet. 

� Give them instructions in simple English. Use Nepali for giving instructions if 

necessary. 

� Read out the text. If you have the material taped, play it. 

� Give enough time to do the exercises or perform the tasks. 

Collect the work or provide feedback on the exercises or tasks 

37

Some Classroom Activities for Teaching Listening Skills 

� Listen and draw 

Teacher: Gives instructions orally or by playing a tape. 

Pupils: Draw according to the instructions. 

� Listen and complete 

Teacher: Provides complete materials orally or by playing a tape. 

Pupils: Fill the blanks after listening to the whole instructions. 

� Listen and arrange 

Teacher: Provides a list of jumbled words orally or by playing a tape. 

Pupils : Arrange in the right order what they have heard. 

� Listen and act 

Teacher: Tells someone to do something orally or by tape. 

Pupils: Act out as they are told after listening to the recorded / read-out 

statement. 

� Listen and write 

Teacher: Provide material to write orally or by tape. 

Pupils: Write on the sheet after listening to the recorded / read-out 

materials. 

� Listen and select 

Teacher: Provide a list of things and instructions orally or by tape. 

Pupils: Make a group select after listening to the recorded / read-out 

speech. 

� Listen and discriminate 

Teacher: Gives a list of things and give instruction orally or by tape. 

Pupils: Discriminate according to the instruction after listening to it. 

� Listen and find out 

Teacher: Gives a list of words and instructions. 

Pupils: Find the synonyms after listening to the recorded / read list of 

words. 

� Listen and underline 

Teacher: Provides a paragraph and instructions. 

Pupils: Underline the given words after listening to the read paragraphs. 

� Listen and classify 

Teacher: Provides words or things and instructions. 

Pupils: Classify words in groups after listening to the record / read-out 

list. 

38

� Listen and match 

Teacher: Provides materials and instructions. 

Pupils: Match the materials in right order after listening to the record / 

reading materials. 

� Listen and tick 

Teacher: Tell something new. 

Pupils: Tick the true statements after listening to the materials. 

� Listen and follow the information 

Teacher: Provide instructions to go somewhere else or to do something 

else. 

Pupils: Follow the instructions after listening. 

� Listen and mark 

Teacher: Tell stories / read paragraphs. 

Pupils: Mark nouns / verbs / fruits / vegetables / clothes, etc. after 

listening to the instructions. 

� Listen and count 


Pupils: Count numbers of nouns / verbs / fruits / vegetables / clothes, etc. 

after listening to the instructions. 

� Listen and answer 


Pupils: Answer the questions asked to them after listening to the stories / 

paragraphs. 

b. Teaching speaking skills 

Speaking of a language is vital for communication. It is the speaking skill through 

which people express their ideas, opinions, and emotions, reacts to others and 

influences them. We need a great deal of practice in order to be able to generate new 

sentences that suit our purposes. 

The golden rules to be followed for developing speaking skills are: 

� Give the child plenty of opportunities to listen to and imitate sounds made in 

meaningful contexts: 

� Have him/her repeat the speech in similar contexts; 

� Stimulate him/her to speak on their own in matters of day-to-day life with some 

promptings, where necessary; 

� Give encouragement to him/her as s/he speaks so that s/he gets emboldened to 

go on speaking; 

� Do not interrupt the child in the middle of his/her speech; 

39

� Do not criticise him/her for errors; 

� Do not try to correct every error in what s/he has said except casually in one or 

two places. 

The teacher must always take care that the child does not become shy and 

discouraged. 

Some Classroom Activities for Teaching Speaking Skills 

a) Loud Reading 

Loud reading is a technique to develop speaking skill. However, it is necessary to 

read out the texts loudly with proper stress and intonation to improve speaking skill 

where speed, pronunciation and stress are concerned. 

b) Answering Wh- questions 

In communicative language teaching approach, the primary functions of language is 

to allow interaction and communication. There are several functions of language and 

descriptive function is one of them. We use language to describe persons, places and 

things. For the function like giving and seeking information, question and answer 

technique is common. Generally "Wh" questions are used for this purpose. For this, 

the teacher should present a picture or a drawing and ask series of "Wh" questions to 

elicit answers from the students and make them to describe the picture on their own 

way. 

c) Describing pictures 

Describing pictures helps to improve speaking skills. In this activity, students have to 

speak out complete sentences about what they see in the pictures. 

d) Drills 

Drills are the commonly used technique in language teaching for practising sounds, 

stress, words and sentence structures in the classroom. Here is the description of few 

types of drills: 

i) Repetition drill 

The students repeat and utter aloud as soon as they have heard it. 

Teacher: Ram is eating a mango. 

Students: Ram is eating a mango. 

ii) Questions and answer drill: 

Teacher Students 

Is Sita a nurse? — No, she isn't. 

What is she doing? — He is teaching students. 

Who is she? — She is a teacher. 

40

iii) Cue drill: 

A sentence is changed into many forms depending on the cues/clues presented. 


His father is a farmer. — (negative) — His father is not a farmer. 

His father is a farmer. — (question) — Is his father a farmer? 

iv) Substitution drill: 

The sentence or structure to be drilled is written on the board or on a flash card. 

The students repeat the sentence after the teacher. The students are then required 

to make new sentences by using the cues or clues given by the teacher, e.g. 


They are drawing football. They are playing football. 

clues/cues — basketball They are playing basketball. 

— tennis. They are playing tennis. 

v) Expansion drill 

Students can expand the sentence by adding a word or a phrase at the right 

position. 


Lakhan goes. Lakhan goes 

to market Lakhan goes to market 

to buy some books. Lakhan goes to market to buy some books. 

c. Teaching reading skills 

Reading is one of the important language skills. It is receptive skill through which 

we receive a lot of information. Moreover, it is not a natural skill because it is not 

acquired naturally like listening and speaking. Learning reading requires rigorous 

practice. In the initial stage, students should be taught how to read aloud because 

they have to associate the letters with the sounds. Later they should be taught to read 

silently because silent reading fosters speed. 

Techniques of teaching reading skills 

For beginners, the following three steps are applied for teaching reading skill. 

a) Recognizing different shapes and letters 

Some basic shapes make up English letters. These shapes need to be introduced these 

at the very beginning. 

41

S.N. Shapes Shape Name User name 

1. 

Vertical line 

Down 

2. _ Horizontal line Tick 

3. Slant line right 

4. 

Slant line left 

5. O Full circle 

6. ) 

7 C 

Half circle right 

Half circle left 

down to right 

down to left 

round (long) 

round (short) 

round (short) 

b) Matching letters with sounds 

After introducing the letter shapes and combination of shapes to make letters, it's 

better to demonstrate letters and introduce their names (in sound). 

Examples: 

Teacher: a (demonstrate the letter a and say /ei/ 

Teacher: p (demonstrate the letter a and say /pi/ 

Teacher: i (demonstrate the letter a and say /ai/ 

c) Recognizing words 

After recognizing the letters and the shapes, students need to recognize the words 

which may be classroom language words (sit down, stand up, listen, touch your 

nose, smile, laugh, be quiet, good), words used at the beginning of the textbook and 

names of objects that students can see in the classroom. 

Other activities for teaching reading 

a. Read and do 

Teacher writes commands on the board and points to one of them at a time. 

Students read the pointed command and obey the command. Instead, the teacher 

writes the commands or instructions on cards, one command on one card and 

shows the cards one by one. Students read them silently and act upon the 

command. 

b. Match objects and picture with words, sentences and a text. 

42

Teacher makes two columns; column A having pictures and column B having 

sentences. Students read the sentences silently and match the sentence to the 

correct picture. 

c. Match sentence halves. 

Teacher takes sentences from the textbook and divides them into two halves. 

Teacher writes the halves on the cards and scrambles them. Students read the 

sentences silently and match the halves to make correct sentences. 

d. Arrange jumbled lists of words 

Teacher can take sentences from the textbook and jumble the words. Students 

rearrange the words to make correct sentences. This activity can be done with the 

help of card on a pocket board or students can rearrange the words in their copy 

books. Examples; 

Jumbled sentence: is /girl/ a /Mina 

Correct sentence: Mina is a girl. 

Teacher takes a paragraph from text book or any story and jumbles the 

sentences. Students rearrange the sentences to make a paragraph. This 

activity is appropriate for grade III, IV and V. 

e. Completing exercise: 

Teacher provides sentences with gap filling. Students read the sentences and fill 

in appropriate words. The sentences should be from familiar text for comfortable 

exercise. 

f. Find odd one out 

Teacher writes four words on the board. Three of them are related words but one 

is different. Students read the words and identify the different word. Example; 

cabbage, potato, mango, pumpkin 

Teacher: Which one is odd? 

Students: mango. 

g. Games 

Students are asked to make nine square grids. The teacher makes a list of 12 or 

more words on the board. Students are asked to choose any nine words from the 

list and write one word in each square of the grid. Teacher calls out the words 

randomly. If student has that word he checks it off. The student who checks off 

all the words first is the winner. 

h. Comprehension 

In this activity, students read a text (essay, story, poem etc.) and complete the 

task regarding the text. 

43

d. Teaching writing skills 

Teaching writing can start at any time, but the earlier it starts the better. An early 

start gives pupils the maximum amount of time to practise writing and it helps them 

link spoken with written speech. Pupils usually like to read what they have written 

and what other pupils have written. 

Lower case (small letters) should be learned before upper case (capital) letters. It is 

not necessary to introduce letters in alphabetical order. Letters with similar shapes 

are often taught together. Some prefer to teach letters that have only one sound (e.g., 

'b' or 'd') before they teach letters which have two or more sounds (e.g., 'c' or 'g'). 

Teaching individual letter 

Generally, following steps are taken into consideration while teaching individual 

letters for very young children. 

� Draw four lines on the board. 

� Write the letter clearly on the board. 

� Describe how the letter is formed, for example, 'b' - down, up and round. 

� Say the name of letter / bI/. 

� Give the sound of letter /b/. 

� Students repeat the name of the letter. 

� Students repeat the sound of the letter. 

� Students draw the letter in the air. 

� Students copy the letter in their exercise books. 

Some classroom activities for teaching writing skill 

i) Completion exercises 

Some incomplete sentences are given and the students are asked to complete them 

with suitable words or phrases which may be given in box or not. 

ii) Jumbled words 

The letters of a certain word are kept in wrong order and students are asked to put 

them in right order for a meaningful word. For example, 

YOKMNE — monkey 

SOEUH — house 

iii) Writing questions 

Another type of writing exercise is writing questions. Simple sentences are given to 

the students and they are told to write questions for them. The sentences should be 

related to their daily activities and surroundings. 

iv) Describing pictures 

44

Describing pictures is an important writing exercise for the students of primary level. 

For this, the teacher presents a simple picture to the students and asks them to write 

on their own or ask some questions regarding the picture. 

v) Dictation 

It is also an exercise to increase writing skill of the students. The teacher reads the 

text in the classroom with a normal speed and asks students to write down with 

correct spelling and punctuation marks. This exercise will also help students develop 

their listening skill along with writing. 

vi) Substitution table 

The use of substitution table is also another type of writing exercise. A table with 

sentence structures is given and the students are told to make sensible sentences. 

Substitution tables are more important to teach students some structural concepts. 

Here is an example of a substitution table: 

I 

We 

You 

Dolma 

Students 

is 

are 

am 

eating 

playing 

reading 

watching 

brushing 

football. 

teeth. 

rice. 

books. 

television. 

Stages of writing 

Writing develops through different stages. It starts from the stage of copying and 

ends in free composition. The stages are as below: 

i) Copying 

This is the first stage of writing. The students are given exercises to copy. The 

students should be told to copy first lines, then curves, squares, etc. before 

copying letters. They should be told to copy the small letters then the capital 

letters. They are also told to copy word, phrases, sentences and paragraphs. 

ii) Reproduction 

Students in this stage reproduce words and sentences of similar groups and they 

do set correction exercises that are used in this stage in forms of substitution 

tables, dictation. Here are two examples: 

Look at the example and write similar sentences with the help of given verbs. 

(read) He is reading now. 

(sing) He is ...........now. 

(dance) He ......……. now. 

45

iii) Recombination 

The third stage of writing is recombination. She/he reproduces minor changes on 

what s/he has learned previously i.e. matching questions with answers and 

copying them on to a page, correcting mistakes in given sentences, transforming 

sentences into questions, into dialogues, into passive, etc, filling in the gaps, 

expanding sentences by adding phrases, clauses, qualifying words, etc. 

rearranging, sequenced questions which, in turn, will form a description. 

iv) Guided writing 

Exercises at this stage are very strictly guided and controlled. The students are 

given outlines, clues, skeletons and they have to write them with understanding. 

Exercises like outline developing, rewriting dialogues in a narrative form, 

retelling a story, describing persons, place, objects or pictures, note taking and 

writing summary or parallel writing, translation, etc come under guided writing. 

For example, 

Write a story on the basis of the following outlines. 

A villager found a snake……..frozen by cold….. took it home….put it near 

the fire…….warm it…….began to move……darted at children……villagers 

angry…..killed it. 

v) Free writing 

This is the final stage of writing. In this stage, students are free to express their 

ideas on any topic they are given to write. The outlines of the topic should be 

given. 

Teaching vocabulary 

Several techniques are used to teach vocabulary. Selection of a good technique to teach 

the meaning of words helps the students to understand them easily and quickly. 

Here are some ways of teaching the meaning of words : 

a) Using Realia 

Realia means real objects, rather than pictures or descriptions of the objects. Words 

like 'spoon', 'fork', 'book', pencil' can easily be taught by bringing them into the 

classroom. This is a very direct way of teaching word meaning and is usually more 

successful than discussions or abstract explanations of them. Concrete words can be 

taught through realia. 

b) Pointing 

Things that are nearby or that can easily be seen should be taught by pointing at 

them. The words like „blackboard', 'ceiling', 'tree', 'student' and 'house', etc can be 

taught in this way. 

46

c) Using pictures, photographs or drawings 

It is not always possible to bring real objects into the classroom. In such cases, 

photographs or drawings of items (for example - animals, plants, machinery or tools) 

can be used. 

d) Demonstration 

Some words, especially verbs and action words are best taught by mimes, gestures, 

actions or demonstrations. We can easily teach words like 'walk', 'hop' 'laugh' 'weep' 

'touch' through this method. 

e) Self-defining contexts 

Some words, especially feelings and emotion can be taught by giving self-defining 

contexts. The context makes the situation clear and this in turn indicates the 

meaning of the raw word. For example : 

late : The class is at 10:00. 

Prem comes at 10:15. He is late. 

early : The class is at 10:00. 

Ramesh comes at 9:45. He is early. 

on time : The class is at 10:00. 

Gita comes at 10:00. She is on time 

f) Definition 

Some words need to be specifically defined in order to make their meaning clear. For 

example, 'astronaut', 'passengers' or 'worship'. A specific definition of the word may 

be more helpful than pictures, pointing or other methods. 

The word 'astronaut' can be taught giving its definition "a person who travels into 

the space by spacecrafts or rockets.' 

g) Enumeration 

To enumerate is to give specific instances or examples of a general term. For 

example, we can define 'clothes' by giving various examples of clothes: shirt, 

trousers, vest, briefs, coat, suit, blouse, frock, sari, skirt, socks etc. The same can be 

done with vegetables, furniture, vehicles, etc. 

h) Antonyms and synonyms 

Giving antonyms (opposite words) and synonyms (similar words) for new words can 

help to explain their meanings. For examples: 

Antonyms Synonyms 

rich - poor rich - wealthy 

cruel - kind remote - distant, far away 

i) Translation 

Translation into the student's mother tongue should be the last effort for teaching 

meaning of vocabulary. We should use it only when all those techniques and nothing 

else will work. Translation is most often used for abstract and theoretical words. 

47

Inductive and deductive method of teaching grammar 

i) Deductive method 

In this method, the grammatical rules are explained before examples. In other words, 

first, rules of grammar are presented and then examples are given on the basis of the 

rules. For example, if simple present tense is going to be taught, the rules are 

explained first. The first person( I, We), second person (You), third person 

plural(They) and plural nouns always have the base form of the verb (plural form). 

However, third person singular (He, she, it) and singular nouns uses singular verbs. It 

means 's' or 'es' is added to the base form of the verb to make it singular. After such 

explanation of the rules, some examples are presented on the basis of the rules as 

following: 

I go to school. 

We go to school. 

You go to school. 

Ram eats a mango. 

Sita eats a mango. 

They eat some bananas. 

The boys play football. 

The girls play table tennis. 

The sun rises in the east. 

He always speaks English. 

They like travelling 

The students are asked to create their own sentences applying the rules they have just 

learned. However, deductive method is called a teacher centred method, it is useful 

for the beginners. 

ii) Inductive method 

In this method some sample sentences or examples are presented before the rules. 

The rules of grammar are derived later with the help of the given examples. 

Ram reads a book. 

Gita draws a picture. 

They play volleyball. 

You sing a song. 

A cow gives milk. 

I go to school every day. 

She likes music. 

We play football. 

In this method, the teacher can involve the students more than that of the deductive 

method. That's why it is also called a student centred method. It is very helpful to 

teach grammar in a communicative way. This method is very effective. 

48

Construction and use of teaching materials 

In a language class, the teacher introduces as many materials relating to the lesson as 

possible. S/he makes every effort so as to make his/her lesson clear to the students. The 

materials that a teacher can make use in class can be black board, flannel board, flash cards, 

charts, pictures and magazine cut outs, match stick drawings, language games and songs, 

etc. The teacher should make maximum use of these materials for they work as powerful 

means of motivation. The pupils are always curious to know through the use of a variety of 

materials that the teacher introduces in the class. 

Visual aids are inseparable from teaching. A successful class uses these aids which can be 

either visual or audio-visual. Audio-visual aids are related to hearing and seeing both. A 

radio is an audio aid and a television an audio-visual aid. Language games and songs are 

examples of simply audio aids. Whether it is an audio or audio-visual or a visual aid, such 

aids are to be brought and used by the teacher to reinforce what s/he has taught. One great 

secret of learning is to employ as many sense organs (-eye, ear, nose, skin and tongue) as 

possible. We can find out what an object is by seeing it, hearing it, smelling it, feeling it and 

tasting it. 

i) Blackboard/whiteboard 

The blackboard is a most versatile visual aid. It is placed in front of the class. It is most 

useful because we can use it to put a word, words or drawings on it. We can rub it off 

when finished. The blackboard is used for writing instructions of longer sentences 

because such sentences cannot always be written on flashcards. 

But it will, however, be wise to write such long instructions on the blackboard before the 

pupils enter the classroom. A blackboard can be used to explain the words, phrases, 

sentences, story outlines, etc. and to draw pictures, graphs, diagrams, charts, etc. These 

drawing sketches, however, need not stay long on the board. One great advantage of 

blackboard sketches over pictures is that the students can see a situation or a story 

developing right in front of their eyes. 

The blackboard is most useful to teach aural-oral skills, reading and writing skills, and to 

teach grammar. Use of coloured chalk will help in focussing pupils' attention and will 

make the lesson interesting. The teacher has to write very neatly and legibly on the 

blackboard. 

ii) Flannel board: 

A flannel board is made of a metre-long flannel or cotton cloth with its two edges (the 

right and left) stitched with one stick attached to or inserted in. A flannel board is hung 

in front of the classroom. 

49

A flannel board is of great help for a language teacher. S/he can arrange and rearrange a 

series of pictures on it with the greatest ease. S/he can also show various actions by 

putting up or taking off pictures in quick succession. It is very useful to teach new 

vocabularies and sentences. Flash cards and cut-outs are displayed on it and the teacher 

proceeds with his/ her lesson. 

Pocket chart: 

To prepare a pocket chart, we need thick paper, stapler, pencil, ruler, and a pair of 

scissors. Here are some steps for constructing a pocket chart. 

a) Take a piece of thick paper (cardboard paper) 

b) Fold a one inch thick portion at the top and insert a stick. 

c) Continue folding one inch deep pockets. If more pockets are needed add another 

sheet of paper. 

d) Staple both sides of the chart so that the folds form the pockets. 

e) Make two holes at the top of the chart. 

f) Put a string through the holes and fasten it so that the chart can be hung on the wall. 

Pocket chart can be used to: 

� display letter, word, sentence, or number, cards, particularly when they need to be 

rearranged quickly. 

� display small pictures and drawing. 

� display written work. 

iv) Flash cards: 

Flashcards are pieces of cards. They may contain sounds, letters, words, phrases, 

sentences, etc. Flashcards are very useful inexpensive aids in teaching English. When the 

teacher writes letters words, etc. on the flashcards they should sufficiently be large 

enough so that when the teacher puts up a card the pupils even from the last benches can 

read them without difficulty. Children can also use them, working in groups, pairs or 

individually. 

Required materials are cardboard paper, ruler, pencil, and a pair of scissors. 

The sizes of the flash cards vary according to the picture or text to be shown. Items to be 

shown may be single letters, groups of letters, or words, or they may be pictures of 

complicated situations. Flash cards should be of a size which is easy for the teacher to 

flash enough so that the students can see them easily. 

The flash cards are suitable for: 

� pictorial representation of single concepts for example, of actions or objects. 

� revision of known language. 

� recombination or manipulation work 

� cues for starting stories. 

� prompt for drill activities. 

� teaching spelling 

50

� teaching vocabulary 

v) Cut out pictures 

Colourful pictures from different magazines and newspapers can be collected and the 

pictures can be attached to the classroom walls, or small pieces of sand paper can be 

glued to their backs and they can be displayed on the flannel board. The use of colour 

pictures is given below: 

a. Cut out figures are important in teaching vocabulary: It is said that a picture is worth 

ten thousand words. Therefore, if the meanings of concrete objects are taught, it is 

far better to use their pictures rather than to give their definition or explanation. 

b. Cut-outs are used for written compositions: pictures and cut outs can be used in 

similar ways of displaying pictures on flannel board. The cut outs can be displayed 

and the students are asked to describe them. If the description is made orally, it is 

composition. 

c. The cut outs are used for situational use of language. With the help of cut-outs, 

figures illustrate the situations in which particular types of expressions are 

associated. 

vi) Matchstick figures 

The matchstick pictures are easy to draw because they lack smaller details. These figures 

are mainly drawn with sticks/lines, square, triangle, circle etc. They do not need an artist. 

Every teacher with a little practice can draw these figures. They can easily be drawn on 

the board. They can be used for the following purposes in language teaching. 

a) Teaching action verbs. e.g. dancing, eating. 

b) Teaching adjectives e.g. sad, happy. 

c) Practising structure : present continuous 

d) Teaching vocabularies 

e) Teaching prepositions 

f) Telling stories etc. 

vii) Wall pictures 

Large pictures showing street scene, a market place, a playing field, a garden, a building 

complex etc. can be very effective for oral practice as well as for writing connected 

sentences. In this a series of such pictures can also be used to narrate a story in the 

manner of the popular comics. The readymade wall pictures can also be brought from 

the market or prepared by the teacher oneself. Even large magazines cut outs can be 

pictured on the large sheet of paper to make an interesting wall picture. In making wall 

pictures attractive, colour plays vital role. 

The use of wall pictures can be very much fruitful in the following areas: 

a. Listening and reading comprehension. 

51

By using wall pictures, the teacher can train students in listening comprehension. 

The teacher tells the students a set of true as well as false statements about the 

pictures, and the students comment on each statements whether they are true or 

false. 

b. Wall pictures are used to make different exercises for practice. 

c. Wall pictures are used for communication exercises. 

d. Wall pictures are used for free expression practice. 

e. Wall pictures are used for dialogue practice. 

f. Wall pictures are used for oral/written composition. 

Language Games and Rhymes 

Children learn a language when they are taught in joyful environment. Beginners 

considerably enjoy participating in language games and rhymes. Games and songs relieve 

boredom and monotony of everyday drill. They bring variety in class, as a result, motivate 

children and increase participation. 

While conducting such activities (games/rhymes), we have to consider teaching objectives. 

Before starting a game, the teacher should explain the rules and get children ready to play. If 

necessary, the rules should be explained in Nepali. Similarly, the teacher must be wellprepared 

to teach rhymes. S/he should practice at home, first by clapping hands at the 

underlined words. Here are given some examples of language games and rhymes: 

Hangman (Spelling practice) 

Draw a figure of gallows on the board as given below. Choose a word you have recently 

taught. Do not write the word; instead write dashes to show the number of letters. Draw parts 

of body (head, back, right hand, left hand, right leg, left leg) for each wrong guess. 

a r r . 

Run to the board (Reading practice for beginners) 

This game is useful for reading letters, words or sentences. Write some words on the board. 

Eight is a good number. Call two children to the front. They stand in front of the board. Say a 

word clearly. The children run and touch/point to the word. The first to touch/point correctly 

wins. It can be played on group basis. You can put letters or sentences instead of words 

depending on the level of students. 

52

Rhymes/Chants: 

Some of the rhymes/songs you can use in your class are as follows: 

Two littel hands go 

clap, clap, clap 

Two little feet go 

tap, tap, tap 

One littel head goes 

side to side 

Two little eyes are 

open wide 

One, two, three, four, five 

Once I caught a fish alive 

Six, seven, eight, nine, ten 

Then I let it to go again 

Why did you let it go? 

Because it bit my finger so. 

Which finger did it bite? 

The little finger on the right 

Language Testing 

Testing is universally recognized as an essential part of any educational programme. In a 

student centred teaching, both teachers and students need to be involved in testing and 

evaluation. 

Very often, test, evaluation and examination are used synonymously though they are 

different. So, a distinction should be made. 

� Evaluation is a wider term which includes both test and examination. It is a process 

of obtaining information and making decision. 

� Examination is an attempt to find out the ability and knowledge of pupils by means 

of a test. In other words, it is a formal way of conducting a test. 

� Test is a measuring device which we use when we want to obtain information on 

individual's performance. It can be defined as a series of questions on the basis of 

which some information is sought. Tests may be constructed primarily as devices to 

reinforce learning and to motivate the students. Some other aims of a test are to : 

diagnose each student's weakness and strengths, 

assess the progress of the students by measuring their achievement of the 

instructional objectives, 

determine the proficiency of the students, 

give students information on their academic achievement, 

determine whether to promote students from one class to another, 

develop healthy competition among students. 

Test items: 

Test items are the questions we ask the students to test their language performance. Different 

types of questions can be asked and the students' freedom of expression can be limited by the 

type of test items we give them. The test items can be roughly divided into two types called 

subjective test items and objective test items. 

53

a. Subjective test: In subjective test, scoring is done according to the personal judgment 

of the marker. As the name suggests, this is subjective in nature. The examinees will 

have freedom in expression and the score is based upon the impression the examiner 

makes. 

Short answer questions and long answer questions are the two types of subjective 

test. Look at the examples below: 

Short answer questions Long answer questions 

a) What is your name? 

b) How old are you? 

c) How far is your school from your 

house? 

a) Describe your house in a paragraph. 

b) Rewrite the story of ........................ 

c) How did you spend the winter 

vacation? Write in a hundred 

words. 

b. Objective test: Objective test is has only one single correct answer. It is examined 

quickly and consistently. They are easy to mark. Under objective test, there are four 

types of tests. They are, matching, true and false, multiple choices and fill in the 

blank (completion) test. 

Matching 

In this kind of testing, students are given letter matching, word matching, and 

sentence matching etc. to test any skill. Here students are given two columns and 

they are asked to match them appropriately. For example, match these people and 

their jobs. 

A B 

A hair-dresser grows crops 

A farmer sells medicines. 

A chemist makes bread and cakes. 

A baker cuts hair. 

True or False (Right or Wrong) 

These are the most commonly used objective tests. In true or false items, the students 

are asked to mark whether a statement is true of false. The students have to write "T" 

for the true statement and "F" for false statement. Sometimes a passage is given to 

read. Then some statements are written below it. Such tests are used for testing 

comprehension. For example, 

i. Monday is the third day of the week. 

ii. January is the first month of the year. 

iii. There are seven days in a week. 

iv. Friday is the fifth day of the week. 

54

Multiple choice items 

In this test, a question or a statement is given with four possible answers. Then the 

students have to choose (or tick) one as the best answer. For examole, 

1. There are ............ days in a week (five, seven, six, eight) 

2. March is the ................ month of the year. (second, third, fourth, fifth) 

Lesson planning 

A lesson plan is a description of the presentation of a lesson. It involves previewing the 

lesson to be delivered and reviewing the activity just completed. It is an arrangement of all 

the details of the lesson. It involves careful thinking about the resources to be used for the 

successful completion of a lesson. Planning in language involves selection and gradation of 

the language materials, skills to be inculcated, activities to be undertaken and anticipation of 

the difficulties likely to occur during the lesson. 

A successful lesson is well planned and organized, and will help to ensure that teaching and 

learning time is maximised, resources are ready and that there is a range and balance of 

activities. It helps teacher to teach systematically and orderly, and induces confidence in the 

teacher. 

Characteristics of a good lesson plan 

� A lesson plan is always carefully written beforehand. 

� Specific objectives to be achieved are clearly stated. 

� Timings for the different parts of the lesson are included. 

� It suggests a variety of teaching and learning procedures. 

� The activities devised in the lesson plan take into account the individual 

differences of the pupils. 

� It also lists definite and appropriate assignment to be performed by the pupils 

at home. 

Components of a lesson plan 

The components of a lesson plan are described as below: 

a) Details of class 

In this part, subject, period, unit, teaching item, time, number of students, class and 

date are mentioned. 

b. Specific learning objectives 

These are the main component of a lesson plan as the rest components depend on 

them. Objectives written in lesson plan should be specific, measurable, achievable, 

relevant and time bound. Look at the following two objectives and decide which one 

is specific. 

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: 

i) know about the words ( receive, dull, ignore, excite and kind), 

55

ii) pronounce the words: receive, dull, ignore, excite and kind accurately. 

c. Teaching materials 

In this section, usual teaching materials such as 'chalk, duster, blackboard, textbook' 

are written. Instead use 'usual classroom materials'. The lesson will be more 

interesting and successful if it is followed by some other teaching aids, e.g. flannel 

board, flash cards, realia, cut-outs, etc. This part of the lesson plan serves as a check 

list of the resources needed for the lesson. 

d. Teaching learning activities: 

In this part, a detail description of activities performed by both teacher and students 

are written. While writing teaching learning activities, we have to consider the 

objectives of lesson plan and the level of students as well as the available materials. 

The activities should be set to encourage students' participation during the lesson. It 

means child centered activities must be emphasized. 

e. Evaluation 

The teacher should evaluate students' achievement in the last 5/6 minutes of each 

period. Generally, questions are asked to evaluate students. However, the teacher 

can use very short activities and get the students to respond verbally or physically to 

linguistic stimuli. 

f. Homework 

At last, the teacher ends the class by assigning homework to the pupils if required. 

Some teachers think it should not be necessarily given every day, and teachers 

should follow the practice of their school. Homework should be creative, funny and 

task-based. 

g. Reflection: 

This part is written after the completion of the lesson. The teacher reflects the lesson 

by analysing his/her and students' performance, evaluation and behaviours. From 

this, the teacher finds how far s/he was able to meet the objective as mentioned in 

the lesson plan and generates self feedback for further improvement. 

Lesson plan format 

Name: Class: 

School: Period: 

Subject: Time: 

Unit: Number of students: 

Topic: Date: 

Specific objectives: On completion of this lesson, the students will be able to 

1……………… 

56

2……………… 

Teaching materials: 

………………………………………………………….. 

Teaching learning activities 

……………………………………………………… 

…………………………………………………………………. 

Evaluation 

…………………………………………………………………. 

…………………………………………………………………. 

Homework: ………………………………………………………………… 

…………………………………………………………………. 

Reflection: ………………………………………………………………….. 

………………………………………………………………… 

Sample lesson plans 

School: Janta Secondary school 

Class: Grade 3 

Period: 4th 

Subject: English Time: 45 min 

Unit: III Number of students:40 

Topic: Teaching vocabulary Date:2068/09/02 

Specific Objectives: 

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: 

i) pronounce the words ( snore, cliff, detest, nap and envelope), and 

ii) tell the meaning of the words. 

Teaching Materials: 

Usual classroom materials, a picture of cliff, an envelope and flash cards (word) 

Teaching learning activities: 

The teacher motivates students with help of a game called ' Guessing game'. For this, s/he 

keeps an envelope in a box or bag before the class and asks students to guess, 'what is in the 

box or bag?' They keep on guessing until they say right thing. If students are unable to guess, 

the teacher will give a clue, for example, 'It is made of paper'. S/he gives another clue like ' 'it 

is used to send letter', if students are unable to guess the right thing after the first clue. This 

process goes on until the students guess the right thing. 

The teacher pronounces the words one at a time showing the word cards. Then, s/he sticks 

the cards on the flannel board and conducts repetition drill for pronunciation practice. 

57

Finally, s/he asks students to pronounce the words first in whole group, then in small group 

(may be bench wise) and individually. 

With regard to teaching meaning of the words, the teacher plays the role of a person snoring 

and says "I am snoring.' Then teacher asks them 'Do you snore?' 'Does anybody snore in 

your family?' 

To teach the meaning of 'cliff', s/he shows the picture of a cliff and describes it. In the case of 

nap, s/he also takes part of a person napping and says 'I am napping.' S/he says,' Sometimes 

you also nap in the class, don't you?' 

As far as the teaching of meaning of the words ' detest' and envelope is concerned, the 

teacher shows the real envelope and says' It's an envelope.' Then teacher writes the following 

words on the board. 

detest 

hate 

(same meaning) 

love 

(opposite 

Then the teacher asks the students, ' Can you say the meaning of the words?' If they are 

meaning) 

unable to say, s/he will clarify the meanings of the words one by one. 

Evaluation 

The teacher shows the word card at a time and asks some students to pronounce the word as 

in the card. 

S/he asks the following questions to some students. 

� Is cliff made of soil? 

� Where can we see cliff? 

� Why do you use envelope? 

� Do you detest your father? 

� Do you detest smoking? 

� What do you mean by nap? 

� When does a man snore? 

Homework: 

Make at least five sentences using the words: detest, nap, snore, envelope and cliff. 

Reflection: 

In this, the teacher tries to find out the strengths of his/her lesson delivered and things to be 

improvement in further lessons. 

58

Model Questions 

Short answer questions 

a) What are the major components of present Primary English Curriculum? 

b) Write down about elaboration matrix in present English curriculum (grade 1-8)? 

Give an example. 

c) What is language function? List 10 language functions being taught in grade 6. 

d) 'Our present English curriculum (grade 1-8) is based on communicative approach. 

Justify. 

e) Design an activity to teach listening skill for grade five students. 

f) How do you teach English alphabet to the beginners? 

g) Distinguish between inductive and deductive method of teaching grammar. 

h) Why are visual aids important for teaching English? 

i) How do you teach present continuous tense using matchstick figures? 

j) Construct three test items for each of the following test item type: 

Fill in the blanks, Multiple choice item and True false item 

Sample answer 

a) Write down about elaboration matrix in present English curriculum (Grade 1-8). 

Give an example. 

Elaboration matrix has been mentioned in present English curriculum: Primary 

(2062/2065), Lower Secondary (2064) and Basic Education Curriculum (2068) 

under piloting. Elaboration matrix benefits not only subject teachers but also 

educationists, supervisors, textbook writers and other stakeholders. Textbook writers 

have to consider language functions, sentence pattern for each language function and 

activities for teaching them. Teachers also use elaboration matrix for planning a 

lesson and school supervisors for finding whether the teacher is teaching as per the 

objectives set in the curriculum. 

Elaboration matrix presents the specific language structures for the given language 

functions, possible classroom activities and student evaluation techniques. It has 

been presented grade wise and skill wise for the user's convenience. In English 

curriculum (6-8), number of periods has been allocated to each language function or 

topic on the basis of difficulty level. An example of elaboration matrix for grade 

four is given below: 

Listening and speaking 

59

S.N. Language 

function 

1. Warning Be careful! 

Look out! 

Stop! 

2. Describing 

frequency 

Language/Structure Activities and 

context 

I sometimes/ never/ 

always clean my teeth. 

How often do you come 

to school? Every day. 

Every night. 

Acting dangerous 

situations. Real life 

classroom situation, 

use of pictures and 

description. 

Teacher/pupil 

dialogue. Question 

and answer drills. 

Talking about 

yourself. 

Evaluation 

Speaking and 

listening can be 

assessed by 

talking to each 

student using a 

range of 

questions and 

instructions 

b. 'Our present English curriculum (Grade 1-8) is based on communicative approach.' 

Do you agree or not? Justify. 

I strongly agree that our present English curriculum is based on communicative 

approach. Presently, in basic level, we have Primary English Curriculum (Grade1-3) 

2062 and (4-5)2065, Lower Secondary English Curriculum, 2064 and Basic Level 

English Curriculum (Grade 6-8), 2068 under piloting. All these follow 

communicative approach to language teaching. 

According to communicative approach, language is a system for expression or 

meaning. The primary function of language is communication. Communicative 

approach is the latest and most modern approach of language teaching. It emphasizes 

on different kinds of functions in actual communication on the basis of what 

language items the learners need to know in order to get things done. 

School level curriculum, especially from grade one to eight, has followed the 

communicative approach because of the following reasons: 

� It emphasizes on speech. Everyday language, interactions are regarded important 

materials for reading and writing. 

� All the activities are student centered. 

� Natural conversation is emphasized rather than rules of grammar. 

60

� The contents given in the curriculum are utterances rather than rules of grammar. 

� The materials given in the curriculum are language functions, and task based 

activities. 

� Student centred techniques such as group work, pair work, role-play etc. are used. 

� Methods and techniques are designed to develop communicative competence in 

students. 

c. Distinguish between inductive and deductive method of teaching grammar. 

Suggestions for answering 

� Go through the chapter called "Inductive and deductive method of teaching 

grammar. 

� Make differences between the two methods as below: 

Inductive method Deductive method 

Sample sentences or examples are Rules are presented before 

presented before the rules. examples. 

....................................................... ......................................................... 

..................................................... ......................................................... 

d. How do you teach present continuous tense using matchstick figures? 

- Introduce matchstick figures with examples 

- Write a brief classroom activity to teach present continuous tense 

giving examples such as ' He is running. She is sitting on the chair. He 

is carrying a pot.' with relevant match stick figures. 

- Use first person 'I' or 'We' while writing answer. For example 

First of all, I draw the matchstick figures of .....................on the board 

and write relevant sentences using present continuous tense under each 

figure. I also act out the action of the figures as far as possible. 

...................................... 

Long answer questions 

a. Show the relationship between curriculum, text book and teacher's guide. How are 

curriculum and teacher's guide helpful for an English teacher? 

b. Why are drills important for teaching speaking skill for young children? Write five 

type of drills with example. 

c. Once a head teacher observed a class of English in grade six where the teacher was 

translating all the words whatever he taught in the name of teaching their meaning. 

What do you think about translating whole words into mother tongue? Is it always 

good way of teaching vocabulary? What are the alternative ways to teaching meaning 

of vocabulary? 

61

d. List at least six visual aids for teaching English. Select one out of the list and describe 

its ways of construction and use in classroom. 

e. Write a lesson plan for teaching ' Expressing ability' to the students of grade six. 

Sample answer 

a. List at least six visual aids for teaching English. Select one out of the list and describe 

its ways of construction and use in classroom. 

Visual aids are inseparable from teaching. Visual aids can help the language teacher in 

making his/her class lively and interesting. In a language class, the teacher introduces 

as many visual aids relating to the lesson as possible. The pupils are always curious to 

know the use of the variety of materials the teacher has introduced in class. Visual 

aids brighten up the classroom. They help in bringing more variety and interest into a 

language lesson. Not only this, they are also used to decorate a classroom. They also 

help a language teacher to create situations in which the meaning of the utterances can 

be made clear. 

The most important six visual aids are 

a) black board 

b) flash cards 

c) charts, 

d) pictures, 

e) magazine cut outs and 

f) match stick drawings 

Here I am going to write down about how to prepare flash cards and use them in 

classroom. 

Flashcards are pieces of cards. They may contain sounds, letters, words, phrases, 

sentences, etc. Flashcards are very useful inexpensive aids in teaching English. When 

the teacher writes letters words, etc. on the flashcards they should sufficiently be large 

enough. When the teacher puts up a card the pupils even from the last benches should 

be able to read them without difficulty. Children can also use them, working in groups, 

pairs or individually. 

Ways of preparing 

Required materials are cardboard paper, ruler, pencil, and a pair of scissors. 

The sizes of the flash cards vary according to the picture or text to be shown. Items to 

be shown may be single letters, groups of letters, or words, or they may be pictures of 

complicated situations. Flash cards should be easily visible to the students. A few 

examples of flash cards are: 

62

table 

a man 

This is a book 

Use of flashcards 

The flash cards are used for: 

� pictorial representation of single concepts, for example, of actions or objects. 

� revision of known language. 

� recombination or manipulation work 

� cues for starting stories. 

� prompt for drill activities. 

� teaching spelling 

� teaching vocabulary 

While using flashcards, teacher should flash the cards and tell the students what they 

need to do with the cards clearly. For example, by flashing the cards simple instructions 

can be given, e.g. point to the window, open your book, touch the door, raise your right 

hand, and so on. The students read silently the instructions on the card and do the same. 

The names of the pupils may also be mentioned in the cards, e.g. Rajan, open the door. 

From this activity, we can develop reading skill in students and teach how to give and 

follow instruction. 

b. Once a head teacher observed a class of English in grade six where the teacher was 

translating all the words whatever he taught in the name of teaching their meaning. 

What do you think about translating whole words into mother tongue? Is it always a 

good way of teaching vocabulary? What are the alternative ways to teaching meaning 

of vocabulary? 

Hint for answer 

63

� Give your opinion that translating all the words is not fruitful while teaching 

meaning of the words 

� Write some reasons why not to translate all the words into mother tongue 

� Mention that translation is useful for abstract and difficult words. It should be 

applied as last effort to teach vocabulary. 

� Give alternative ways to teaching vocabulary. The ways are given under the chapter ' 

Teaching vocabulary', for example, using realia, giving synonym and antonym etc. 

� Describe the alternative ways in brief. 

64

ul0ft lzIf0f 

b}lgs Jojxf/ ;~rfng, cGo ljifosf] cWoog, ljleGg Joj;fo ;~rfng Pjd\ lj1fg tyf 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul0ft ljifosf] k|of]u eO/xg] ePsfn] kf7\oqmdn] 

o;nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg lbPsf] 5 . kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg 

kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb] {lzsf tyf cGo ;xof]uL ;fdu|L ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . oxf― To:tf 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] cf}lrTo tyf pkof]u ;DaGwdf rrf{ ug] { k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs lgb] {lzsf 

afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug] { sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t ¿k kf7\oqmd xf] . 

Ps jfSodf eGbf, lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofsf] ldof] eg]s} kf7\oqmd xf] . ;kmn lzIf0l;sfO 

k|lqmofsf] d'Vo e"ldsf lzIfssf] /x]sf] x'G5 . Ps ul0ft lzIfsn] klg kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / 

lzIfs lgb] {lzsfsf] cWoog ug{ cfjZos 5 . ltgLx¿sf k|of]usf If]qx¿ tn pNn]v ul/G5 M 

kf7\oqmd k|of]usf If]qx¿ 

s_ kf7\oqmdaf6 lzIf0f p2]Zox¿ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . 

v_ cfjZos lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL k|fKt x'G5 . 

u_ kf7ok':tsn] g;d]6]sf ljifoj:t'x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 . 

3_ lzIf0f ljlw÷lqmofsnfk 5gf]6 ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . 

ª_ lzIf0fsf nflu pknAw ;donfO{ ljifoj:t'cg';f/ lgwf{/0f÷ljt/0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . 

r_ ljifoj:t'sf] If]q lj:tf/ / ;Lldttf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . 

5_ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg s'g tl/sfn] ug] { eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5 . 

kf7\ok':ts k|of]usf If]qx¿ 

� s] l;sfpg], slt l;sfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] cflwsfl/s ;fdu|L ul0ft kf7\ok':ts xf] . 

� ljBfyL{n] l;Sg'kg] { ljifoj:t'cGu{tsf 1fg, ;Lk, wf/0ffnfO{ Ps} 7fp―df PsLs[t ul/Psf] 

x'gfn] cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ ;ª\sng ug] { ;d:ofaf6 lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ b'j} d'Qm /xG5g\ . 

o;/L PsLs[t ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts cfjZos x'G5 . 

� kf7\ok':tsaf6 ljBfyL{ cfk}mn] klg cWoog ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ Pp6f :jfWoog 

;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . 

� kf7\qmdsf] cfwf/ / kf7\k':tssf] ;xof]udf lzIfsn] z}Ifl0fs of]hgf agfpg] / sIff lzIf0f 

lqmofsnfk to ub{5g\ eg] ljBfyL{x¿ kf7\ok':tss} dfWodaf6 l;sfO sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] 

ePsfn] kf7\ok':ts lzIfs / ljBfyL{ b'j}sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L xf] . 

� kf7\k':tsn] lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fljlw 5gf]6 ug{, kf7sf] k|:t'tL ug{ / u[xsfo{ s] lbg] eGg] 

lg0f{o ug{ cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . 

65

� ul0ft lzIfsn] ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\ok':tsnfO{ kf7\qmdsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] 

Pp6f ;fwgsf] ¿kdf dfq k|of]u ug'{kb{5 

. 

� ul0ft kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug] { ;xof]uL ;fwgsf ¿kdf dfq pkof]u ub} { 

kf7\oqmdn] ck]Iff u/]sf ;Lk tyf cjwf/0ffx¿df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;h{gfTds ¿kdf ;f]Rg] 

cj;/ lbg'kb{5 . 

lzIfs lgb] {lzsfsf] k|of]usf If]qx¿ 

� lzIf0fsf] k"j{ tof/L ug{ . 

� ljleGg z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx¿ tof/ kfg{ 

� z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] ;xL 5gf]6 / k|of]u ug{ . 

� pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ljlwsf] rog ug{ . 

� pko'Qm ljlw÷k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6, lgdf{0f / k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ . 

� tflnd ck|fKt, sd cg'ejL lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ . 

kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs lgb] {lzsfsf] ;DaGw 

;fdfGo ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug] { sfo{qmdsf] 

lj:t[t ¿k kf7\oqmd xf] eg] kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ljleGg ljifox¿sf] ;/n ¿kdf k|:t't 

ul/Psf] kf7\o;fdu|L kf7\ok':ts xf] eGg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L lzIfsn] ug'{kg] 

{ lzIf0fl;sfO 

sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lsl;dn] s]s] ljifoj:t' k9fpg], s;/L k9fpg], s'g kf7nfO{ slt ;do 

lbg], s'g kf7df s'g z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug] { / ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg s;/L ug] { eGg] s'/fsf] 

lj:t[t ljj/0f ePsf] lgb] {zg k'l:tsfnfO{ lzIfs lgb] {lzsf elgG5 . kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':tsaLr 

lgDgfg';f/ ;DaGw /x]sf] kfOG5 M 

� kf7\oqmd z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf xf] eg] kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zo 

k"/f ug{ rflxg] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwg dfq xf] . 

� kf7\oqmdn] :ki6 gu/]sf s'/fx¿ kf7\ok':tsn] :ki6 u/fp―5 . 

� kf7\oqmdn] ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd, kf7\ef/, d"Nofª\sg, cª\sef/ cflbsf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 

x'G5 eg] kf7\ok':tssdf ljifoj:t'sf cltl/Qm lgb] {zg / cEof; klg lbOPsf] x'G5 h;sf 

cfwf/df lzIfsn] sIff ;~rfng ub{5g\ . 

� kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmdsf] k|of]ufTds ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L xf] . 

� kf7\qmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] d"Nofª\sg kf7\ok':tssf cfwf/df ul/G5 . 

� kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf sIffut / ;fwf/0f p2]Zos} cfwf/df kf7\ok':tsdf ljifoj:t' / 

lqmofsnfk ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . 

� /fi6«n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] z}lIfs nIocg'¿k kf7\oqmd tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] kf7\oqmdsf 

p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ d"n ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts tof/ ul/G5 . 

� kf7\oqmd lzIf0fl;sfOsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] eg] kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmdsf] k"/s ;fdu|L dfq xf] . 

66

� kf7\oqmd lzIf0fl;sfOsf] ;Dk"0f{ of]hgf xf] eg] kf7\ok':ts lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]uL 

;fdu|L xf] . 

� s]s] ljifoj:t' k9fpg], s;/L k9fpg], s'g kf7nfO{ slt ;do lbg], s'g kf7df s'g z}lIfs 

;fdu|L k|of]u ug] { / ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg s;/L ug] { eGg] s'/fsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lzIfs 

lgb] {lzsfn] lbg] ePsfn] kf7\oqmdsf] ;xL sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu kf7\ok':tssf] ;xL 

k|of]uaf6 kf7\oqmdåf/f lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k|fKtLdf lzIfs lgb] {lzsfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 . 

z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] dxŒj 

lzIf0f ;fdu|L 

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ kf7cg';f/ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u 

ug'{kb{5 

. k|fylds txsf sIffx¿df a9L eGbf a9L z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug''{ 

cfjZos x'G5 eg] dflyNnf sIffx¿df klg ul0ftLo wf/0ff÷ljifoj:t'sf] cy{k"0f{ lzIf0fl;sfOsf 

nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s'g kf7sf] lzIf0f ubf{ s:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] 

Joj:yf ug'{k5{ 

/ s;/L k|of]u ug] { eGg]af/] lzIfsnfO{ /fd|/L 1fg x'g'kb{5 . t;y{ lzIfsn] 

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng, lgdf{0f, k|of]u / ;+/If0faf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{ 

cfjZos 5 . 

lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u lsg ug] { < 

� lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ dgf]/~hgk"0f{ agfpg, 

� l;sfOk|lt ljBfyL{sf] ¿rL a9fpg, 

� ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOnfO{ cy{k"0f{ (Meaningful) / :YffoL (Permanent) agfpg, 

� lzIf0fnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg -ljBfyL{nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff k|:6 kfg{_, 

� lzIf0fnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg, 

� lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / 

� ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{ . 

wf/0ff k|:6 kfg{, l;sfOnfO{{ lbuf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx¿ g} z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lx¿ x'g\ . z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] Ps cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lsf] plrt k|of]un] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOsf lgldQ /fd|f] jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5 . sd d"No 

jf ljgf d"Nodf klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 

dxŒjnfO{{ a'―bfut 

¿kdf o;k|sf/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ljBfyL{x¿df l;sfOk|lt ?lr hufpg ;lsG5 . 

� kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ dbt k'Ub5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿df l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ dbt k'Ub5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿df ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

� l;sfOsf] ultnfO{{ a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . 

� hl6n / cd"t{ wf/0ffx¿nfO{{ klg ;/n lsl;daf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . 

67

� ljBfyL{x¿df pTk| ]/0ff hufpg dbt k'Ub5 . 

� l;ls;s]sf wf/0ffx¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg / :yfgfGt/0f ug{ dbt k'Ub5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ftk|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff pTkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . 

� l;sfOnfO{ /f]rs / lr/:yfoL agfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . 

� lzIfsx¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0fdf ;xhtf Nofp―5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofp―b5 . 

� lzIf0fnfO{ { Jofjxfl/s agfpg dbt k'Ub5 . 

� kx―'reGbf 

aflx/sf s'/f, 36gf, ;fdu|L / cg'ejx¿nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k'¥ofpg dbt k'Ub5 . 

� l9nf] l;Sg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ klg l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg dbt k'Ub5 . 

sd d"Nosf :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;ª\sng / lgdf{0f 

:yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngaf6 ul0ft lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿ h'6fpg 

;lsG5 . :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿ sltko sd d"No kg] { x'G5g\ eg] sltko ljgf d"Nosf cyf{t\ v]/ 

hfg] j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/]/ klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf klg x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu lzIfsdf hf];, 

hf―u/ / ;Lksf] cfjZostf kb{5 . :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;ª\sng jf lgdf{0fdf ljBfyL{ jf 

:yfgLo ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 

;ª\sng jf lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg' h¿/L x'G5 M 

� ;fdu|L p2]Zod"ns x'g'kb{5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/ cg's"n x'g'kb{5 . 

� pko'Qm cfsf/÷;fOhsf] / ljBfyL{x¿n] ;lhn} b]Vg ;Sg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ { l;sfOk|lt pTk| ]/0ff hufpg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

� ;s];Dd alnof], bx|f], 7f]; / af/Daf/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

� ljBfyL{x¿sf] Wofg cfslif{t ug] { vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

� ;fGble{s x'g'kb{5 . 

ul0ft lzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s]xL lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ 

qm=;+= lzIf0f lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] 

k|of]usf] If]q 

;fdu|Lsf] ;fdu|L 

gfd 

! lhof]af]8{ KnfOp8, lsNnfx¿, k"0ff{ª\ssf cfwf/e"t lqmofx¿, leGg / 

3g, vfU;L, bzdnjsf cfwf/e"t lqmofx¿, k|ltzt, 

/a/JofG8, ?n/, HofldtLo cfsf/x¿ -sf]0fx¿, /]vfv08x¿, 

k]lG;n, x]S; cflb lqe'hx¿, rt'e'{hx¿_, 

kl/ldlt, If]qkmn, ju{, 

ju{d"n, n=;=, d=;=, aLhul0ftLo ;"qx¿, 

;dldlt gd'gfx¿, ;d¿k tyf cg'¿k lrqx¿, 

68

@ ;ª\Vof/]vf ln:6Lx¿, ;fOgk]g, 

vfU;L, x]S;, ?n/ 

# /]l;of] af]8{ u|fkm k]k/, KnfOp8, 

s} ―rL, rf―b, ?n/, 

k]lG;n, sDkf;, 

6«fG;kf/]G;L l;6, kLg, 

$ s'OhgfP/ x]S;, KnfOp8, ?n/, 

/8 k]lG;n, vfU;L, 

k]mlasf]n, ln:6L 

% 6]gu|fd x]S;, KnfOp8, ?n/, 

k]lG;n, vfU;L, 

k]mlasf]n 

^ d]sfgf]l:6«K; ln:6L, vfU;L, 

k]rlsnf, g6, wfuf], 

& låcfwf/ 

;ª\Vof af]8{ 

* aLhul0ftLo 

Ansx¿ 

( aLhul0ftLo 

kQLx¿ 

x]S;, ?n/, k]lG;n, 

sDkf;, ;fOgk]g, 

?n/, s} ―rL, k]lG;n, 

sf8{af]8{ 

kfOyfuf]/; ;fWo, :yfgfGt/0fsf] cjwf/0ff 

k"0ff{ªssf] t'ngf, hf]8, 36fp, wgfTds 

;ª\Vofsf] u'0fg, efu, wgfTds / C0ffTds 

;ª\Vofsf] hf]8, leGgsf] hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efu, 

bzdnjsf] hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efu, 

c;dfgtfsf] xn 

sin / cos sf ) ) b]lv #^) ) ;Ddsf dfgx¿ 

;dLs/0f, uGtL ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]ukmn lgsfNg] 

;"q, hf]8 / 36fpsf cfwf/e"t tYox¿, hf]8sf] 

qmdljgLdo u'0f 

HofldtLo cfs[ltx¿ -ju{, ;=r=, lqe'h_, ljleGg 

cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f, 

sf]0fx¿sf] juL{s/0f, sf]0fsf] lbzf, lqsf]0fldtLo 

cg'kft, lqe'h, rt'e{ 'h, ax'e'hx¿sf] cjwf/0ff 

låcfwf/ ;ª\VofnfO{ b;cfwf/ ;ª\Vofdf / b; 

cfwf/ ;ª\VofnfO{ låcfwf/ ;ª\Vofdf kl/jt{g 

sf7 jf ;fa'g (a+b) 3 , (a-b) 3 , a3-b 3 , a3+b 3 , sf] wf/0ff, 

s} ―rL, sf8{af]8{, 

;fOgk]g 

cleJo~hsx¿sf] hf]8, 36fpsf] wf/0ff . 

(a+b) 2 , (a-b) 2 , a2-b 2 h:tf v08Ls/0fsf] 

cjwf/0ff, k"0ff{ª\ssf] hf]8, 36fp, 

cleJo~hssf] hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, 

gf]6M oL lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ lgdf{0fsf nflu ul0ft lzIf0f ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t lgDgdfWolds tyf 

dfWolds lzIfs tflnd, Ps dlxg] k|yd df]8'nsf] PsfO ^ x]g'{xf]nf 

. 

ul0ft k|of]uzfnf 

ul0ft k|of]uzfnf eg]sf] ul0ftsf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg] 7fp― dfq geO{ ul0ft l;Sg], lzIf0f 

ug] { ljlw (Approach) klg xf] h; cGtu{t cGj]if0f ug] { (Exploring), vf]hL ug] { 

(Investigation), kl/sNkgf agfpg] (Hypothesizing), k|of]u ug] { (Experimenting) / 

69

;fdfGoLs/0f ug] { (Generalizing) k|lqmofx¿ kb{5g\ . k|of]uzfnfsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ 

ul0ftLo 1fgsf] k|of]u b}lgs hLjgdf x'g] s'/fdf cEo:t ug{ dbt ldNb5 . ul0ft k|of]uzfnfdf 

ljBfyL{x¿ 7f]; j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L ;lqmo ¿kdf rnfpg] (Manipulate), cfk"mn] u/]sf s'/f 

;f]Rg], 5nkmn ug] {, cfk"mn] ] kQf nufPsf s'/fx¿ n]Vg] h:tf ;Lk ljsf; ug] { df}sf k|fKt 

ub{5g\ . ul0ft k|of]uzfnfdf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk} ―mn] u/]/ l;Sg] (Learning by doing) x'―bf 

lzIfssf] e"ldsf s]jn kyk|bz{s cyjf ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf /xG5 . ul0ft k|of]uzfnfsf] 

pkof]lutf tyf dxŒj tnsf a'―bfx¿af6 

:ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 . 

s_ 7f]; txdf ;+nUgtf (Involvement at a Concrete Level) 

7f]; j:t'x¿;―u rNg] x'gfn] ljBfyL{x¿n] ;f]Rg kfp5g\ cg';Gwfg ug{ kfp―5g\ h;n] ubf{ 

ul0ft l;sfO ;fy{s aGb5 . 7f]; ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ljgf 3f]Sg] ljlwaf6 l;s]sf] s'/f ;fy{s 

x'g ;Sb}g . 

v_ df}g ;~rf/ (Nonverbal communication) 

7f]; ;fdu|Lx¿sf] df}g ;~rf/sf] df}sf k|bfg ub{5 . ljgf k|jrg ljBfyL{x¿n] s'g} ;d:of 

;dfwfgsf nflu pkfox¿ hfGb5g\ . lzIfsn] klg ljBfyL{x¿n] JofVof gu/Lsg pgLx¿sf] 

l;sfOsf] tx n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Sb5 . o;sf] cy{ k9fO / af]nfO (Reading and 

Verbalization) nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug'{ 

kb{5 eGg] xf]Og . 

u_ ;sf/fTds efjgf (Positive Thinking) 

k|of]uzfnf ljlwaf6 x/]s ljBfyL{n] cfk\mgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ cfk\mg} ultdf sfd ub{5g\ / ul0ft 

l;Sb5g\ . cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfd cfk} ―mn] 7Ls eP gePsf] 5'6\ofpg ;Sb5g\ . ;fdu|L;―u sfd 

ubf{ s;}sf] 8/ gdfgLsg :jM:k"mt{ jftfj/0fdf l;Sg ;lsg] / ljBfyL{x¿ klg /dfp―5g\ . 

ljBfyL{sf cfTdljZjf; a9\5 / ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . 

3_ ul0lto wf/0ffdf Aofkstf (Broader view of Mathematics) 

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 ljBfyL{n] ul0ftLo wf/0ffnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg ;S5g\ . z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ul0ftLo 9f―rfx¿ qmd, ;DaGw, cflbsf] cy{k"0f{ wf/0ff ljsf; ug{ 

;lsG5 . h:t}M lhof]af]8{sf] k|of]uaf6 sf]0f, lqe'h, rt'e{ 'hsf] wf/0ff km/flsnf] agfpg 

;lsG5 . 

lzIf0f ljlw 

æ;'g] lal;{G5, b]v] ;lDemG5, u/] hflgG5 / k|of]u ul//x] afgL k5{ .Æ of] plQm ul0ft lzIf0fsf] 

If]qdf klg plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . lkofh]sf] l;WbfGtcg';f/ klg ljBfno txsf 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿ lb―bf ;'?df 7f]; cyf{t\ d"t{ j:t' tyf lrqx¿sf] h?/t kb{5 . 

clg dfq lx;fa ug] { cEof; ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . ljBfno txsf] ul0ft lzIf0fsf qmddf h'g;'s} 

wf/0ff÷ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0f ubf{ 7f]; (concrete), cw{7f]; (semiconcrete) / ;ª\s]t 

(symbolic) r/0fx¿af6 ug'{kb{5 

. lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ul/g] jf:tljs j:t'÷gd'gfx¿ 

7f];, ljleGg k|sf/sf lrq, rf6{ cflb cw{7f];\ / cª\s÷;ª\s]t dfq n]vL ul0ftLo lqmof ug'{ 

;ª\s]t r/0f xf] . ul0ftsf] lzIf0f tn pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/sf r/0fdf ug'{kb{5 

M 

70

7f]; 

cw{7f]; 

;ª\s]t 

oL r/0fx¿dWo] 7f]; r/0f / cw{7f]; r/0fsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ ge} x'b}g . z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f / k|of]uaf6 dfq ul0ft lzIf0fdf -sIffsf]7f lqmofsnfkdf _ ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

;lqmo ;xeflutf j[lWbug{, ul0ftk|lt ;sf/fTds clej[lQsf] ljsf; ug{, ul0ft l;sfOnfO{ ;xh, 

cy{k"0f{ / lr/:yfoL agfpg / ;du|df ul0ft lzIf0fnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . tn s]xL 

lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] rrf{ ul/G5 M 

cfudg / lgudg ljlw (Inductive and Deductive Approaches) 

cfudg ljlw 

ljlzi6af6 ;fwf/0flt/, 7f];af6 efjfTdslt/ pbfx/0faf6 ;"qlt/ hfg] ts{sf] k|jfxnfO{ cfudg 

ljlw elgG5 . o; ljlwdf 7f]; (concrete) pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df ts{k"0f{ lgisif{ (reasonable 

conclusion) lgsflnG5 . cjnf]sg / k|of]uaf6 lgisif{df k'Ug] x'gfn] o; ljlwaf6 cWofkg ubf{ 

lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L aGg], ljleGg ul0ftLo wf/0ff÷ljifoj:t'aLr ;DaGw :tflkt x'g] tyf 

;d:ofsf] cy{k"0f{ tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] o; ljlwnfO{ ul0ft lzIf0fdf lgs} 

dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . 

lgudg ljlw 

;fwf/0faf6 ljlzi6lt/, efjfTdsaf6 7f];lt/, ;"qaf6 pbfx/0flt/ cfpg] ts{sf] k|jfxnfO{ 

lgudg ljlw elgG5 . ;a} ul0ftsf] clGtd ¿k g} lgudg ¿k xf] . o; ljlwdf lzIfsn] 

sIffdf kf7 ;'? ug] { kf7l;t ;DalGwt ;"q / ;f]sf] k|of]u s;/L ug] { eGg]af/]df hfgsf/L lbP/ 

;f]xLcg';f/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ÷lx;fa ug{ nufpg] ljlw g} lgudg ljlw xf] . 

cfudgfTds ts{ k|0ffnLsf] ;'? pbfx/0fx¿af6 x'G5 / w]/} eGbf w]/} pbfx/0fx¿df kfOg] ;dfg 

u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df Pp6f lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . of] lgisif{ g} lgudgfTds ts{ k|0ffnLsf nflu 

ul0ftLo l;4fGt aG5 / kl5 o;nfO{ { k|dfl0ft ul/;s]kl5 ul0ftLo l;4fGt jf k"0f{ ul0ftsf] ¿k 

lnG5 . cfh ljsl;t ul0ft ;'?df cfudg k4ltaf6 l;h{gf u/L lgudgåf/f k|dfl0ft ePkl5 

k"0f{ ul0ft ag]sf] xf] . 

cfudg ljlw / lgudg ljlw ul0ft lzIf0fdf plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg] s'/f lgDglnlvt 

egfOaf6 k|:6 x'G5 M æcfudg ljgf ul0ft cGwf] x'G5, lgudg ljgf ul0ft nª\u8f] x'G5 .Æ 

cyf{t\, cfudg ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Pg eg] ul0ftLo wf/0ff÷lgisif{ s;/L cfof] eGg] 

b]lv―b}g‘a'le―mb}g eg] lgudg ljlw k|of]u gul/Pdf ul0ftLo lqmofsf] cEof;åf/f ul0ftLo 

wf/0ffsf] ;jnLs/0f ug{df l9nf / s7Lg x'g hfG5, lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{ cl3 a9\g ;Sb}g . 

71

;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw 

ul0ftLo zflAbs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ubf{ ‖;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw‗ a9L k|of]udf NofOG5 . o;/L 

ul0ftLo zflAbs ;d:ofnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfwfg ul/Pdf ljBfyL{df 

j}1flgs tl/sfn] ts{ ug] { zlQmsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwsf r/0fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf 

George Polya n] lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M 

;d:of ;dfwfgsf r/0fx¿ 

s_ ;d:of /fd|/L a'e\mg] (Understanding the problem) 

v_ ;dfwfgsf] of]hgf agfpg] (Thinking of Plan) 

u_ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug] { (Carry out the plan) 

3_ kl/0ffdnfO{ hf―Rg] jf d"Nofª\sg ug] { (Looking back) 

of] ljlw ul0ftLo zflAbs ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fy} cGo ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu klg 

lgs} pkof]uL / dxŒjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . t;y{ lzIfsn] o; ljlwsf pko'{Qm 

r/0fx¿nfO{ ul0ftLo 

;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ubf{ cg'z/0f ug'{kb{5 

. oL r/0fx¿nfO{ lj:t[t¿kdf lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v 

ug{ ;lsG5 M 

s_ ;d:of /fd|/L a'e\mg] (Understanding the problem) 

s'g} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{eGbf 

klxn] Tof] ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|/L a'e\mg'kb{5 . ;d:of a'e\mg' 

kbf{ / a'emfpg' kbf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M 

� ;d:ofdf s] lbOPsf] xf] 5'6\ofpg] . 

� rflxg] ;ª\s]t, sl7g zAbx¿ / ;"qx¿ kQf nufpg] . 

� ;d:ofsf] Pp6f 9f―rf tof/ kfg] { / ldNg] gldNg] tYox¿ 5'6\ofpg] . 

� ;d:ofdf lbOPsf] s'/f / lgsfNg'kg] { s'/f 5'6\ofpg] . 

v_ ;dfwfgsf] of]hgf agfpg] (Thinking of a Plan) 

;d:ofnfO{ /fd|/L a'lem;s]kl5 ;dfwfgsf nflu ljljw pkfox¿ ;f]Rg'kg] { x'G5 . ;d:ofn] s] 

kQf nufpg] eg]sf] 5 < eg]sf] s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 < eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df /fd|f] 

of]hgf tof/ kfg'{kb{5 

. o:tf] of]hgf agfp―bf lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 M 

� lbOPsf] ;d:ofsf] 9f―rf s:tf] 5 < ljrf/ ug] { . 

� ;d:ofdf ePsf zAbfjnLx¿sf] plrt k|of]u ug] { . 

� ;d:ofnfO{ 7Ls 9ª\un] 6'q\mofpg] . 

� ;dfwfgsf nflu ;lhnf] tl/sfsf] 5gf]6 ug] { . 

� ;d:ofnfO{ lrq, u|fkm cflbdf JoQm ug{ ;lsg] eP To;/L JoQm ug] { . 

u_ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug] { (Carry out the plan) 

;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 xf]lzof/Lk"j{s of]hgf sfof{Gjog 

ug'{kb{5 

. of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ lgDgcg';f/ ug'{kb{5 

M 

72

� of]hgfcg';f/ k|To]s r/0fsf] xn ug] { 

� ;dfwfgsf] x/]s r/0fdf 7Ls eof] ePg hf―r ub} { hfg'kb{5 . 

� k|To]s r/0fdf ts{ ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt x'g'kb{5 . s'g}s'g} cj:yfdf a'e]msf s'/fx¿nfO{ 

klg /fd|/L JoQm ug{ ;ls―b}g, o:tf] kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm k|Zgx¿sf] dbtn] ts{ ug{ / 

of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ dbt k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . 

3_ \sg ug] { (Looking Back) 

;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfln;s]kl5 ;dfwfg ;xL eof] jf ePg x]g'{kb{5 

. ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] 

of]eGbf csf] { s'g} tl/sf klg 5 ls < of]eGbf ;/n tl/sf csf] { 5 ls < cflb s'/fdf ljz]if 

Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;ª\If]kdf eGg'kbf{ lzIfsn] ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg u/fp―bf lgDglnlvt 

k|Zgx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 M 

� ;d:ofdf lbOPsf s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ < 

� ;d:ofn] s] kQf nufpg eg]sf] 5 < 

� ;d:ofnfO{ hgfpg 7f]; j:t', gd'gf, tflnsf, lrqx¿ cflb s]xL agfpg ;lsG5 < 

� ul0ftLo efiffdf s;/L n]Vg] < 

� ul0ftsf] s'g lqmof k|of]u ug] { < 

� ul0ftLo lqmofaf6 ;d:ofsf] xn s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 

� pQ/ 7Ls 5 < 

� cGo tl/sfaf6 klg ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lsG5 ls < 

ljleGg kf7x¿sf] lzIf0f 

s_ (a + b) 2 sf] la:tf/ 

(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 

A 

a b 

a 2 

b 2 

a b 

D 

B a b C 

lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ju{ xf] h;sf] nDafO = rf}8fO = a+b 5 . 

To;}n] o;sf] If]qkmn = (a + b) 2 x'G5 . 

73

ca, o;sf k|To]s 6'qmfsf] If]qkmn lgsfn]/ hf]8\bf, a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 

x'G5 . 

t;y{, (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 eof] . 

v_ (a - b) 2 sf] la:tf/ 

lrqdf b]vfOPh:t} ju{ ABCD nfO{ nDafO = rf}8fO = a x'g] u/L /]vfª\sg u/f} ― . 

a-b 

A 

G 

b 

B 

a-b 

b 2 

D 

C 

To;}u/L pQm ju{sf] nDafO = rf}8fO = a af6 b 36fO{ a-b cª\sg u/L /]vfª\sg u/f} ― . 

ca a-b sf] ju{ lgsfNg ju{ AGOE afx]ssf ;a} 6'j|mfx¿ lgsfNg'÷x6fpg'k5{ . 

cfot EFCD sf] If]qkmn = a�b x'G5 . o;/L cfot EFCD 6'j|mf lgsfn]kl5 cfot 

BGHC lgsfNg b 2 If]qkmn ePsf] ju{ FOHC yKg'kg] { x'G5 . o;/L yk]kl5 cfot BGHC 

sf] If]qkmn = ab eof] . oL b'j} cfot 36fp―bf - 2ab eof] . 

To;}n] (a - b) 2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2 eof] . 

u_ (a 2 - b 2 ) sf] v08Ls/0f 

E 

F 

tnsf] klxnf] lrqdf lbOPsf] ju{sf] nDafO = rf}8fO = a / If]qkmn a�a = a 2 xf] . 

To;}u/L 5fof kfl/Psf] ju{sf] nDafO = rf}8fO = b / If]qkmn b�b = b 2 xf] . 

ca, a 2 - b 2 sf] cy{af/] 5nkmn u/L a 2 - b 2 sf] cy{ a 2 af6 b 2 36fpg] cyf{t\ lemSg] xf] eGg] 

lgisif{df k'Ug] . 

bf];|f] lrqdf, b 2 36fPkl5 af―sL /x]sf] a 2 - b 2 xf] . 

a 

O 

a 2 

H 

a 

b 

b 2 

a 

a 

74

ca, bf];|f] lrqsf] If]qkmn lgsfNg o;nfO{ cfotfsf/ agfpg b 2 sf] ljs0f{af6 l;wf sf6]/ 

lrqdf h:t} ldnfpg] . 

ca of] Pp6f cfot aGof] . of] cfotsf] nDafO (a +b) / rf}8fO (a -b) 5 . 

To;sf/0f If]qkmn = (a +b) (a -b) eof] . 

To;}n], (a 2 - b 2 ) = (a +b) (a -b) eof] . 

3_ x 2 +2x+1 sf] v08Ls/0f 

ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf tLg lsl;dsf sf7sf jf bx|f] sf8{af]8{sf 6'qmf lbg] . klxnf] vfn] 6'qmf 

juf{sf/ 5g\ h;nfO{ If]qkmn yfxf gePsf] ju{ cyf{t\ x 2 eGg ;lsG5 lsgls o; ju{sf] 

nDafO / rf}8fO b'j} x 5g\ . bf];|f]vfn] 6'qmfx¿ cfotfsf/ 5g\ h;nfO{ If]qkmn yfxf 

gePsf] cfot cyf{t\ x eGg ;lsG5 lsgls o;sf] nDafO x / rf}8fO 1 5g\ . t];|f]vfn] 

6'qmfx¿ juf{sf/ 5g\ h;sf nDafO / rf}8fO b'j} 1 5 cyf{t\ If]qkmn 1 ju{ PsfO 5 . 

ljBfyL{nfO{ tL 6'qmfx¿ ;d"xdf v]Ng lbO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf cfwf/df sfd ug{ nufpg] M 

s] ltdLx¿ oL 6'qmfx¿ ldnfP/ oLeGbf klg 7"nf ju{ agfpg ;S5f} < 

ljBfyL{n] lgDgfg';f/sf] ] ju{ lgdf{0f ug] { 5g\ . 

x 2 

a 

x 1 

x+1 

b 

x 2 x 1 

x 

x+1 

tL ju{x¿sf nDafO, rf}8fO / If]qkmnsf] ;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn u/fp―b} v08Ls/0f / 

u'0fgv08sf] wf/0ff ljBfyL{nfO{ g} vf]hsf] dfWodaf6 lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg] . 

b 

a 

75

ca, (x +1) (x+1) = x 2 +2x+1= (x + 1) 2 x'G5 eGg] 

] lgisif{ ljBfyL{ :jod\n] lgsfNg ;Sg] 

5g\ . 

76

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 

s_ tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M 

!) � % = %) 

1. b'O{cf]6f ;d"x A = {2,3,5,7,9} / B = {1,7,9,11} 5g\ . tL ;d"xsf] ;+of]hg (union) / 

k|ltR5]bg (intersection) nfO{ e]glrqsf] k|of]u u/L s;/L lzIf0f ug'{x'G5, 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

2. kf7\oqmdsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ cg';/0f ug'{kg] 

{ cfwf/x¿ s]s] x'g\ tL dWo] s'g} rf/cf]6f cfwf/x¿ 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3. ‖ul0ft ljifo eg]sf] lx;fa u/]/ pQ/ lgsfNg] xf]‗ eg]/ sIffdf Psb'O{cf]6f lx;fa af]8{df 

ul/lbP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ljBfyL{nfO{ lx;fa ug{ nufpg] u/]sf Ps ul0ft lzIfsnfO{ ul0ftLo wf/0ff 

:ki6 kfg{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{ 'kg] { cfjZostf af]w s;/L u/fpg'x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ . 

4. ul0ft lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u lsg ul/G5 < rf/cf]6f a'―bfdf 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

5. # lsnf] ;'Gtnfsf] d"No ?= !@) k5{ eg] % lsnf] ;'Gtnfsf] d"No slt knf{ < pQm ;d:ofnfO{ 

;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwaf6 s;/L lzIf0f ug'{x'G5 

< ;lj:tf/ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

6. Jofjxfl/s jf ljlzi6 p2]Zo eg]sf] s] xf] < ;d"x (set) kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ 1fg, af]w / 

;d:of ;dfwfg txsf PsPscf]6f Jofjxfl/s p2]Zo lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ 

. 

7. ul0ft lzIf0f ug{sf nflu sIff ^ df hf―bf tkfO{ 

―nfO{ ljBfyL{n] ;f]w] M -5 × -7 = -35 geP/ 

lsg +35 ePsf] ;/ < ljBfyL{sf] lh1fzf zfGt kfg{sf nflu o;sf] hjfkm s;/L lbg'x'G5 < 

8. x 2 +5x+6 sf] v08Ls/0f wf/0ff Jofjxfl/s ljlwaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L lbg ;lsG5 < lrq;lxt 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

9. tkfO{ 

+ Ps tflndk|fKt ul0ft lzIfssf] x}l;otn] ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / lzIfs 

lgb] {lzsfnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug'{x'G5 

< 

10. (a 2 - b 2 ) = (a +b) (a -b) s;/L x'G5 eGg] ga'e]msf ljBfyL{nfO{ ‖of] Pp6f ;"q xf], o;nfO{ s07 

kf/]/ lx;fa ubf{ ;"q nufpg'k5{‗ eg]/ lzIf0f ul//x]sf Ps ul0ft lzIfssf] ;6\6fdf tkfO{ +n] 

lzIf0f ug'{k/]df 

;f] ;"q s;/L cfp―5 egL ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L a'emfpg'x'G5 < lrq;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 

11. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 x'G5 egL k|of]ufTds ¿kaf6 s;/L a'emfpg'x'G5 < lrq;lxt 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

12. lqe'hsf cfwf/sf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ cfudg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k|dfl0ft 

ug'{x'G5 

< 

13. ;djfx' lqe'hsf] lzIf0f k|efjsf/L ¿kdf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < r/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

14. sIff * df HofldtL lzIf0f ubf{ æb'O{ ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿nfO{ Pp6f 5]bsn] sf6\bf aGg] PsfGt/ 

sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\Æ eGg] tYonfO{ cfudg ljlwåf/f s;/L lzIf0f ug'{x'G5 

< pbfx/0f;lxt 

k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

77

v_ tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] lj:t[t pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M 

@ � !) = @) 

15. cfudg / lgudg ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] < aLhul0ft lzIf0fdf cfudg / lgudg ljlwåf/f 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s;/L l;sfpg ;lsG5 < PsPscf]6f pbfx/0f ;lxt k|:6\ofpg'xf];\ . 

16. lgDgdfWolds txdf ul0ft ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ 7f]; / cw{7f]; z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ 

lzIf0f ug'{ 

kg] {df Ps hgf lzIfsn] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPg eg] pQm lzIfsnfO{ 

z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ s;/L clek| ]l/t ug'{ 

x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ . 

17. xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿ lx;fa u/]/ pQ/ lgsfNg hfGb5g\ t/ ToxL ul0ftLo wf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df 

k|of]u ug{df sdhf]/ kfOg] u/]sf] 5 . ul0ftLo wf/0ffsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]unfO{ ;an kfg{ ul0ft 

ljifodf klg k|of]ufTds cEof; tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg] 

{ cfjZostf b]Vg'x'G5 < cfk\mgf] ljrf/ 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

18. ul0ft ljifosf ljifoj:t'÷wf/0ffx¿nfO{ d"ntM ;}4flGts ljlw (algorithm) sf] k|of]u u/]/ 

lzIf0f ug] { ul/Psf] kl/k| ]Iodf ul0ftnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds ¿kaf6 lzIf0f ug{sf nflu 

ul0ft k|of]uzfnfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'li6 ug{ cfk\mgf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ 

. 

19. Pp6f k;n]n] !@) cf]6f c08f ?= %)) df lsg]/ *) cf]6fnfO{ ?= % k|ltuf]6fsf] b/n] a]r]5 . 

af―sL c08f ?= $=%) k|lt uf]6fdf a]r]5g\ eg] slt k|ltzt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg xf]nf < of] 

;d:ofnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwåf/f s;/L lzIf0f ug'{x'G5 

< ;d:of ;dfwfgsf k|To]s r/0f 

;dfj]z u/L kf7of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ . 

k|Zg g+= ! sf] pQ/ M 

oxf―, A={2,3,5,7,9} 

B={1,7,9,11} 

;d"x A / B nfO{ { e]glrqdf lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg nufpg] M 

;d"xx¿sf] k|ltR5]bg lgsfNgsf 5nkmn ub} 

{ lgDgfg';f/ u/fpg] M 

� klxn] dfly b]vfPcg';f/ j[Qfsf/ lrqx¿sf] s]xL efu vlK6g] u/L agfpg nufpg], 

� ;d"x A / B sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;DalGwt lrqleq n]Vg nufpg] . 

78

� b'j} ;d"xdf ;femf ePsf ;b:onfO{ aLrsf] vlK6Psf] efudf n]Vg nufpg], 

� vlK6Psf] efudf k/]sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ g} A � B elgG5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg 

nufpg] . 

To;}u/L, ;d"xx¿sf] ;+of]hg lzIf0fsf] qmddf lgDgfg';f/ u/fpg ;lsG5 M 

� ;d"x A / B sf ;b:ox¿ s'gs'g 5g\ eGg nufpg], 

� ;d"x A / B sf ;b:ox¿ s'gs'g bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\, klxrfg ug{ nufpg] . 

� oL b'j} ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ Ps} 7fp―df /fv]/ Pp6} ;d"x agfpg nufO{ ;d"xsf] gfd eGg 

nufpg], 

� Tof] ;d"x g} ;d"x A / B sf] ;+of]hg xf] eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug] . 

k|Zg g+= & sf] pQ/ 

ljBfyL{nfO{ C0ffTds / C0ffTds u'0fg ubf{ wgfTds x'G5 eGg] :ki6 kfg{ Pp6f ul0ftLo 9f―rf 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ljBfyL{n] (+a)�(+b) = (+ab) x'G5 eGg] s'/f hfgL;s]sf 5g\ 

eGg] dfgf} ― . ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf tn lbOPcg';f/sf] tflnsf k"/f ug{ nufpg'kb{5 M 

(-a) × (-b) = +ab x'G5 eGg] b]vfpg ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf tn lbOPcg';f/sf] tflnsf k"/f ug{ 

nufpg'kb{5 M 

(-3) × (+3) = -9 

(-3) × (+2) = -6 

(-3) × (+1) = -3 

(-3) × (0) = 0 

(-3) × (-1) = +3 

(-3) × (-2) = +6 

(-3) × (-3) = ........ 

............................ 

(-a) × (-b) = ? 

ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|Zgx¿ / 5nkmn u/fpg] M 

� klxnf] nx/ (column) sf] ;ª\Vof pxL 5 . bf];|f] nx/sf ;ª\Vof s] eO/x]sf] 5 < 

� s] ltdLx¿ of] 9f―rfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;S5f} < 

� of] 9f―rf k"/f ug{ s'g} lglZrt lgod kQf nufpg ;S5f} < 

o; 5nkmnaf6 (-a) × (-b) = +ab x'G5 eGg] lgod ;fdfGoLs/0f u/fpg' kb{5 . 

79

k|Zg g+= * sf] pQ/ 

x 2 +5x+6 sf] v08Ls/0f 

ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf tn b]vfOPcg';f/sf tLg lsl;dsf sf7sf jf bx|f] sf8{af]8{sf 6'qmf lbg] . 

klxnf] vfn] 6'qmf juf{sf/ 5g\ h;nfO{ If]qkmn yfxf gePsf] ju{ cyf{t\ x 2 eGg ;lsG5 lsgls 

o; ju{sf] nDafO / rf}8fO b'j} x 5g\ . bf];|f]vfn] 6'qmfx¿ cfotfsf/ 5g\ h;nfO{ If]qkmn yfxf 

gePsf] cfot cyf{t\ x eGg ;lsG5 lsgls o;sf] nDafO x / rf}8fO 1 5g\ . t];|f]vfn] 

6'qmfx¿ juf{sf/ 5g\ h;sf nDafO / rf}8fO b'j} 1 5 cyf{t\ If]qkmn 1 ju{ PsfO 5 . 

x 2 x x x x x 1 1 1 1 1 1 

ljBfyL{nfO{ tL 6'qmfx¿ ;d"xdf v]Ng lbO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf cfwf/df sfd ug{ nufpg] M 

s] ltdLx¿ oL 6'qmfx¿ ldnfP/ oLeGbf klg 7"nf cfot agfpg ;S5f} < 

ljBfyL{n] lgDgfg;f/sf] ] cfot lgdf{0f ug] { 5g\ M 

x 2 

x 

x 

x+3 

x 

x x 

1 1 1 

1 1 1 

x+2 

tL ju{x¿sf nDafO, rf}8fO / If]qkmnsf] ;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn u/fp―b} v08Ls/0fsf] wf/0ff 

ljBfyL{nfO{ g} vf]hsf] dfWodaf6 lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg] . 

ca, x 2 +5x+6 = (x +3) (x +2) x'G5 eGg] ] lgisif{ ljBfyL{ :jod\n] lgsfNg ;Sg] 5g\ . 

k|Zg g+= !% sf] pQ/ M 

cfudg ljlw 

ljlzi6af6 ;fwf/0flt/, 7f];af6 efjfTdslt/, pbfx/0faf6 ;"qlt/ hfg] ljlwnfO{ cfudg ljlw 

elgG5 . o; ljlwdf 7f]; (concrete) pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df ts{k"0f{ lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . cjnf]sg 

/ k|of]uaf6 lgisif{df k'Ug] x'gfn] o; ljlwaf6 cWofkg ubf{ lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L aGg], 

80

ljleGg ul0ftLo wf/0ff÷ljifoj:t'aLr ;DaGw :yflkt x'g] tyf ;d:ofsf] cy{k"0f{ tl/sfn] 

;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] o; ljlwnfO{ ul0ft lzIf0fdf lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . 

lgudg ljlw 

of] cfudg ljlwsf] ljkl/t ljlw xf] . o;df ;fwf/0faf6 ljlzi6lt/, efjfTdsaf6 7f];lt/, 

;"qaf6 pbfx/0flt/ ts{sf] k|jfx x'g] ub{5 . ;a} ul0ftsf] clGtd ¿k g} lgudg ¿k xf] . 

lzIfsn] sIffdf lzIf0f ug] { kf7l;t ;DalGwt ;"q / ;f]sf] k|of]u s;/L ug] { eGg]af/]df 

hfgsf/L lbP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ÷lx;fa ug{ nufpg] ljlw g} lgudg ljlw xf] . 

cfudgfTds ts{ k|0ffnLsf] ;'? pbfx/0fx¿af6 x'G5 / w]/} pbfx/0fx¿df kfOg] ;dfg 

u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df Pp6f lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . of] lgisif{ g} lgudgfTds ts{ k|0ffnLsf nflu 

ul0ftLo l;4fGt aG5 / o;}sf] k|of]u u/L ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿sf] xn ul/G5 . 

;a} ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿sf] lzIf0f ubf{ cfudg / lgudg ljlwsf] k|of]u ;fy;fy} ug'{kb{5 

. klxn] 

cfudg ljlwaf6 wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/;s] kl5 lgudg ljlwaf6 ;f] wf/0ffsf] ;anLs/0fsf nflu 

cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . ul0ft lzIf0fdf klg oxL s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ 

kb{5 . 

cfudg ljlwaf6 lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]ukmnsf] ju{d"n lgsfNg] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f} ― . 

oxf―, s]xL lahf]/ ;ªVofx¿sf] of]ukmnsf] ju{d"n lgsfNb} hfcf} ― M 

1 = 1 

1+3 = 4 = 2 

1+3+5 = 9 = 3 

1+3+5+7 = 16 = 4 

1+3+5+7+9 = 25 = 5 

................................................ 

1+3+5+7+9+....+99 = ? 

ca 1 b]lv 99 ;Ddsf lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] of]ukmnsf] ju{d"n lgsfNgsf nflu 99 ;Ddsf ;a} 

lahf]/ ;ªVof hf]8]/ ju{d"n lgsfNg ;do a9L nfUg] x'G5 . t;y{, ;'¿sf s]xL ;ª\Vofsf] 

ju{d"n cfpg] ] 9f―rfsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/L 9f―rf kQf nufpg] . oxf―, hltcf]6f 

ljhf]/ ;ª\Vof -kb_ sf] of]ukmnsf] ju{d"n lgsfNg] xf] ToxL ;ª\Vof -kbsf] ;ª\Vof_ g} ju{d"n 

cfpg] /x]5 eGg] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ nufpg] . 

ca, 1 b]lv 99 ;Ddf hDdf 50 cf]6f lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿ x'G5g\ . t;y{, 

1+3+5+7+9+....+99 = 50 x'G5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg nufpg] . 

lgudg ljlwsf] pbfx/0f M 

(a 2 - b 2 ) = (a +b) (a -b) x'G5 eGg] lgisif{af6 c¿ aLhLo cleJo~hs, dfgf} ― 16x 2 - 25y 2 sf], 

v08Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu klxn] 16x 2 - 25y 2 nfO{ (4x) 2 - (5y) 2 agfO{ (a 2 - b 2 ) sf] 

:j¿kdf nuL o;nfO{ (a 2 - b 2 ) = (a +b) (a -b) ;―u t'ngf ubf{, (4x) 2 - (5y) 2 = (4x +5y) (4x -5y) 

x'G5 . 

81

k|Zg g+= !* sf] pQ/ n]Vg] ;Gyfx¿ (Hints) 

o; k|Zgsf] pQ/sf nflu lgDglnlvt a'―bfx¿nfO{ 5f]6f] JofVof ug'{xf];\ 

M 

� ul0ft k|of]uzfnf eg]sf] s] xf] < 

� ul0ftsf k|of]uzfnfdf s:tf ;fdu|L s;/L h'6fpg ;lsG5 < 

� ul0ft k|of]uzfnfsf] pkof]lutf tyf dxŒj 

� 7f]; txdf ;+nUgtf 

� df}g ;~rf/ 

� ;sf/fTds efjgf 

� ul0ftLo wf/0ffdf Jofkstf 

82

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof tyf g}lts lzIff 

sIff !–* ;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . kf7\oqmd k|f¿k, @)^# n] 

ljBfno lzIffnfO{ b'O{ txdf juL{s/0f u/L sIff !–* nfO{ cfwf/e"t tx / sIff (–!@ nfO{ 

dfWolds lzIffsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !& -!_ df 

cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lng kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd 

-@)^^–@)&@_ n] klg ljBfno txsf] lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff / dfWolds lzIffsf] ¿kdf b'O{ 

txdf ljefhg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxf― cfwf/e"t txsf] af/]df dfq rrf{ ul/G5 . 

ljleGg b:tfj]hx¿n] sIff !–* sf] lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] ¿kdf /fVg'kg] { s'/fnfO{ 

dWogh/ u/L kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;f]xLcg';f/ x'g] u/L kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / cGo 

k7g;fdu|Lx¿ kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ ub} { nu]sf] 5 . 

kf7\oqmd 

kf7\oqmd k|f¿k, @)^# n] cfwf/e"t txnfO{ klg tLg r/0fdf ljefhg ul/g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 

5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] klg oxL s'/fnfO{ cf} ―NofPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ sIff !–# nfO{ 

k|f/lDes lzIff, sIff $–% nfO{ k|fylds lzIff / sIff ^–* nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf pRr 

k|fylds lzIffsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;cg';f/ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] lgDgfg';f/sf] 

kf7\oqmd ;+/rgf agfPsf] 5 M 

k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] 9f“rf 

qm=;+= ljifo sIff !–# sIff $–% 

kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s 

! g]kfnL * !)) * !)) 

@ cª\u| ]hL % !)) % !)) 

# ul0ft ^ !)) ^ !)) 

$ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf ^ !)) 

% lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff % !)) 

^ :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff $ !)) $ !)) 

& ;fdflhs cWoog % &% 

* l;h{gfTds snf # @% 

( lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f $ %) 

!) :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff $ %) 

hDdf #$ ^)) #( ^)) 

83

;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf cnucnu ljifo eP/ klg ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ / 

k':tssf] ljsf;, 5kfO, / ljt/0fdf ;xh xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] kf7\ok':tsnfO{ Ps} 7fp― afOlG8ª 

ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog v08df hg;ª\Vof lzIff nufot cGo ;fdflhs tyf dfgljsL 

lj1fg;―u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ PsLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . 

sIff !–% df ;fdflhs cWoog ljifocGtu{t lgDglnlvt ljifoIf]q ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M 

1= cfk"m / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]s 

2= xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf 

3= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg 

4= gful/s r]tgf 

5= xfd|f] k[YjL 

6= xfd|f] ljut 

7= xfd|f] cfly{s lqmofsnfk 

s_ ;fdflhs cWoog k|fylds tx sIff !–# / $–% sf] txut p2]Zox¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 

5g\ M 

1= cfk"m, cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]ssf] kl/ro lbg 

2= ;fdflhs s'/Llt, 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; cflb lj¿4 ;r]t /xg 

3= cfk\mgf] ;d'bfosf /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, lnª\u, k];f, wd{ tyf 

rf8kj{k|lt ;b\efj /fvL ;Ddfg ug{ 

4= cfk\mgf] b]zk|lt dfof, >4f, elQmefj b]vfpg tyf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfcg';f/ 

cfr/0f ug{ 

5= :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf /fli6«o:t/sf Voflt k|fKt JolQmx¿sf] sfdaf6 k| ]/0ff lng / 

pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ 

6= ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ 

7= dfgjclwsf/, afnclwsf/ / st{Jok|lt ;r]t /xL Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf pkof]u ug{ 

8= ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ tyf lgodx¿ kfngf ug{ 

9= ljleGg :yfgLo lgsfox¿ - j8f, uflj;÷gu/kflnsf / lhlj; _ sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ 

atfpg 

10= cfk"m /x]sf] jl/kl/sf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k cWoog u/L j0f{g ug{ / gS;f agfpg] cEof; 

ug{ 

11= k[YjLsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg / g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿ksf] cWoog j0f{g ug{ 

12= l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg 

13= cfk\mgf] ;d'bfo tyf /fi6«sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld atfpg / P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] vf]hL 

ug{ 

14= >dsf] ;Ddfg ug{ tyf >d ug] { / ldtJooL x'g] afgL a;fNg 

84

15= :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L j0f{g ug{ / To;df ;Sbf] 

;xof]u k'¥ofpg 

dfly plNnlvt txut p2]Zosf cfwf/df sIff ! df lgDglnlvt sIffut l;sfO pknlAw 

/flvPsf] 5 M 

1= cfk"m / cfk\mgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftf atfpg 

2= cfk\mgf] ;fdfgsf] htg ug{ 

3= cfk\mgf bf} ―t/Lx¿;―u d]nldnfk /fVg 

4= cfk"meGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{ 

5= cfk"m / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] nufpg] sk8fsf] gfd atfpg 

6= cfk\mgf] 3/ / 5/l5d]sn] ug] { sfd atfpg 

7= 3/kl/jf/df /x]sf c;xfo, ckfª\ux¿sf] ;Ddfg / ;xof]u ug{ 

8= 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;―u ;xof]u lng / lbg 

9= 3/ / ljBfnodf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] gfd atfpg / htg ug{ 

10= 3/ / ljBfnodf lglZrt ;dodf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿ atfpg 

11= cfk\mgf] 3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/sf] hldgsf] :j¿k cjnf]sg u/L j0f{g ug{ 

12= cfk\mgf] 3/, ljBfno, sIffsf]7f cflbsf] ;fdfGo cfs[lt sf]g] { cEof; ug{ 

13= cfk"m / cfk\mgf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;fdfGo kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf] kl/ro lbg 

14= 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug] { sfdk|lt ;sf/fTds x'g / ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ 

15= b}lgs pkof]udf cfpg] JolQmut ;fdu|Lsf] ldtJolotf ckgfpg 

16= ;s];Dd 3/df g} tof/ u/]sf vfg]s'/f tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug{ 

- gf]6M af―sL p2]Zo k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd sIff !–# / $–% df x]g'{xf]nf 

. _ 

v_ k|d'v ljifoj:t' 

sIff !–% sf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t'x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ M 

sIff – ! 

1= cfk"m / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftf 

2= cfk\mgf] ;fdfgsf] htg 

3= d]nldnfk 

4= kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] cfb/ / ;Ddfg 

5= dfof ddtf 

6= njfOvjfO 

7= 3/sf] sfdsfh 

8= 3/ kl/jf/sf c;xfo, ckfª\ux¿ 

9= c;xfo ckfª\ux¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u 

10= ;xof]u n]gb]g 

85

11= 3/ / ljBfnodf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] htg 

12= cfk\mgf] 3/ tyf ljBfnodf ul/g] lqmofsnfk 

13= 3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/sf] w/ftnLo lqmofsnfkx¿ 

14= gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd 

15= cfk"m / cfk\mgf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;fdfGo P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld 

16= 3/, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug] { sfddf ;xof]u 

17= b}lgs k|of]udf Nofpg] JolQmut ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf 

18= ;s];Dd 3/df g} tof/ u/]sf vfg]s'/f tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u 

sIff – @ 

1= cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug] { sfd 

2= cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L 

3= cfk\mgf] ;fdfgx¿sf] lxkmfht / k|of]u 

4= 5/l5d]sx¿sf] njfOvjfO / /xg;xg 

5= rf8kj{ 

6= cfk\mgf] 6f]nsf ;fdflhs JolQmTjx¿ 

7= ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]sdf /x]sf c;xfo, ckfª\ux¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u 

8= kl/lrt JolQmx¿;―u cfjZos ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg 

9= ;d'bfodf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] ;+/If0f 

10= ;fj{hlgs :yn / ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u 

11= cfk\mgf] 6f]n, ;d'bfo / To; jl/kl/sf] hldgsf] :j¿k, gbLgfnf, jghª\un cflbsf] 

cjnf]sg 

12= gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd 

13= cfk\mgf] sIffdf k9\g] ;fyLx¿sf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;fdfGo k[i7e"ld 

14= /fli6«o lrGxx¿sf] klxrfg 

15= 5/l5d]ssf JolQmx¿n] ug] 

{ ;a} k|sf/sf /fd|f sfdsf] ;Ddfg / ;xof]u 

16= 3/, kl/jf/df k|of]u ul/g] ;dfu|Lsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf 

17= cfk\mgf] ufp―‘gu/df pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u 

sIff – # 

1= cfk"m / cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf] pd]/ 

2= kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]ssf] sfddf ;xof]u 

3= 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] htg 

4= gft]bf/ / kfx'gfx¿sf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ 

5= cfk\mgf] ufp― 6f]ndf af]Ng] ljleGg efiff / dgfOg] rf8kj{ 

6= :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL / ;Ddfg 

7= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf c;xfo tyf ckfª\ux¿nfO{ dbt 

86

8= 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; / ;fdflhs s'/Lltk|lt ;r]tgf 

9= ckl/lrt JolQmx¿;―u cfjZos ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg 

10= k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff / k|of]u 

11= ;fj{hlgs:ynx¿df kfngf ug'{kg] 

{ lgb] {zgx¿ 

12= afnclwsf/ 

13= cfk"m a;]sf] j8fsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ 

14= cfk\mgf] uflj;÷gkfsf] k|fs[lts :j¿k / ;fdflhs /xg;xg 

15= cfk\mgf] uflj;÷gkf If]qsf] gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd 

16= cfk\mgf] l5d]sL tyf gft]bf/x¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld 

17= xfd|f] /fi6«sf nflu of]ubfg ug] 

{ jL/ jL/ª\ugfx¿sf af/]df ;fdfGo kl/ro 

18= ;d'bfosf ljleGg JolQmx¿n] ug] { ;a} k|sf/sf /fd|f sfdsf] ;Ddfg / ;xof]u 

19= ldtJolotf 

20= cfk\mgf] lhNnfdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u 

sIff – $ 

1= l5d]sL;―usf] ;DaGw 

2= k];fut ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u / ;'/Iff 

3= l5d]sLx¿aLr ;xof]usf] cfbfgk|bfg 

4= dfGohgx¿;―u ug'{kg] 

{ Jojxf/ 

5= ;d'bfosf ljleGg efiff, e]ife'iff, /xg;xg / rf8kj{ 

6= cfk"m hGd]sf] :yfgsf] dxŒj, ;b\efj / ljsf; 

7= lhNnfsf JolQmTj 

8= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf cK7\of/fdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u 

9= dfbs kbfy{ / ;f]sf] ;]jgaf6 aRg] pkfo 

10= ;dfhdf /x]sf s'/Lltx¿ 

11= :yfgLo:t/df ePsf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ 

12= afnclwsf/ / pkof]u 

13= dlxnf clwsf/ 

14= /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿sf] k|of]u / ;+/If0f 

15= ;fj{hlgs:ynx¿sf] ;/;kmfO 

16= cfk"m a;]sf] uflj;÷gkfsf] kl/ro, ;+/If0f / sfo{ 

17= cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ / l5d]ssf dlxnf, k'?if, hfthflt, ljleGg wdf{jnDaL, ljleGg k];fut 

JolQm cflb;―u ;dfg Jojxf/ 

18= cfk"m /x]sf] lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k / ;fdflhs /xg;xg 

19= cfk"m /x]sf] lhNnfsf] ;fdfGo gS;f;DaGwL sfo{ 

20= k[YjLsf] pTklQ / agf]6 

87

21= glhssf l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ rLg / ef/t 

22= cfk\mgf] ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld 

23= g]kfn zAbsf] pTklQ 

24= xfd|f jL/ ;lxbx¿sf] of]ubfg 

25= cfk\mgf] ufp―, gu/leqsf JolQmx¿n] ug] 

{ ;a} k|sf/sf /fd|f sfdsf] ;Ddfg / ;xof]u 

26= ldtJolotf 

27= cfk\mgf] If]qdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u 

28= 3/, kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s / ;d'bfodf ePsf cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg / ;xeflutf 

sIff – % 

1= l5d]sLx¿sf] sfd / k];f 

2= ;fd'bflos sfddf ;xof]u 

3= l5d]sLx¿k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ 

4= ;dfg'e"lt 

5= k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs k|rngx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog 

6= cfk\mgf] lhNnfleqsf efiff, wd{, e]ife"iff, /xg;xg 

7= d]nfkj{x¿df ;xeflutf 

8= cfk\mgf] If]q / /fi6«k|lt ;b\efj / ;Ddfg 

9= cfk\mgf] If]qsf] JolQmTj 

10= cg's/0fLo sfd 

11= dfbskbfy{ tyf nfu"kbfy{ ;]jgaf6 6f9f /xg / To:tf s'ntaf6 arfj6 

12= ;dfhdf rf]/L 8s}tLh:tf 36gfk|lt ;hutf 

13= af≈o ;+:s[ltsf] gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 arfj6 

14= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt x6fpg ;xof]u ug] 

{ ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ 

15= gLlt lgodsf] cfjZostf / ltgsf] kfngf 

16= df}lns clwsf/÷ dfgjclwsf/ 

17= st{Jo kfngf / clwsf/sf] pkof]u 

18= /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gsf nflu ;~rflnt d'Vo cfof]hgfx¿sf] gfd / sfd 

19= k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf /fd|f ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf 

20= cfk"m a;]sf] lhNnfsf] lhlj;sf] kl/ro, ;+/rgf / sfo{ 

21= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf kl/lrt tyf ckl/lrt dlxnf, k'?if, hfthflt, wdf{jnDaL, cflbdf 

;dfg Jojxf/ 

22= åGå / o;sf] dWo:ytf 

23= xfd|f] b]zsf k|fs[lts :j¿k, xfjfkfgL / ;fdflhs /xg;xg 

24= g]kfnsf] gS;fsf] ;fdfGo ¿k/]vf / ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf] ;ª\s]t 

25= Unf]a jf gS;fsf] k|of]u 

88

26= dxfåLk / dxf;fu/x¿sf] kl/ro 

27= l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ e'6fg, aª\unfb]z, >Lnª\sf, kfls:tfg, dflNbK; / ckmuflg:tfgsf] 

;ª\lIfKt kl/ro 

28= cfk\mgf ;d'bfodf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s JolQmTj / j:t'x¿sf] vf]h / plrt ;+/If0f 

29= g]kfnsf] k|frLgsfnsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ultljlw 

30= xfd|f /fli6«o lje"tLx¿sf] gfd, of]ubfg / ;Ddfg 

31= /fi6« k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] kl/ro / e"ldsf 

32= lhNnfleqsf JolQmx¿n] ug] { ;a} k|sf/sf /fd|f] sfdsf] ;Ddfg / ;xof]u 

33= ljBfnosf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf / ;b'kof]u 

34= :jb]zdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u 

35= cfk\mgf b]zdf ;~rflnt cfly{s lqmofsnfk M s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g cflbsf] 

;fdfGo kl/ro 

u_ PsfOut ¿kdf kf7\oef/ tyf cª\sef/ tflnsf - sIff !–% _ 

qm=;+= If]q PsfO sIff !–# sIff $–% 

kf7\o cª\s kf7\o cª\s 

ef/ ef/ ef/ ef/ 

! cfk"m, cfk\mgf kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s !) – !^ !) 

@ xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf !@ – @) !@=% 

# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg * – !$ ( 

$ gful/s r]tgf !$ – @$ !% 

% xfd|f] k[YjL !@ – @) !@=% 

^ xfd|f] ljut !) – !* !! 

& xfd|f] cfly{s lqmofsnfk !@ – !^ !) 

* :yfgLo ljifoj:t'sf] c+z !* – #@ @) 

( hDdf (^ – !^) !)) 

gf]6 M sIff !–# df lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg u/L sIff r9fpg] ePsfn] cª\sef/ 

g/flvPsf] xf] . 

3_ ;fdflhs cWoogdf :yfgLo ljifoj:t'sf] c+z 

sIff !–% df s"n kf7\oef/sf] *) k|ltzt s]Gb|Lo kf7\oqmd cyf{t kf7\oqmd ljsf; 

s]Gb|n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ljifoj:t' / @) k|ltzt c+z - jif{e/Ldf %÷^ xKtf _ :yfgLo 

ljifoj:t'sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] :yfgLo ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd 

cfjZostf x]/]/ lhNnf tx, ;|f]ts]Gb| tx / k|To]s ljBfnodf 5'§f5'§} klg ljsf; ug{ 

;lsG5 . :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf; ubf{ ljz]if u/L :yfgLo cfjZostf, :yfgLo 

;xeflutf / :yfgLo ljifoj:t'nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 . ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfg';f/ 

89

{ ljifoj:t' rog ug] clwsf/ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ g} x'G5 . :yfgLo ljifosf] ljifoj:t' 

5gf]6 ubf{ lgDglnlvt If]q / ljifoj:t' x'g ;S5g\ M 

1= ;f+:s[lts If]q 2= P]ltxfl;s If]q 

3= ef}uf]lns If]q 4= k|fs[lts If]q 

5= wfld{s If]q 6= cfly{s If]q 

7= hfthflt÷efiffefifL If]q 8= ko{6g If]q 

9= Jofj;flos If]q 10= :jf:Yo If]q 

11= jftfj/0f If]q 12= z}lIfs If]q cflb 

{ 

{ 

{ 

hg;ª\Vof lzIff - sIff ^–* _ sf] kf7\oqmd 

cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* sf] kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g ug] qmddf ;+/rgfdf g} s]xL x]/k]m/ ul/Psf] 

5 . o; qmddf s]xL ljifo yKg] / s]xL ljifo cGo ljifo;―u PsLs[t ;d]t u/L k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt 

;'emfasf cfwf/df ;+zf]wg ug] u/L xfn ljleGg !* cf]6f lhNnfsf] !)) cf]6f ljBfnodf 

k/LIf0f ul/―b} 5 . kf7\oqmd k'g;+ {/rgf ug] qmddf ;fdflhs cWoog;―u hg;ª\Vof ljifo ;d]t 

PsLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . 

;fdflhs cWoogsf] ljifoj:t' / hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f ljifosf] hg;ª\ \Vof v08sf] ljifoj:t' 

PsLs[t u/L ;fKtflxs % kf7\oef/ sfod u/L o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt ljifoIf]q÷PsfO / 

kf7\oef/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 M 

qm=;+= PsfO÷If]q kf7\oef/ - 306L _ 

sIff ^ sIff & sIff * 

! xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh !@ !@ !@ 

@ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf !$ !$ !$ 

# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg !$ !$ !$ 

$ gful/s r]tgf !& !& !& 

% xfd|f] k[YjL !& !& !& 

^ xfd|f] ljut !% !% !% 

& hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro / hg;fª\VoLo cj:yf #) #) #) 

* hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / Joj:yfkg #) #) #) 

( xfd|f] cfly{s lqmofsnfk !$ !$ !$ 

!) xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u !@ !@ !@ 

hDdf !&% !&% !&% 

cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog / 

hg;ª\Vof lzIff sIff ^–* sf] txut ;Ifdtf lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M 

1= ;fdflhs d"No tyf dfGotfsf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / kfngf ug{ 

90

2= cfk\mgf] ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s, cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / d"Nox¿ xfl;n 

u/L ;lqmo hLjgsf nflu pkof]u ug{ 

3= cfk\mgf] / cfk"meGbf leGg ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿;―u k|efjsf/L / pko'Qm 9ª\un] 

;~rf/ ug{ / :yfgLo, /fli6«o Pjd\ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg 

4= /rgfTds lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL eO{ snfTds, ;f+:s[lts / af}l4s sfo{x¿df ;+nUg x'g 

5= cfk\mgf] clwsf/k|lt ;r]t /xL clwsf/ / st{Jo hjfkmb]xL 9ª\un] kl/kfngf ug{ 

6= ;dfh / e"efusf] hfgsf/L lnO{ o;sf] kl/jt{gsf] JofVof ug{ 

7= ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u tyf cfly{s 1fg / ;Lksf] dfWodaf6 j}olQms j[l4 / 

pGgltsf cEof;x¿df ;+nUg x'g 

8= ;fdflhs ;DaGw / åGåsf sf/0fx¿ klxNofO{ åGå ;dfwfgdf ljleGg /0fgLlt cjnDag 

ug{ 

9= hg;fª\VoLs kIfx¿sf] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L :j:y ;fdflhs hLjg lgdf{0fsf lqmofsnfkdf 

;xefuL x'g 

10= c¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg, /rgfTds k|ltlqmof hgfpg / ;xof]u ug{ Pjd\ ;dfg'e"lt b]vfpg 

11= ;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] Vofn u/L To;k|lt ;dfof]lht x'g / ;Ddfg ug{ 

12= zflGt, ;b\efj, ;xsfo{, ;xof]u, ;dembf/L, ljZjaGw'Tj / dfgjclwsf/sf] dd{cg'¿k 

dof{bfk"0f{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ug{ 

dfly plNnlv ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M 

sIff – ^ 

1= ;dfh / ;d'bfo 

2= ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ 

3= uflj;÷gu/kflnsf 

4= ljsf; sfo{x¿ 

5= ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ - lzIff / :jf:Yo _ 

6= xfd|f rf8kj{x¿ 

7= xfd|f] /fli6«o uf}/j 

8= xfd|f ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿ 

9= /fli6«o JolQmTjx¿ - z}lIfs, ;dfh;]jL _ 

10= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt 

11= n}ª\lus lje]b - t];|f] lnª\uL;d]t _ 

12= 5'jf5't 

13= 3/]n' lx+;f 

14= afn>d 

15= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 

16= åGå / o;sf] Joj:yfkg 

91

17= åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf 

18= ;+ljwfgsf] kl/ro 

19= gful/s clwsf/ - kl/ro, st{Jo _ 

20= ;fdflhs lgod - 6«flkms lgod _ 

21= /fi6«, /fli6«otf, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] cjwf/0ff 

22= g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k 

23= k|fs[lts :j¿k 

24= hgjfo' kl/jt{g 

25= ljkb Joj:yfkg - cfunfuL, 89]nf], af9L klx/f] _ 

26= ;fdflhs hghLjg 

27= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] / ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg] 

{ 

28= Pl;of dxfåLksf] ef}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs hghLjg 

29= Pl;of dxfåLksf] gS;fdf ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg] 

{ 

30= cIff+z /]vf / b]zfGt/ kl/ro 

31= k|frLg g]kfn - sf7df8f} 

― / l;+hf _ 

32= dfgj ;Eotf - gLn gbL / l;Gw'3f―6L _ 

33= hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro / dxŒj 

34= kl/jf/sf] kl/ro / k|sf/ 

35= hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 / ljt/0f 

36= hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg] 

{ tŒjx¿ 

37= hg;ª\Vofsf If]qx¿ 

38= hg;ª\Vof / cGo ljifosf] ;DaGw 

39= hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / kl/jt{g 

40= hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / o;sf] c;/ 

41= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj 

42= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿ 

43= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ 

44= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf 

45= g]kfnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk 

46= s[lif lqmofsnfk 

47= ;]jf - k|sf/ / dxŒj _ 

48= s[lif tyf ;]jfsf] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 

49= cGt/f{li6«oo ;DaGw / ;xof]u 

50= ;fs{ / g]kfn - ;fs{sf] kl/ro, p2]Zo, cfjZostf / dxŒj _ 

51= ljZjsf] ;d;fdlos ultljlw 

92

sIff – & 

1= ;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf;qmd 

2= ;fdflhsLs/0f 

3= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt - u7g, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, ljsf; sfo{x¿ _ 

4= ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ - oftfoft / ;~rf/ _ 

5= xfd|f ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ 

6= /fi6«sf] ;Ddfg / /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{ 

7= ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfh - nf]suLt, nf]safhf, nf]sw'g, nf]sg[To, u/uxgf, klx/g _ 

8= /fli6«o JolQmTjx¿ - j}1flgs, P]ltxfl;s _ 

9= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt - cGwljZjf;, kmh'n vr{, dfgj a]rlavg _ 

10= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltaf6 aRg] pkfo 

11= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfno / /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf _ 

12= zflGtsf] cjwf/0ff 

13= /fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒjx¿ - e"ld, hg;ª\Vof, ;/sf/, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;+ljwfg _ 

14= ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt df}lns xsx¿ 

15= afnclwsf/ 

16= nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ 

17= ;dfg Jojxf/ 

18= ;fdflhs lgod 

19= w/ftnLo :j¿k / o;df kl/jt{g ug] { cfGtl/s / af≈o tŒjx¿ _ 

20= hgjfo' kl/jt{g / o;n] kfg] { k|efj 

21= ljkb Joj:yfkg - dxfdf/L, x}hf, b'3{6gf _ 

22= g]kfnsf] lxdfn, kxf9 / t/fO{sf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf 

23= g]kfnsf gS;f agfpg] / ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg] { 

24= cIff+z / b]zfGt/sf] kl/ro 

25= o'/f]k / c:6« 

]lnof dxfb]zsf] ef}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs hghLjg 

26= o'/f]k / c:6« ]lnof dxfåLksf] ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg] { 

27= dWosfnLg g]kfn - sf7df8f} ― pkTosf, l;d|f}gu9, dsjfgk'/, pbok'/ / rf}b08L, afO;] / 

rf}la;] /fHo _ sf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf, snf / ;+:s[lt 

28= dfgj ;Eotf 

29= d];f]kf]6fldof x\jfª\xf] gbLsf] ;Eotf / o;n] dfgj hLjgdf kf/]sf] k|efj 

30= hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd 

31= kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff 

32= hg;ª\Vof tYofª\s ;|f]tx¿ 

33= g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ k|j[lQ 

93

34= hg;ª\Vof agf]6 / ljt/0f 

35= g]kfndf ltj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/sf sf/0f / c;/x¿ 

36= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjg 

37= u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿ 

38= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ 

39= g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf 

40= g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ / o;sf] pkof]u - e"ld, hn, jg, vlgh _ 

41= cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfk 

42= s[lif / pBf]uaLr ;DaGw 

43= Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk 

44= ;fs{ / g]kfn - ;fs{df g]kfnsf] e"ldsf, ;fs{ ultljlw _ 

45= e"kl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] kl/ro, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 

46= ;fdflhs cWoogsf] ljifoj:t';―u ;DalGwt ljZjsf] ;d;fdlos ultljlw 

sIff – * 

1= ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] cjwf/0ff, dxŒj / :j¿k 

2= ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ - vfg]kfgL, phf{ / hgzlQm _ 

3= ljsf;sf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff 

4= xfd|f] b]zdf ePsf k|d'v ljsf; sfo{x¿ 

5= ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / k|rng - u'7L, e]hf, wd{, k} ―rf], l9s'6L, a83/, /f]wL cflb _ 

6= g]kfndf k|rlnt wfld{s k/Dk/f 

7= ;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tf - wfld{s, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, hftLo _ 

8= ljljwtfdf Pstf - wd{, hft, efiff, klx/g, j0f{, If]q, ;+:s[lt cflb _ 

9= /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f 

10= cGt/f{li6«o JolQmTjx¿ 

11= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿ - bfOhf] k|yf, nfu"kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, e|i6frf/, af}l4s knfog _ 

12= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt x6fpg] pkfox¿ 

13= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgdf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf 

14= åGå / o;sf] Joj:yfkg - sf/0f, ljZn]if0f / ;dfwfg _ 

15= åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf 

16= lbuf] ljsf; / ;'zf;g 

17= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf 

18= dfgjclwsf/ 

19= ;dfj]zLs/0f - n}ª\lus, hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, juL{o, wfld{s, ckfª\utf cflb _ 

20= jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ 

21= ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfdf gful/sn] v]Ng'kg] { e"ldsf 

94

22= Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsf 

23= Ct' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/ 

24= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf tŒjx¿ 

25= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg - e"sDk / xfjfx'/L _ 

26= df};d / xfjfkfgLsf] kl/ro 

27= tfkqmd / o;df k|efj kg] { tŒjx¿ 

28= g]kfnsf] lhNnf, c~rn / ljsf; If]q 

29= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] / ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg] { 

30= cIff+z / b]zfGt/sf] k|efj 

31= k|ltnf]d - ljklQ ljGb' _ / b"/Lsf] kl/ro 

32= pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msf dxfåLksf] ef}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs hghLjg 

- gS;fdf ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg] { ;d]t _ 

33= cfw'lgs g]kfn - g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f, ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5sf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, /f0ffsfnLg 

/fhgLlts lqmofsnfk / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;'wf/, @))& b]lv xfn;Ddsf] k|d'v 

/fhgLlts 36gfqmd / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;'wf/ _ 

34= dfgj ;Eotf - o'gfgL ;Eotf, k'ghf{u/0f _ 

35= hg;ª\lVos 

36= hg;ª\lVos tŒjx¿, k|lqmof / cfwf/e"t dfkg 

37= hg;ª\lVos tTjsf lgwf{/sx¿ 

38= g]kfnsf] hg;ª\lVos l:ylt 

39= g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 

40= g]kfnsf] hg;ª\lVos tŒj 

41= ljZj hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / j[l4b/ 

42= tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug] 

{ pkfox¿ 

43= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] cGt/;DaGw 

44= g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ 

45= g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ 

46= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf 

47= ko{6g pBf]u 

48= j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 

49= ;xsfl/tf, a} 

―ssf] cjwf/0ff / Jojxfl/s k|of]u 

50= ahf/df j:t'sf] d"No lgwf{/0f÷d"No j[l4 

51= art, nufgL / k" 

―hL lgdf{0fsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff / Jofjxfl/s k|of]u 

52= /f]huf/sf] cj:yf 

53= ldq/fi6«x¿sf] kl/ro, g]kfn;―usf] ;DaGw / ;xof]u 

95

54= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 / g]kfn 

55= cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf g]kfnsf] of]ubfg 

56= s'6gLlts lgof]u, o;sf sfo{ / e"ldsf 

57= ;dflhs cWoogsf] ljifoj:t';―u ;DalGwt ljZjsf] ;d;fdlos ultljlw 

g}lts lzIff ljifosf] ;fdfGo kl/ro 

g]kfnL ;dfhsf nflu ;'of]Uo, :jfjnDaL Pjd\ st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9ª\un] k|of]u ug{ 

;Sg] k|lt:kwL{ gful/s tof/ ug] { p2]Zon] sIff ^–* df ;fKtflxs @=% 306L kf7\oef/ lbO{ 

clgjfo{ g}lts lzIfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifodf d'Vo ¿kdf ljifoj:t'sf] kf―r cf]6f 

If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . rfl/lqs ljsf;, dfgjLo d"No dfGotf, gful/s st{Jo / bfloTj 

;fd"lxs hLjg k4lt / ljljwtf, cg'zf;g tyf ;sf/fTds lrGtg ljifo If]qnfO{ hDdf *& 

kf7\oef/ lbO{ ljleGg ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ . o; ljifodf sIffut ¿kdf lgDglnlvt 

ljifoj:t' /x]sf 5g\ M 

s_ k|d'v ljifoj:t' 

sIff – ^ 

1= rl/q lgdf{0f - rl/qsf] cjwf/0ff, k|efj kfg] { tŒj / cfwf/zLnfx¿ _ 

2= dfgj / cGo k|f0fLdf ;dfgtf, leGgtf / cGt/lge{/tf 

3= dfgjsf ljz]iftfx¿ 

4= dfgjLo d"Nox¿ - j}olQms / kfl/jfl/s _ 

5= gful/s clwsf/ / st{Jo - ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ;b'kof]u, 

ljBfonk|ltsf] st{Jo _ 

6= JolQm, ;d'bfo, ;dfh / ;fdflhs Jojxf/aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGw 

7= g}ltstf sfod ug] 

{ 3/ kl/jf/df ePsf cEof;x¿ 

8= ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg - hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs _ 

9= cg'zf;g, :jJoj:yfkg / :j:y lrGtg 

sIff – & 

1= rl/q ljsf;sf gd'gf 

2= dfgjLo cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf wd{df ;femf ;f/, ;dGjo 

3= dfgjLo d"Nox¿ - ;fdflhs / k];fut _ 

4= gful/s clwsf/sf] lhDd]bf/Lk"0f{ k|of]u 

5= g}lts bfloTj, ;fdflhs cfr/0f / ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf 

6= ;fdflhs k|lqmof 

7= g}ltstf ¿kdf ug] 

{ 5/l5d]sdf ePsf cEof;x¿ 

8= ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg - wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, n}ª\lus, ckfª\utf / juL{o _ 

9= cg'zf;g;―u ;DalGwt kIfx¿, cg'zf;gaf6 x'g] kmfObf 

96

10= sfdcg';f/sf] kmn 

sIff – * 

1= c;n rl/qsf] k|bz{g 

2= JolQmut, ;fdflhs, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|efj 

3= dfgjLo d"Nox¿ - cfWoflTds, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o _ 

4= gful/ssf] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs / sfg'gL bfloTj 

5= zflGt / ldqtf 

6= g}lts ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cEof;x¿ 

7= ;fd'lxs g]t[Tj 

8= ;sf/fTds lrGtgsf kIfx¿ / ;sf/fTds lrGtgsf] ljsf; 

9= OR5f, cfjZostf / dxŒjsfª\IfL ;r]tgf 

v_ ;fdflhs cWoog, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / g}lts lzIff ljifodf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] lzIf0f 

ljlwx¿ 

1= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw M of] ljlw lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr cGtlq{mofTds ljlw xf] . o;df 

ljifoj:t';―u ;DalGwt eP/ lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg], ljBfyL{n] pQ/ lbg] cyf{t 

ljBfyL{n] lzIfsnfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg] / lzIfsn] To;sf] pQ/ lbg] u/]/ / ljBfyL{ 

ljBfyL{aLr klg Pp6fn] csf] {nfO{ k|Zg ug] { / pQ/ lbg] u/]/ klg pkof]udf Nofpg 

;lsG5 . 

2= k|bz{g ljlw M o; ljlwdf lzIfsn] cfk"m;―u ePsf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug] { / 

ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg u/fpg] tyf ljBfyL{nfO{ lbOPsf] ljleGg sfo{x¿ ljBfyL{n] g} 

k|bz{g ug] { u/]/ ul/G5 . ;fdflhs cWoogdf rf6{, u|fkm, gS;f cflb k|bz{g ug{ 

;lsG5 . 

3= ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ lbP/ To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] 

pkfo kQf nufpg lbOG5 . o;df JolQmut tyf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/]/ ;dfwfgsf 

pkfox¿ vf]hL ug{ nufOG5 . 

4= cjnf]sg ljlw M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf g}lts lzIff h:tf] ljifodf of] clt g} pkof]uL 

ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdfk{mt afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljleGg ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx¿ cjnf]sg 

ug{ nufO{ To;af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn ;d]t u/fOG5 . 

5= 5nkmn ljlw M of] lglZrt ljifoj:t' lbP/ To;df 5nkmn u/fpg] ljlw xf] . o;df 

;fgf] ;d"x tyf 7"nf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsG5 . ;fgf;fgf ;d"x agfP/ 5nkmn 

u/fPdf a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . 

6= vf]h ljlw M ljleGg P]ltxfl;s tYox¿, ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs rfnrng, 

;f+:s[lts kIf cflbsf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 . 

97

7= clego ljlw M ljz]if u/]/ tNnf sIffsf afnaflnsfsf nflu of] ljlw pQd dflgG5 . 

;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg rl/qx¿sf] clego u/fP/ of] ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

;fdflhs cWoog, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / g}lts lzIffdf dfly pNn]lvt ljlwx¿sf ;fy} cGo 

ljlwx¿ klg pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . syfjfrg, uLt÷sljtf jfrg, ;dfrf/, ljleGg 

k|sf/sf lrq, gS;f, u|fkm agfpg], k|ltj]bg n]vg tyf k|:t'lt u/fpg] cflb u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

s'g lzIf0f ljlw slxn] k|of]u ug] { eGg] ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, afnaflnsfsf] pd]/, l;sfO:t/ 

cflbn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . cnucnu lzIf0f ljlw cnucnu ;dodf pkof]u ug'{eGbf 

cfjZostfg';f/ Ps}k6sdf PseGbf a9L ljlwx¿sf] klg pkof]u ug{ ;s]df l;sfO k|efjsf/L 

x'g ;S5 . oL ljifox¿df ;s];Dd ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlwx¿sf] dfq pkof]udf Nofpg'kb{5 . u/]/ 

l;s (Learning by doing) kIfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbg ;s]df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO k|efjsf/L / 

:yfoLTj x'G5 . s'g} klg kf7 lzIf0f ug{ 'eGbf klxn] To;sf] ;fdfGo ¿kdf eP klg of]hgf 

lgdf{0f ug'{ 

h¿/L x'G5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ lqmofsnfk u/fpg'sf] p2]Zo s]s] x'g], s]s] z}lIfs 

;fdu|L cfjZos kg] {, s'gs'g ljlw k|of]u u/]/ lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug] {, lqmofsnfkkl5 s]s] 

pknlAw k|fKt x'g] eGg] kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . 

;fdflhs cWoog, hg;ª\ \Vof lzIff / g}lts lzIffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] lrgf/L 

kf7\oqmd ljz]if u/]/ lzIfssf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{sf nflu tof/ 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . kf7\ok':tsdf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljBfyL{x¿n] a'e\mg] u/L ;/nLs/0f u/]/ k|:t't 

ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljifoj:t'nfO{ a'e\mg ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ljleGg lrq, u|fkm, rf6{, gS;f, 

tl:j/ cflb klg kf7\ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . kf7\ok':tsdf ljifoj:t';―u} lqmofsnfk 

tyf cEof;x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . tL cEof; tyf lqmofsnfk ug{ lzIfssf] cfjZostf 

x'g ;S5 . kf7\ok':tsdf cEof; tyf lqmofsnfk gd'gfsf] ¿kdf dfq lbOPsfn] lzIfsn] yk 

cEof;, lqmofsnfk, kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflb u/fpg' kb{5 . 

cfwf/e"t tx - sIff !–* _ ;Ddsf] ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff tyf g}lts lzIffsf 

kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . sIff ! 

b]lv sIff % ;Dd ;fdflhs cWoog;―u l;h{gfTds snfnfO{ PsLs[t u/L kf7\ok':ts ljsf; 

ul/Psf] 5 eg] sIf ^ b]lv sIff * ;Dd hg;ª\Vof lzIff ljifosf ljifoj:t' ;d]t ;dfof]hg 

ul/Psf] 5 . sIff ^–* df g}lts lzIffsf] 5'§} kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . tL kf7\ok':tssf 

k|d'v ljz]iftf lgDgfg';f/ 5 M 

1= ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt ljleGg 9f―rfdf ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} ;+jfb, k|aGw, syf, lr7L, 

;dfrf/, k|ltj]bg, uLt, sljtf, u|fkm, rf6{, gS;f, lrq cflbsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

2= ;fdflhs cWoogsf] k|To]s kf7 åLk[i7fTds k4ltdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . 

3= kf7\ok' 

':tsdf /x]sf ljifoj:t' lrq, cEof;, lqmofsnfk cflbnfO{ ;s];Dd ;dfj]zL 

kIfnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] 5 - n}ª\lus, hflt, If]qLo, ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts kIf cflb _ . 

98

4= ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt JolQm, 3/ kl/jf/, l5d]sL, ;d'bfo, If]q, /fi6« / ljZj kl/j]zsf] 

;]/f]k]m/f]df /x]/ spiral ¿kdf ;/naf6 hl6nsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t ul/Psf] 5 . 

5= lqmofsnfkd'vL, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;fd'bflos sfo{ cflbnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . 

6= kf7\ok':tsdf ljifout 1fgeGbf Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . 

7= lqmofsnfk tyf cEof;nfO{ ;s];Dd :yfgLos/0f ug] { k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

8= kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cfk} ―mdf k"0f{ agfpg'eGbf klg To;sf] cfwf/df yk ;fdu|L vf]hL u/L 

cWoog ug] {, ljleGg lqmofsnfk u/]/ l;Sg] kIfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . 

;fdflhs cWoog, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / g}lts lzIffdf d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof 

oL ljifox¿df lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{kg] 

{ kf7\oqmdn] Joj:yf 

u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ sIff !–# ;Dd k"/} lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug'{k5{ 

eg] sIff 

$ b]lv sIff * ;Dddf b'j} k4lt ckgfpg' kb{5 . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf k|of]ufTds 

d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . oL ljifox¿df lgDgfg';f/ d"Nofª\sg k4lt 

cjnDag ug'{kg] 

{ 5 M 

1= ljlzi6 p2]Zo cg'¿k ljBfyL{x¿n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ sL 5}gg\ 

eGg] ;DaGwdf lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ul//xg'kb{5 . 

2= x/]s PsfOsf] cWofkg ;dfKt ePkl5 pQm PsfOsf] a'―bfut 

¿kdf pQ/ lbg ;Ifd eP 

gePsf] kQf nufO{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . 

3= d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/df lzIf0fl;sfOdf cfjZos ;'wf/ u/L cWofkgnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L 

agfpg'kb{5 . 

4= ljBfyL{n] l;s]sf 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/sf s'/fx¿ cleefjsnfO{ klg hfgsf/L u/fpg] / 

ljBfno tyf 3/df ljBfyL{n] ug] { lqmofsnfksf af/]df lzIfs cleefjsaLr cGtlq{mof 

u/]/ l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . 

5= ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d'bfodf vf]h u/]sf ljifoj:t', pgLx¿sf cfk\mg} l;h{gfx¿M uLt, sljtf, 

syf, k|ltj]bg, lr7L, ;dfrf/, gf6s, ;DkfbsLo, lrq, tflnsf, gS;f, u|fkmh:tf 

ljleGg sfo{x¿sf] lzIfsåf/f cjnf]sg u/L pgLx¿sf l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg 

ug'{kb{5 

/ clen]v klg /fVg'kb{5 . 

6= d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿df 1fg, af]w k|of]ufTds tyf vf]hd"ns ;Lk, ;dfnf]rgfTds 

lrGtg ;Lk / clej[lQ kIfnfO{ ;―u;―u} ;d]l6Psf] x'g'kb{5 . 

7= lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t cjnf]sg, u[xsfo{, ;fKtflxs k/LIff, dfl;s k/LIff, 

PsfO k/LIff, sIff k/LIff cflb u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

8= lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t klxnf] q}dfl;s !) k|ltzt, bf];|f] q}dfl;s #) k|ltzt / 

clGtd k/LIff ^) k|ltzt x'g'kb{5 . 

9= k|To]s k/LIffdf @) k|ltzt cª\ssf] k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/fpg'kb{5 . 

10= g}lts lzIff ljifodf @% cª\s ;}4flGts / @% cª\s k|of]ufTds k/LIff x'g]5 . 

11= d"Nofª\sgdf pQL0ff{ª\s $) k|ltzt x'g]5 . 

99

100

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 

s_ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ 

1= ;fdflhs cWoog sIff !–% sf] k|d'v ljifoIf]qx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

2= tkfO{ ―sf] ;d'bfodf ePsf k|d'v kf―r cf]6f ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ n]vL s'g} Pssf] ;dfwfgsf] 

pkfo ;d]t n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3= gS;fdf k|of]u ul/g] lgDglnlvt tYox¿sf] ;ª\s]t agfpg'xf];\ M 

tfn, lxdfn, /]ndfu{, xjfO{dfu{, gbL 

4= g]kfndf hg;ª\ \Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

5= g}lts lzIff sIff ^–* sf nflu kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ljifoIf]q÷PsfO / ;f]sf nflu 

5'6\ofOPsf] kf7\oef/ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

6= ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] kf7\ok':tssf] k|d'v !) cf]6f ljz]iftf a'―bfut 

¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

7= ;fdflhs cWoog sIff !–# df kf7\oqmdn] Joj:yf u/]sf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofsf af/]df 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

8= æxfd|f /fli6«o lje"tLx¿Æ kf7sf nflu lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{sf nflu 

cfjZos ljlw / k|of]u ug] { tl/sf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

9= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gS;f agfpg l;sfp―bf ckgfpg'kg] { ljlwx¿ ;/nb]lv hl6nsf] qmddf 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

10= l;Gw'3f―6Lsf] ;Eotfn] dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

v_ nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ 

1= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfO lgDglnlvt tYox¿ eg'{xf];\ 

M 

k]mjftfn, sf];L gbL, ;u/dfyf, skmL pTkfbg If]q, jL/u~h, alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h, 

k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ 

2= ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] kf―r cf]6f lzIf0f ljlwx¿ / k|of]u ug] { tl/sf 

j0f{g ug'{xf];\ 

. 

3= ;fdflhs cWoogdf ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] dxŒj n]vL xfd|f] ‖;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf‗ zLif{sdf 

ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;fd'bflos sfo{ u/fp―bf ckgfpg'kg] { ljlw r/0fa4 ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

4= kf7of]hgf eg]sf] s] xf] < ‖g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 / ljt/0f‗ kf7df lzIf0f l;sfO 

lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{sf nflu kf7of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ . 

5= tnsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M 

s_ tn lbOPsf ldlt / 36gfnfO{ ;do /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ M 

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng–@)^@ 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff – @)^# 

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg – @)^$ 

u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff – @)^% 

101

― P3f/f} ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg – @)^* 

v_ lgDglnlvt tYofª\snfO{ :tDelrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ M 

gd'gf k|fylds ljBfnosf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 

sIff ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 

5fq 5fqf hDdf 

! @) @% $% 

@ !% @) #% 

# @!* @@ $) 

$ !% !% #) 

% !% !) @% 

gd'gf pQ/ 

s_ 5f]6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ 

!= ;fdflhs cWoog sIff !–% df lgDglnlvt ljifo If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M 

s_ cfk"m, cfk\mgf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s 

v_ xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf 

u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg 

3_ gful/s r]tgf 

ª_ xfd|f] k[YjL 

r_ xfd|f] ljut 

5_ xfd|f cfly{s lqmofsnfk 

h_ :yfgLo c+z 

@= xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf ¿kdf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL 

;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿n] ;dfhdf gsf/fTds k|efj ;d]t kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf 

/x]sf s]xL ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M 

s_ dfgj a]rlavg 

v_ bfOhf] k|yf 

u_ nfu"kbfy{ b'Jo{;g 

3_ cGwljZjf; 

ª_ e|i6frf/ 

dfly plNnlvt ;fdflhs ;d:ofdWo] klxnf] ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ oxf― 

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

g]kfndf dfgj a]rlavg ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿dWo] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . 

h;cg';f/ ;fgf;fgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;s{;df nu]/ a]Rg], ljleGg cj}w sfd u/fpg], 

r]nLa]6Lx¿nfO{ ljleGg xf]6n / a]Zofnox¿df nu]/ a]lrg] ul/G5 . o;af6 sof} ― JolQmn] 

102

'Mv si6 / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . oL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lgDglnlvt pkfo 

ckgfpg' kb{5 M 

� hgr]tgf hufpg] 

� ;a}nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug] { 

� dfgj a]rlavgdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ s8f sfg'g agfpg] / 

sfg'gcg';f/ sf/jfxL ug] { 

� k|To]s ;d'bfodf /f]huf/sf cj;/ l;h{gf ug] { 

� ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tsdf dfgj a]rlavg / o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ 

;d]tsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug] { 

(= gS;f agfp―bf l;sfpg'kg] { ljlwx¿ af/] pQ/ n]Vg] tl/sf 

� gS;f agfpg] k|To]s ljlwx¿ - 6« ]l;ª ljlw, 6]DKn]6 ljlw, sfa{gskL ljlw, u|flkms ljlw 

/ :jtGq gS;f agfpg] (Free hand method) qmdzM n]vL pQm ljlwcg';f/ gS;f 

agfpg] tl/sf n]Vg] 

� pQm ljlwcg';f/ ljBfyL{nfO{ gS;f agfpg l;sfpg] tl/sf ;d]t 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg] 

!)= l;Gw'3f―6Lsf] ;Eotfn] dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgaf/] pQ/ n]Vg] tl/sf 

l;Gw'3f―6Ldf ljsf; ePsf] dfgj ;Eotfsf af/]df tnsf] a'―bfx¿ 

g5'6\g] u/L n]Vg] 

� l;Gw'3f―6Lsf] ;Eotf ljsf; ePsf] 7fp― - xfn sxf― k5{ < _ 

� ;Eotf ljsf; ePsf] ;do 

� pQm ;Eotf ljsf;sf] qmddf kfOPsf tYox¿ 

� pQm ;Eotf ljsf;n] dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf of]ubfgx¿ 

� ;f+:s[lts kIf 

� ;fdflhs kIf 

� cfly{s kIf cflb 

v_ nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgsf] gd'gf pQ/ 

@= ;fdflhs cWoogdf ljz]if u/L u/]/ l;s (Learning by doing) kIfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] 

5 . To;n] o; ljifodf ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwx¿ k|of]udf Nofpg'kb{5 . ;fdflhs 

cWoog ljifodf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s]xL ljlwx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M 

c_ 5nkmn ljlw M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQm ;xefuL eO{ ul/g] s'/fsfgL tyf 

cGtlq{mofnfO{ 5nkmn ljlw elgG5 . o;df lglZrt ljifoj:t'leq /x]/ ;d"xdf 5nkmn 

u/fOG5 / cGTodf pQm 5nkmnaf6 s]xL pknlAw lgsflnG5 / ;a} ;fd' k|:t't 

ul/G5 . 5nkmn ljlw klg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, sIffsf]7fsf] agf]6 / 

103

cfjZos kmlg{r/sf] k|s[lt cflbsf] cfwf/df km/skm/s tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 . Kofg]n 

5nkmn, /fpG8 6]an 5nkmn, ah 5nkmn cflb 5nkmnsf tl/sf x'g\ . 

lzIf0fdf 5nkmnsf] k|of]u ug] { tl/sf M 5nkmn ljlw k|of]u Nofp―bf lgDglnlvt r/0f 

ckgfpg' kb{5 M 

� ;d"x ljefhg 

� 5nkmn ug] { ljifoj:t'sf] lgwf{/0f 

� 5nkmn ul/g] ;dosf] lgwf{/0f 

� ;d"xdf sfo{ ljefhg - l6kf]6 ug] {, k|:t'lt ug] { cflb _ 

� 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g] tl/sf lgwf{/0f - kfn}kfnf];―u af]Ng], c¿n] af]n]sf] /fd|/L 

;'Gg], w]/} gaf]Ng] cflb _ 

� ;d"xsf] lgisif{ l6kf]6 ug] { 

� 6f]nL g]tfaf6 k|:t'lt ug] { cflb 

cf_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw M lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{, ljBfyL{n] lzIfsnfO{, ljBfyL{n] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg 

u/]/ ug] { / To;sf] pQ/ lbg] ljlw g} k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw xf] . of] ljlw klg ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t 

ljlwcGtu{t kb{5 . ;fdflhs cWoog k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwsf] k|of]u lgDglnlvt cj;/df ug{ 

;lsG5 M 

� k|Zgf]Q/ ;~rfng ;DaGwdf of]hgf agfpg] 

� lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ubf{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ug] { t/ pQ/ JolQmut ¿kdf lng] 

� k|Zg :ki6 / ;a}n] a'e\mg] ;f]Wg] 

� k|Zgf]Q/sf] qmddf ljBfyL{;―u eye contact ug] { 

� k|Zgsf] pQ/ hfGg] / sdhf]/ ;a} k|sf/sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbg] cj;/ k|bfg ug] { 

� cfjZos eP k"/s k|Zg klg ug] { 

� ljBfyL{nfO{ klg k|Zg ;f]Wg] cj;/ k|bfg ug] { 

O_ kl/of]hgf ljlw M lglZrt ;doleq ljBfnoleq jf aflx/ uP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lglZrt 

sfo{ ug{ nufO{ To;sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg] ljlw kl/of]hgf ljlw xf] . of] ljlw 

k|of]u ubf{ lgDglnlvt kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M 

� kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{s lgwf{/0f ug] { 

� p2]Zo tof/ ug] { 

� ljBfyL{x¿df sfo{ ljefhg ug] { 

� kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug'{kg] 

{ :yfg tf]Sg] 

� sfd ;DkGg ug'{kg] 

{ ;do cjlw tf]Sg] 

104

� kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bgsf] 9f―rf lgwf{/0f ug] { 

� kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fpg] 

� ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf] sfo{df cjnf]sg ug] { / cfjZos eP ;'emfa lbg] 

� k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/fpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] cflb 

O{_ clego ljlw M ;fdflhs cWoogdf of] ljlw ljz]if u/]/ ;dfhdf /x]sf kfqx¿sf] 

af/]df cg's/0f ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . of] ljlw tNnf sIffx¿df a9L k|efjsf/L 

x'g] eP tfklg cfjZostfg';f/ h'g;'s} txdf klg k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . of] ljlw 

k|of]udf Nofpg] qmddf lgDglnlvt kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M 

� clegosf] zLif{s / ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug] { 

� s'g ljBfyL{nfO{ s:tf] e"ldsf clego u/fpg] eGg]af/] k"j{ of]hgf agfpg] 

� clego u/fp―bf ljBfyL{sf] dgf]lj1fgdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg] { gkg] { kIfdf Wofg 

lbg] . gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpg] k|sf/sf] clego gu/fpg] 

� afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'cg';f/ clego u/fpg] / cfk"mn] cjnf]sg ug] { 

� clego kZrft\ jf clegos} qmddf cfjZos eP ;'emfa lbO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cflb 

p_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw M dfgj ;dfhdf k|z:t ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg 

ug] { / ;dfwfg ug{ l;sfpg] cEof;sf nflu of] ljlw k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;n] b}lgs 

hLjgdf cfOkg] { ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 . of] ljlw k|of]u ubf{ 

lgDglnlvt kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M 

� ljifoj:t';―u / ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs Jojxf/;―u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f 

ug] { . ;d:of rog ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ / l;sfO:t/nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg] 

� tL ;d:ofx¿ cfjZostfg';f/ JolQmut tyf ;d"xdf lbg] . ;'?df ;d"xdf / kl5 

JolQmut ¿kdf lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 

� tL ;d:ofx¿sf] cWoog ug{ nufpg] 

� ;d:ofsf] sf/0f / k|efj klxrfg ug{ nufpg] 

� tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf af/]df PseGbf a9L ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ nufpg] 

� ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNk 5gf]6 ug{ nufpg] 

� ljsNkx¿ ;d"xdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] 

� ljBfyL{n] u/]sf lqmofsnfksf] lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg ul//xg] / cfjZos eP ;'emfa 

lbg] 

#= k|Zg g+= # sf] pQ/ n]Vg] tl/sf 

s_ ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg] . kl/roleq ;fdflhs cWoogdf ;fd'bflos 

sfo{sf] Joj:yf, ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] kmfObf cflb kIf ;dfj]z ug] { 

105

v_ ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] dxŒj a'―bfut 

¿kdf n]Vg] . h:t} M 

� ljBfyL{ / ;d'bfoaLr ;DaGw a9fpg] 

� ljBfyL{df c¿;―u af]Ng] ;Lk, sfd ug] { ;Lksf] ljsf; x'g] 

� ljBfyL{df sfd ug'{k5{ 

eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g] 

� ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd ug] { afgLsf] ljsf; x'g] 

� ;d'bfodf ePsf tYox¿ / ljleGg lqmofsnfk;―u kl/lrt x'g] 

� k|ltj]bg n]vg ;Lksf] ljsf; x'g] cflb 

u_ ‖xfd|f] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf‗ zLif{sdf ;fd'bflos sfo{ u/fp―bf ckgfpg'kg] { k|lqmofx¿ 

qmlds ¿kdf a'―bfut 

¿kdf n]vL k|To]s a'―bfsf] 

5f]6f] j0f{g ug] { . h:t} a'―bfx¿ 

lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;S5g\ M 

� ljBfno glhs ePsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ - dlGb/, u9L, b/jf/, Do"lhod cflb _ 

sf] klxrfg ug] { 

� ljBfyL{nfO{ cWoog ug{ k7fpg] :ynsf] 5gf]6 

� :ynut e|d0f of]hgf - hfg] ;do, ug'{kg] 

{ sfd, sfo{ ljefhg, kmls{g] ;do cflb _ 

� cWoog ug] { ljlw - cjnf]sg, ;f]wvf]h cflb _ 

� cWoogaf6 k|fKt tYonfO{ k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] 9f―rf cflb 

3_ cGTodf ;du|sf] pQ/sf] lgisif{ cfpg] u/L 5f]6f] cg'R5]b n]Vg] . 

yk cWoogsf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 

1= k|fylds kf7\oqmd sIff !–# - ;fdflhs cWoog _ – kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

2= k|fylds kf7\oqmd sIff $–% - ;fdflhs cWoog _ – kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

3= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snfsf] sIff !–% sf] kf7\ok':ts – kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

4= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snfsf] sIff !–% sf] lzIfs lgb] 

{lzsf – kf7\oqmd ljsf; 

s]Gb| 

5= ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff - sIff ^–* _ sf] kf7\oqmd – kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

6= ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff - sIff ^–* _ sf] kf7\ok':ts – kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

7= ;fdflhs cWoog - sIff &–* _ sf] kf7\ok':ts – kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

8= ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff - sIff ^–* _ sf] lzIfs lgb] 

{lzsf – kf7\oqmd ljsf; 

s]Gb| 

9= /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k–@)^# 

10= ;fdflhs lzIff, l;4fGt / lzIf0f – /fds'df/ kf08] 

11= ;fdflhs cWoog lzIf0f – r"8faxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL 

106

l;h{gfTds snf 

afnaflnsfx¿df /x]sf cGtlg{lxt k|ltef, cg'ej, l;h{gfh:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ b[Zosnf / ;ª\uLt 

snfsf] dfWodaf6 cleJoQm ul/g] snfnfO{ g} l;h{gfTds snf elgG5 . l;h{gfTds 

snfcGtu{t b[Zosnf -lrqsnf tyf x:tsnf_ tyf ;ª\uLt snf kb{5 . lrqsnfsf] ljsf; 

dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf; tyf efiffeGbf klxnf ePsf] dflgG5 . ;a}n] ;lhn} a'e\mg / ;a}nfO{ 

a'emfpg ;lsg] ‖efiff‗ ePsfn] o;nfO{ ‖cGt/f{li6«o efiff‗ klg elgG5 . k|fylds txdf l;=c=s= 

ljifo ;dfj]; ug'{sf] 

k|d'v p2]Zo ljBfyL{x¿sf] cGtlg{lxt k|ltefnfO{ snfsf] dfWodaf6 

cleJoQm ug] { afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . k|fylds txsf] sIff Psb]lv g} Visual Art 

cyf{t lrqsnf tyf x:tsnfsf] sf];{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] pgLx¿df l;h{gzLntfsf] 

ljsf; u/fpg, cfTdljZjf; hufpg, df}lns ;f]rfO, vf]hL ug] { k|j[lQdf ljsf; u/fpg ;d]t 

dbt k'¥ofp―5 . l;=c=s= o:tf] ljifo xf] h'g ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿ k"0f{ :jtGq /, /dfP/ l;Sg 

;S5g\ . cyf{t Learning with fun . o; ljifodf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ o;/L g} n]v, of] /ª 

/fv cflb eg]/ cfb]z lbg'sf] ;§f pgLx¿nfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf /ª / lrqsf] k|of]u ug{ lbg' k5{ 

tfsL pgLx¿leq /x]sf] cGtlg{lxt k|ltef k|:k'm6g xf];\ . 

kf7\oqmdn] o; ljifosf nflu sIff ! b]lv sIff % ;Dd Pp6} lzIf0f;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

h;cg';f/ sIff ! b]lv sIff % ;Dd jif{df #) 306L of] ljifon] kfPsf] 5 . o;k|sf/ k|To]s 

xKtfdf ! 306L of] ljifosf] k9fO x'G5 . 

kf7\oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf 

qm=;+= If]q kf7\oef/ 

sIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $ sIff % 

! /]vfª\sg & ^ $ $ $ 

@ /ª !) * ^ % % 

# 5kfO sfo{ & ^ % $ $ 

$ sf]nfh * * ^ % % 

% df6f]sf] sfd * * % ^ ^ 

^ sfuh;DaGwL sfo{ – $ ^ $ $ 

& lgdf{0f sfo{ – – * ^ ^ 

* a'gfO – – – $ $ 

( :yfgLo kf7\oljifosf] c+z * * * !) !) 

hDdf kf7\oef/ $* $* $* $* $* 

of] snf ljifo k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsf sf/0fn] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u (Practical) 

g} xf] . To;}n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrqsnfsf] lzIf0f ubf{ cEof;df g} hf]8 lbg' k5{ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] 

107

cGtlg{lxt k|ltef k|:k'm6g u/fpg :jtGqtf lbg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hlt a9L :jtGq eP/ 

cEof; ug{ nufOG5 Tolt g} /fd|f] k|ult x'g] x'―bf 

k|of]ufTds ljlw g} ;a}eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 . 

o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ M 

s_ b[Zosnf M != /]vflrq @= /ª #= 5kfO sfo{ $= sf]nfh %= df6f]sf] sfd 

^= sfuh;DaGwL sfo{ &= lgdf{0f sfo{ *= a'gfO (= :yfgLo ljifoj:t'sf] c+z 

v_ ;ª\uLt M != ufog / jfbg @= g[To #= clego $= :yfgLo ljifoj:t'sf] c+z 

s_ b[Zosnf ( Visual Art) 

b[Zosnf ljwfnfO{ cleJolQmsf] Ps ;zQm dfWodsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . cfhsf] cfw'lgs 

o'udf o;sf] dxŒj Pjd\ pkof]lutf lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] 5 . b[Zosnfsf] ;Gbe{df afnlrqsf] 

dxŒj ckl/xfo{ 5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] af}l4s ljsf; tyf pgLx¿df l;h{gzLntf, cGj]if0f 

tyf /rgfTds k|j[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu b[Zosnf Ps geO{ gx'g] ljifosf ¿kdf 

k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . 

;fgf gfgLx¿ cIf/ cyjf zAb n]Vg hfGg' cufl8 :jefjtM 6]9fd]9f /]vfx¿ sf]g{ yfN5g\ . 

o;n] pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s tyf af}l4s ljsf; ug{df lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u ub{5 . ljBfyL{x¿df 

lglxt snf;DaGwL 1fgn] dflyNnf] txsf] k9fOnfO{ ;d]t ;3fpg'sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿sf] 

Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf klg o;n] 7"nf] dbt k'¥ofp―5 . 

lrqsnf (Drawing) 

lrqsnf ljifo l;sfpg] qmddf lrq n]Vg] sfd xfdL sIff Psaf6 g} ;'? ug'{ 

k5{ . x'g t 

aRrfx¿n] b'O{ jif{sf] pd]/af6} sfkLdf lrq sf]/]/ n]Vg] sfd ul/;s]sf x'G5g\ . 

afnaflnsfx¿n] lrq lsl/ld/L /]vfOx¿ sf]/]/ agfpg] u5{g\ . To;kl5 lj:tf/} uf]nf], r]K6f] 

cflb cfs[ltx¿ sf]b} { pgLx¿df lrq n]Vg] ;Lksf] klg ljsf; x'―b} 

hfg] x'G5 . sIff % ;Dd k'Ubf 

Prospective view af6 ;d]t lrq agfpg ;Sg] ] x'G5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] sIff ! df 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ snd ;dfpg] cEof; u/fpgsf nflu lsl/ld/L lrqaf6 lrq n]Vg ;'? u/]/ cGo 

lrqx¿ kl5 l;sfpg] sfd ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . lrqsnf l;sfpgsf nflu xfd|f] 3/df g} ;lhn} 

pknAw x'g] w]/}h;f] ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;S5f} ― . lrqsnf ljifodf kf7\oqmd, kf7\k':ts, 

;xof]uL k':tsx¿, sfuh, O/]h/, l;;fsnd, df6f], /ftf]df6f], sd]/f] df6f], a];f/, cª\uf/, k"mn, 

kft, s'rf], Kjf―v, /f} ―, sk8f, skf;, t'gf, l;;Lsf] lasf] {, l;;L, sfuhsf a§f, l;Gsf, 5]:sf, 

tf/, af―;sf rf]of, wfuf], l;of], cla/ cflb ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u u/fpg ;S5f}― . 

lrqsnf ljifo xfdLn] JolQmut tyf ;d"xut ¿kdf l;sfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . JolQmut ¿kdf snf 

l;h{gf ug{ nufp―bf JolQmut ?lr, Ifdtf, l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . To:t} u/]/ 

;d"xut ¿kdf lrqsnf tof/ ug{ nufp―bf ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd ug] { afgL tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; 

x'g] x'G5 . 

108

ljBfyL{x¿n] cfcfk\mgf] ;d"xut tyf JolQmut ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf snfs[ltx¿ sIffsf]7fdf 

;hfpg] / tL snfs[ltx¿sf] ljz]iftfsf af/]df cGo ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g} snfs[ltsf] 

k|z+;f ug{ nufpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . o; lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ k|z+;f ug] { ;Lksf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;fy} 

ljBfyL{ :jod\sf] cfTdljZjf;df j[l4 ug{sf nflu :jod\ lgld{t ;fdu|Lsf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] . 

cGTodf, lrqsnf, x:tsnf ljifosf] d"Nofª\sg, cjnf]sg tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIffaf6 u/fpg' 

/fd|f] x'G5 . 

lsl/ld/L lrq (Scribble drawing) 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lsl/ld/L lrq l;sfp―bf sfkLdf cfk"mv';L /]vfx¿ sf]g{ nufpg' kb{5 . 

ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mv';L /]vf sf]g] { sfd ul/;s]kl5 To;sf] k|To]s sf]i7df ljleGg /ªx¿ eg{ 

nufpg' kb{5 . /ª egf{n] pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf lrq cfsif{s x'g'sf ;fy} lrq agfpg] OR5f 

klg hfu[t x'g] x'G5 . 

;/n /]vf lrq 

ljleGg lsl;dsf cfs[lt j:t'x¿ x]/]/ jf sNkgf u/]/ ;/n /]vfaf6 tof/ ul/g] lrq ;/n 

/]vf lrq xf] . h:t} HofldtLo cfsf/x¿, kmnk"mn, k"mn, ?v, hgfj/, r/f tyf cfk"mnfO{ dg 

k/]sf j:t'x¿ . lrqx¿ tof/ eO;s]kl5 To;df kfgL /ª, k]lG;n /ª, q]mof]g, k|fs[lts /ª 

cflb pknAwtfsf cfwf/df /ª eg{ lbg] . /ª e/]kl5 lrq a9L cfsif{s x'g] x'―bf 

ljBfyL{ v';L 

eO{ lrq agfpg] OR5f hfu[t x'g] x'G5 . 

/ª (Color) 

s'g} klg j:t'df k|sfz kgf{;fy To;n] ls/0fnfO{ ;f]:g] x'G5 . To;kl5 ls/0f k/fjt{g x'G5 . 

dflg;n] j:t'nfO{ x]bf{ k/fjlt{t ls/0fnfO{ b]Vb5 . To;sf/0f dflg;n] ;f] k/fjlt{t ls/0fsf] 

/ªnfO{ g} To; j:t'sf] /ª eg]/ eGg] u5{g\ . oxf― xfdL b'O{ k|sf/sf /ªsf af/]df j0f{g ug] {5f} ― . 

!= k|fylds /ª 

@= låtLo /ª 

kx] ―nf], lgnf] / /ftf] /ªnfO{ k|fylds /ª elgG5 eg] tL b'O{ k|fylds /ª ldnfP/ tof/ u/]sf] 

/ªnfO{ låtLo /ª eg]/ elgG5 . låtLo /ªdf k|fylds /ªx¿ kx] ―nf] / lgnf] ldn]/ xl/of] låtLo 

/ª aG5 . k|fylds /ª lgnf] / /ftf] ldn]/ KofhL /ª jG5 . To:t} u/]/ k|fylds /ª kx] ―nf] / 

/ftf] ldn]/ ;'Gtnf /ª cyf{t låtLo /ª aG5 . 

5kfO (Printing) 

cfn', kft, xft, s/]nf, km;L{, d"nf, df6f], sf7 cflbsf ;txdf /ª kf]t]/ csf] { ;txdf cyf{t 

sfuh jf sk8fdf 5fKg] sfo{nfO{ 5kfO elgG5 . sIff ! sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ xft, sk8f, kft, 

af]/f jf v;|f] sfuh cflbsf ;txdf /ª kf]Tg lbg] / To;df 5fk csf] { sfuhsf] ;txdf 5fKg] 

sfo{ u/fpg' pko'Qm x'g] x'G5 . To:t} u/L k};fsf] 9\ofsdfly sfuh /fv]/ sfuhdfly sf]g] { 

sfdaf6 klg 5kfO ug{ ;lsG5 . To;kl5 lj:tf/} sIff @ b]lv cfn', d'nf, df6f] cflbdf rSs'n] 

sf6]/ ;fwf/0f a'§fx¿ sf]/L 5fk tof/ ug{ lbO{ ljleGg lsl;daf6 5kfO u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . 

109

sf]nfh (Collage) 

lrqsnf, x:tsnf;DaGwL lqmofsnfk l;;fsnd / /ªdf dfq} ;Lldt x'―b}g 

. k'/fgf sfuh, 

kmf]6f], kqklqsf, sk8f cflbnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ klg /fd|f] snf l;h{gf u/fpg ;lsG5 . k'/fgf 

/ª\lug sfuh, kqklqsf / sk8fnfO{ ;fgf];fgf] 6'qmfdf RofTg] jf sf6\g] . To;kl5 csf] { 7"nf] 

sfuhdf 6f―;]/ tof/ ul/g] snf sf]nfh xf] . ;'?sf sIffx¿ cyf{t sIff ! df s'g} Pp6f 7"nf] 

sfuhdfly ljleGg /ª\lug sfuh jf sk8fsf 6'qmfx¿ 6f―;]/ sf]nfh tof/ ug{ nufpg] . 

lj:tf/} 7"nf] sIffx¿df lrq ;d]t sf]g{ lbO{ To;df ldNg] u/L /ª\lug sfuh, kqklqsf, 

sk8fsf 6'qmfx¿, wfuf], af]/fsf 6'qmfx¿ nufot cGo pko'Qm ;fdu|Lx¿ ud nufP/ 6f―:g lbO{ 

sf]nfh snf lgdf{0f u/fp―bf /fd|f] x'G5 . 

df6f]sf] sfd (Clay work) 

g/d n]l;nf] df6f]df cfjZostfg';f/ kfgL xfn]/ lj:tf/} d'u|f jf xftn] d'l5;s]kl5 To;af6 

ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f ug] { sfdnfO{ df6f];DaGwL snf eg]/ elgG5 . df6f]af6 ;fdu|L 

lgdf{0fsf qmddf sIff ! sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ df6f];―u v]Ng lbg] . df6f]df cf} ―nf tyf xftsf 

5fkaf6 5fKg nufO{ v]Ng lbg ;lsG5 . lj:tf/} df6f]af6 uf]nf] tyf r]K6f] j:t'x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ 

lbg] . To;kl5 lj:tf/} :Sjfo/, sf]g, :k]o/, lk/fld8 cflb cfs[ltx¿ agfpg lbg] . o; k5fl8 

ljleGg y/Lsf kmnk"mn, t/sf/L, k"mn OToflbsf] cfs[lt agfpg eGg] . cGTodf, sIff % ;Dddf 

df6f]df a'§fx¿ sf]/]/ ;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/fpg] . h:t} ef―8fs'―8f, 

hgfj/ OToflb . lgdf{0f ul/Psf 

;fdu|Lx¿ ;'ls;s]kl5 kfgL jf kf]:6/ /ª kf]Tg lbg] . To:t} u/]/ df6f]af6 Subtractive tyf 

Addition method k|of]u u/]/ Relief cyf{t df6f]df ;txeGbf dfly df6f] yKb} ljleGg 

lsl;dsf] Relief Art lgdf{0f ug{ lbg] . 

sfuhsf] sfd (Paper work) 

sfuhaf6 xfdL ljleGg lsl;dsf ;hfj6sf ;fdu|Lx¿, r/f, k"mn, 8fnf] OToflb lgdf{0f ug{ 

;S5f} ― . oxf―kf7\oqmdcg';f/ sfuhsf] sfd sIff @ af6 ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . cf]l/ufdL tyf 

lsl/ufdLsf af/]df rrf{ ug] {5f} ― . 

s_ cf]l/ufdL (Paper folding) 

sfuhsf] kGgf ljleGg lsl;daf6 k6\ofP/ ljleGg k|sf/sf cfs[lt tyf j:t'x¿ lgdf{0f ug] { 

sfd g} cf]l/ufdL xf] . h:t} M r/f, 8fnf], k"mn OToflb . 

v_ lsl/ufdL (Paper cutting) 

sfuhsf kGgfx¿nfO{ ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/af6 sf6]/ ;hfj6sf ;fdu|Lx¿ lgdf{0f ug] { snf 

lsl/ufdL xf] . 

lgdf{0f sfo{ (Construction) 

s'g} klg k|sf/sf] a§f, sf7, sk8f, tf/, l;Gsf, sLnf, pmg, l;;Lsf lasf] {x¿ OToflb ;fdu|Lx¿ 

k|of]u u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf] hgfj/, 3/, uf8L, v]nf}gf OToflb lgdf{0f ug] { sfo{nfO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ 

elgG5 . lgdf{0f sfo{ (Construction) sIff # b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . 

110

a'gfO (Weaving) 

wfuf], sfuh jf rf]ofaf6 nx/} /fv]/ To;df csf] { nx/ tn dfly ub} { uf―:b} a'Gb} hfg] / sk8f 

jf rs6L, 8fnf], gfª\nf] cflb a'Gg] k|lqmofnfO{ a'gfO elgG5 . a'gfO k|fylds txsf] sIff $ / % 

df /flvPsf] 5 . 

:yfgLo kf7\oljifosf] c+z 

k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmddf :yfgLo If]qsf s]xL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z u/L k7gkf7g u/fpg] 

Joj:yf ePcg'¿k o; ljifodf klg :yfgLo If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] p2]Zo lnO{ s]xL c+z ;dfj]z ug] { 

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifosf] kf7\oqmddf :yfgLo If]qsf ljifox¿ -h:t} M /]vfª\sg / 

To;sf] k|of]u, :yfgLo /ª / 5kfO sfo{, a'gfO, lgdf{0f, :yfgLo nf]suLt, g[To, gf6s, afhf 

cflb_ nfO{ ;d]6]/ k7gkf7g u/fpg @) k|ltzt kf7\of+z 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . pko'{Qm 

ljifoj:t'nfO{ 

;d]6L :yfgLo txdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/L cWofkg ug'{kg] 

{ 5 . 

v_ ;ª\uLt (Music) 

ufog, jfbg / g[Tosf] ;fd"lxs gfd ;ª\uLt xf] . ef]hg zf/Ll/s v'/fs xf] eg] ;ª\uLt 

dfgl;s -dgf]j}1flgs_ v'/fs xf] . kL/ e'Ng / ;'vdf cfgGb lng ;ª\uLtn] 7"nf] ;3fp 

k'¥ofp―5 . dflg; / ;ª\uLtaLr cfTdLo ;DaGw 5 cyf{t\ ;ª\uLt dfgjhLjgsf] cleGg 

cª\u xf] . 

t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfnsf dlGb/, b]jfno, ;x/sf 7"nf7"nf ejg;Dd ;ª\uLt u'~hfodfg ePs} 

5 . 

lxhf]cfh ;~rf/sf] k|ult;―u} /]l8of], Sof;]6, 6]lnlehg cflbaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf ;ª\uLt 

k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . oL ;a} k|sf/sf ;ª\uLt afnaflnsfx¿sf] :t/adf]lhdsf 5}gg\ . 

To;}n] afnsx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv cf�gf] snf / ;+:s[ltk|lt cle?lr hufO{ To;nfO{ ;+j4{g 

x'g] lsl;dsf] / pgLx¿sf] :t/adf]lhdsf] ;ª\uLt lbg' clt cfjZos 5 . 

k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo snf, ;f}Gbo{ / ;+:s[ltk|lt cle?lr hufpg] klg ePsfn] 

afnaflnsfx¿df plrt ;ª\uLtsf] k|f/lDes 1fg lbnfpg' clgjfo{ x'g hfG5 . xfd|f] b]znfO{ 

rflxPsf xhf/f} ― ;ª\uLtk| ]dL hgzlQm /fi6«n] k'¥ofpg g;Sg'sf] d"n sf/0f ljBfnodf 

Jojl:yt ;ª\uLt lzIff geP/ g} xf] egL eGg ;lsG5 . afndgf]lj1fgcg';f/ klg 

afnaflnsfx¿ :jefj}n] gfRg, v]Ng, ufpg ?rfpg] x'G5g\, tyflk cfgGbåf/f kfPsf] 1fg 

a9L k|efjsf/L / clj:d/0fLo x'G5 . oL ljleGg s'/fx¿nfO{ dgg u/L lzIffsf] k|fylds 

txb]lv g} ;ª\uLt ljifonfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . 

;ª\uLt lzIffn] dflyNnf] txnfO{ klg TolQs} ;3fp k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5, lsgeg] ;ª\uLtn] 

ljBfyL{x¿df gof―gof― 1fg lng] pT;'stf a9\5 . k|fylds tx k"/f u/L k9fO 5f]8]sf 

ljBfyL{x¿df cf�gf] hLljsf]kfh{g ug] { ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 . ;ª\uLtsf] 1fgaf6 

kfPsf] l;h{gfTds ;Lkn] s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;S5, h'g xfd|f] 

lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zoleq k5{ . log} tYox¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ l;h{gfTds tyf 

cleJolQmzLn snf ljifonfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L o; ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . 

111

[Zosnf ljifocGtu{t sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd lgDgfg';f/sf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . 

If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $ sIff % 

/]vflrq � ls/ld/] 

lrq÷cfsf/x¿ 

sf] /]vfª\sg . 

� ljleGg 

j:t'x¿af6 

/]vfª\sg . 

� cfsf/af6 

cfsf/x¿sf] 

lgdf{0f . 

� ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] 

/]vfª\sg . 


/]vflrq . 

� dg k/]sf jf 

sfNklgs 

ljifoj:t'x¿sf] 

/]vflrq . 

� ljleGg j:t'x¿af6 /]vfª\sg 

tyf /]vflrq . 

� HofldtLo cfsf/af6 ljleGg 

k|sf/sf cfs[lt jf 

� cfsf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� cf�gf] j/k/ /x]sf ljleGg 

k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] /]vflrq . 

� sfNklgs ljifoj:t'x¿sf] 

/]vflrq . 

l;;fsnd, qm]og, k]:6n 

cflb 

� HofldtLo 

cfsf/x¿df 

cfwfl/t ljleGg 

cfs[ltx¿ 

� k"mn, kmn, ¿v 

cflbsf] ;fwf/0f /]vf 

lrq 

� j:t'sf] /]vflrq 

� k"mn, r/f, kmn, ¿v cflbsf] 

;fwf/0f lrq 

� ljleGg cfsf/sf cfs[ltx¿ 

� /]vfx¿sf] k|of]udf ljljwtf 

/ª � :yfgLo If]qdf 

pknAw 

/ªx¿sf] k|of]u 

:yfgLo If]qdf pknAw 

/ªx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kl/ro 

tyf k|of]u . 

kfgL/ª, kf]:6/ sn/ jf :yfgLo 

If]qdf pknAw /ªaf6 cfs[lt 

tyf a'§f lgdf{0f . 

� kfgL /ª, kf]:6/, 

k]lG;n jf :yfgLo 

If]qdf pknAw 

� kfgL, kf]:6/, k]lG;n jf :yfgLo 

If]qdf pknAw ;fdu|Laf6 

agfOPsf /ªx¿af6 a'§fx¿ 

� /ª\;DaGwL � /ª 5gf]6 sfo{ tyf 

;fwf/0f k|of]u ;fwf/0f k|of]u . 

� lrqdf /ª\sf] � lrqx¿df /ªsf] 

k|of]u . k|of]u . 

� /ª;DaGwL ljleGg k|of]u . 

� lrqx¿df /ªx¿sf] k|of]u . 

/ªx¿ a'§fx¿ 

� /ª k|of]u 

� sNkgf tyf 

;f]rfOsf] cleJolQm 

� Do'/n lrq (Mural 

� /ª ld>0f 

� sNkgf tyf ;f]rfOsf] cleJolQm 

� Do'/n lrq (Mural Art) 

112

5kfO sfo{ � xft jf xftsf 

cf} ―nfx¿af6 

5kfO . 

� j:t'af6 5kfO 

� k};fsf] 

9\ofsaf6 

5kfO . 

sf]nfh 

� ljleGg 

j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u 

u/L sf]nfh 

lgdf{0f . 

� j:t'x¿nfO{ 

sf6]/ jf Roft]/ 

ljleGg 

� xft jf cf} ―nfx¿af6 

5kfO . 

� j:t'af6 5kfO . 

� ljleGg j:t'df a'§f jf 

cfs[lt sf6L 5kfO . 

� ljleGg k|sf/sf 

lrqx¿ ;ª\sng u/L 

sf]nfh lgdf{0f . 

� sfuh sf6L dg kg] { 

cfsf/ jf cfs[ltsf 


� ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿af6 

5kfO . 

� afSnf] sfuhdf a'§f jf 

cfs[lt sf6L sfuhsf 

6'qmfx¿ ldnfO 5kfO . 

� ljleGg j:t'df a'§f jf cfs[lt 

sf6L 5kfO . 

� ljleGg lsl;dsf sfuhnfO{ 

sf6]/, Hoft]/ tyf 6f―;L dg 

kg] { cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� sf]nfhsf nflu pko'Qm 

sfuhx¿sf] 5gf]6 . 

� pko'Qm tl/sfn] sfuhnfO{ 

Art) 

� d'5]sf] lk7f] cyjf 

df6f]df a'§f tyf 

5kfO 

� cfn', d'nf, km;L{ 

cflbaf6 a'§f tyf 

5kfO 

� ljleGg k|sf/sf 

kftaf6 5kfO 

� afSnf] sfuhdf 

cfs[lt sf6L 

(Qmencil) 

� ;+of]hg u/L 5kfO 

� cfwf/ sfuh 

(Base) df s'g} 

lrq agfpg] of]hgf 

� ljleGg lsl;dsf 

sfuhnfO{ sf6]/, 

Roft]/ 6f―;L 

cfs[ltsf] tof/L 

� cfn', d'nf, km;L{ cflbsf] ;txdf 

a'§f s6fO tyf 5kfO 

� j:t'df ljleGg cfs[ltx¿df 

km/skm/s /ªsf] k|of]u tyf 

5kfO 

� kftx¿af6 5kfO 

� afSnf sfuhdf a'§f jf cfs[lt 

sf6L 

� (Qmencil) 5kfO 

� cfwf/ sfuh (Base) df s'g} 

lrq agfpg] of]hgf 

� ljleGg lsl;dsf sfuhnfO{ 

sf6]/, Roft]/ tyf 6f―;L 

cfs[ltsf] tof/L jf ;+of]hg 

� sfuh 5gf]6 s6fO, RoftfO / 

113

lsl;dsf 

sf]nfh lgdf{0f 

. 

df6f]sf] sfd � lyr]/ ljleGg 

cfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f 

. 

� uf]nf], RofK6f], 

af6'nf], nfDrf] 

cflb 

cfsf/x¿sf] 

lgdf{0f . 

� SjfOn ljlwaf6 

cIf/ tyf cª\s 

lgdf{0f . 

� Roft]sf÷sf6]sf 

sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿nfO{ 

Psdfly csf] { 6f―:b} 

sf]nfh lrq ;+of]hg . 

� k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ 

6f―;]/ ;/n 

cfs[ltx¿sf] sf]nfh 

lgdf{0f . 

� lyr]/ ljleGg 

cfsf/k|sf/sf 

j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf], 

nfDrf] cflb 

cfsf/nfO{ Pscsf] {df 

hf]8L ljleGg k|sf/sf 

cfsf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f 

RoftL jf sf6L To;af6 


� Roft]sf jf sf6]sf sfuhsf 

6'qmfx¿nfO{ Psdfly csf] { 

6f―:b} lrq ;+of]hg . 

� k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ 6f―;]/ ;/n 

cfs[ltx¿sf] lrq ;+of]hg . 

� lyr]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf 

j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� ljleGg k|sf/sf kmnk"mn tyf 

;fwf/0f a'§fx¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� j:t'df /ªsf] k|of]u . 

� v]/ uPsf j:t'x¿ 

cflbsf] k|of]u u/L 

sf]nfh lrq lgdf{0f 

� u]8fu'8L /ª\lug 

9'ª\uf, r'/fsf 6'qmf 

cflb k|of]u u/L 

sf]nfh lgdf{0f 

� df6f]af6 kmnk"mn, 

r/f, hgfj/x¿ 

� df6f]df ljleGg 

k|sf/sf a'§f 

� df6f]sf :n]edf 

km/skm/ssf] a'§f jf 

5fk (Texture) 

� df6f]sf ljleGg 

j:t'x¿df /ªsf] 

k|of]u 

;+of]hg 

� s[lqd j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L sf]nfh 

lgdf{0f 

� u]8fu'8L /ª\lug 9'ª\uf, r'/fsf 

6'qmf cflb k|of]u u/L sf]nfh 

snfsf] lgdf{0f 

� :n]e (Slab) tyf SjfOn 

ljlwaf6 ljleGg 3/]n' j:t'x¿sf] 

lgdf{0f 

� lemSg] (SubQmract) yKg] 

(Additional) ljlwaf6 a'§f 

jf cfs[lt lgdf{0f 

� df6f]df ;txeGbf clndfly 

p7fpg] ljlw (Relief) af6 

ljleGg cfs[lt lgdf{0f 

� df6f]sf j:t'x¿df /ªsf] k|of]u 

sfuh;DaGwL � sfuh, k6\ofO, � ljleGg j:t'sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f . � sfuhaf6 ljleGg � 8fnf], an, k"mn, r/f, hgfj/ 

114

sfo{ 

RoftfO tyf s6fO . � sfuhnfO{ sf6]/ ljleGg a'§f 

� sfuhnfO{ k6\ofO 

lqe'h, rt'e'{h, 

juf{sf/, cfotfsf/ 

cflbsf] lgdf{0f . 


gd'gf lgdf{0f . 

jf cfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f . 

lgdf{0f sfo{ � df6f]df ljleGg k|sf/sf 

j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L ljleGg 

cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f . 

� bl/nf] sfuhnfO{ sf6]/, 

k6\ofP/ tyf hf]8]/ ljleGg 

cfoflds cfs[ltx¿sf] 

lgdf{0f . 

� sfuh / l;Gsf] jf sf7sf 

6'qmfx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg 

j:t'x¿ lgdf{0f . 

� ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u u/L 

ljleGg cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f 

j:t'sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f 

� sfuhaf6 ljleGg 

gd'gf agfO{ To;df 

plrt /ª\ufO 

� k6\ofPsf sfuhnfO{ 

s} ―rLn] sf6L 

;hfj6sf] a'§f tof/L 

� g/d tf/ jf wft'sf 

6'qmfx¿ aª\ufP/ 

ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ 

lgdf{0f 

� sfuhsf] a§fnfO{ 

sf―65f―6 u/L ljleGg 

cfs[ltsf j:t'x¿ 

� sfuhsf (Cube, 

Cylinder Cone) 

;fwf/0f cfs[ltx¿ 

sf6]/, df]8]/, hf]8]/ 

lgdf{0f 

� v]/ kmflng] 

lgdf{0f 

� sfuhaf6 ljleGg j:t'sf] gd'gf 

lgdf{0f 

� ;hfj6sf nflu ljleGg 

lsl;dsf] a'§fsf] s6fO 

� ljleGg cf]/fufdLsf] ;hfj6 

� tf/sf 6'qmfx¿ aª\ufP/ ljleGg 

cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f 

� sfuhsf] a§fnfO{ sf―65f―6 u/L 

ljleGg cfs[ltsf j:t'x¿ lgdf{0f 

� sfuhsf] kfgfnfO{ ljleGg 

tl/sfn] sf―6L ljleGg k|sf/n] 

6f―;]/ tLg cfoflds j:t'x¿sf] 

lgdf{0f 

� l;Gsf, n6\7L, xf―uf cflb h:tf 

;f]emf j:t'x¿ 8f]/Ln] af―w]/ 

ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f 

� sfuhsf a§fx¿ (Cube, 

Cylinder, Cone) cflb hf]8]/ 

115

a'gfO 

j:t'x¿af6 j:t' 

lgdf{0f 

� v]/ kmflng] 

j:t'x¿dWo]af6 

j:t'x¿ hf]8L 

ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ 

lgdf{0f 

� l;Gsf jf n6\7L jf 

sf7sf 6'qmfx¿nfO{ 

8f]/L jf cGo j:t'n] 

af―w]/ ;/n 

cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f 

� b'O{ km/s /ªsf 

sfuhsf rf]ofh:t} 

sf6L gfª\nf] a'g] em} ― 

;fwf/0f lsl;daf6 

tndfly u/L a'gfO 

sfo{ 

� cfk\mgf] j/k/ kfOg] 

nrsbf/ j:t'x¿af6 

ljleGg cfs[lt lgdf{0f 

� v]/ kmflng] j:t'x¿dWo]af6 

j:t'x¿ hf]8L ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ 

lgdf{0f 

� b'O{ km/s /ªsf sfuhsf k§Lx¿ 

sf6L ;fwf/0f lsl;daf6 

tndfly u/L a'gfO 

� b'O{ /ªsf] sfuhsf] k§Lsf] 

a'gfOåf/f ;fwf/0f pkof]uL 

j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f 

� k|fs[lts nrsbf/ j:t'x¿af6 

;fwf/0f a'gfO 

116

;fwf/0f a'gfO 

117

114 

;ª\uLt 

;ª\uLtsf] cEof; u/fp―bf :j/ / tfnsf] cEof; ug'{ 

kb{5 . :j/ cEof; eGgfn] dflg;sf] 

s07af6 lg:sg] :j/x¿nfO{ afhfx¿sf] ;xfotfaf6 Jojl:yt 9ª\un] cEof; u/L cfjfhnfO{ 

;'l/nf], ld7f;o'Qm / ufog of]Uo agfpg] eGg] a'lemG5 . w]/} :j/x¿ lglZrt qmddf ldn]/ 

lg:sg] ;'/af6 g} ld7f] w'g tyf no tof/ x'G5 . ;'/sf] ;fgf] PsfO :j/ xf] . tfnn] ;ª\uLtnfO{ 

lgoGq0f ug] { / gfKg] sfd ub{5 . tfnsf] ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ dfqf elgG5 . oxf― ;'/ tfn ldnfP/ 

:j/ cEof; ug] { s]xL tl/sf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

;ª\uLtsf ;ft z'4 :j/x¿ / kf―r ljs[t :j/x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ Ps ;Kts elgG5 . ;fdfGotf 

:j/ cEof; ubf{ dGb| ;Kts, dWo ;Kts / tf/ ;Kts u/L tLg ;Ktsx¿ k|of]udf cfp―5g . 

:j/ cEof;sf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf dWo ;Ktsaf6 dfq :j/ cWof; ug'{ 

u/fpg' kb{5 . lsgeg] 

dWo ;Ktsaf6 lg:sg] :j/x¿ ;fdfGo dfgj :j/;―u d]n vfg] x'G5g\ . :j/ cEof; ubf{ 

xfdf] {lgodsf] dWo ;Ktssf] ;f :j/af6 z'4 :j/x¿df dfq :j/ cEof; u/L lj:tf/} cGo cGo 

;Ktsx¿ / sf]dn÷tLj| :j/x¿sf] cEof; ug'{ 

kb{5 . 

;ª\UfLtsf ;ft z'4 :j/x¿ ;f /] u d k w lg x'g . oL ;ft z'4 :j/x¿sf] aLrdf cGo kf―r 

sf]dn (flat) / tLj| (sharp) :j/x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . sf]dn / tLj| :j/nfO{ ljs[t :j/ klg 

elgG5 . 

dfqfx¿ ldn]/ lglZrt tfn aGb5 . h:t} e\mofp/] tfn ^ dfqf, sx/jf -VofnL_ tfn * dfqf, 

bfb/f tfn ^ dfqfsf] x'G5 . uLtsf] no / efsf cg';f/ tfn klg km/s x'G5 . h:t} sIff !, # 

/ $ sf] sIffut uLt sx/jf tfndf ;ª\uLta4 ul/Psf] 5 eg] sIff @ sf] sIffut uLt 

e\mofp/] tfndf ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L sIff % sf] sIffUft uLt bfb/f tfndf ;ª\uLta4 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

dfbndf ahfOg] s]xL tfnx¿sf] dfqf / af]n tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M 

VofnL tfn -dfqf $_ 

dfqf . ! @ # $ 

af]n . wLg\ glt gs wL―tf 

;dnf tfn -dfqf $_ 

dfqf . ! @ # $ 

af]n . tfg\ QmL gs wL―tf 

e\mofp/] tfn -dfqf ^_ 

dfqf . ! @ # $ % ^ 

af]n . wLg\ s lt gs\ wLg\ tL 

c;f/] tfn - dfqf ^_ 

dfqf . ! @ # $ % ^ 

af]n . wLg\ wLg\ tfª\ gs wLGf\ tfª\

115 

:j/ cEof; ug] { tl/sf 

cEof; !M cf7 dfqfdf tfnsf] cEof; ug] { . 

Ps uGtLdf Ps k6s ;fdfGotof Ps Ps ;]s]G8sf] km/s u/L tfln ahfpg] . O ePsf] 

uGtLdf tfnL gahfP/ vfnL /fVg] / X ePsf] uGtLdf tfnL ahfpg] u/L cEof; ug] { . oL cf7 

tfnLx¿nfO{ g} cf7 dfqf elgG5 . 

uGtLM ! @ # $ % ^ & * 

tfnL vfnLM X O X O X O X O 

{ 

] 

] 

cEof; @M Ps ;f;e/df Ps :j/ cEof; ug] . xfdf] {lgod;―u :j/ ldnfP/ ;f;n] EofpGh]n 

:j/ lgsfNg] . 

uGtLM ! @ # $ % ^ & * 

cf/f]xL :j/M ;f /] u d k w lg ;f+ 

cj/f]xL :j/M ;f+ lg w k d u /] ;f 

cEof; #M Ps dfqf÷uGtLdf Ps÷Ps :j/sf] cEof; 

uGtL ÷dfqfM ! @ # $ % ^ & * 

cf/f]xM ;f /] u d k w gL ;f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+ lg w k d u /] ;f 

cEof; g+= $ Ps dfqfdf b'O{÷b'O{ :j/sf] cEof; – -tfn sx/jf, dfqf–*_ 

cf/f]xM ;f;f /]/] uu dd kk ww gLgL ;f+;f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+;f+ gLgL ww kk dd uu /]/] ;f;f 

cEof; g+= %M Ps dfqfdf tLg÷tLg :j/sf] cEof; 

cf/f]xM ;f;f;f /]/]/] uuu ddd kkk www gLgLgL ;f+;f+;f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+;f+;f+ gLgLgL www kkk ddd uuu /]/]/] ;f;f;f 

cEof; g+= ^M M Ps dfqfdf rf/÷rf/ :j/sf] cEof; 

cf/f]xM ;f;f;f;f /]/]//] uuuu dddd kkkk wwww gLgLgLgL ;f+;f+;f+;f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+;f+;f+;f+ gLgLgLgL wwww kkkk dddd uuuu /]/]//] ;f;f;f;f 

cEof; g+= &M bfb/f -c;f/]_ tfndf :j/ cEof; 

cf/f]xM ;f/];f /]u/] udu dkd kwk wgLw gL;f+gL ;f+/];f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+/];f+ gL;f+gL wgLw kwk dkd udu /]u/] ;f/];f 

cEof; g+= *M sx/jf -VofnL_ tfndf :j/ cEof; 

cf/f]xM ;f/]u, /]ud, udk, dkw, kwgL, wlg;f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+gLw, gLwk, wkd, kdu, du/], u/];f 

sIffut uLt / cGo uLt ufog cEof; 

;d"xdf :j/ cEof; u/L ;s]kl5 lgb] {lzsfx¿df lbOPsf] :Jf/lnlksf] dfWodaf6 xfdf] {lgoddf 

sIffut uLtx¿ ahfpg] cEof; ug'{ 

kb{5 . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /]s8{sf] ;xfotfn] jf lzIfs cfk}mn]

116 

{ 

ufP/ jf hfGg] JolQmaf6 gd'gf ufog k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . o;} u/L /fli6«o ufg / 

cGo afn uLt, :yfgLo uLtx¿ klg lgb] {lzsfdf lbOPsf] :j/lnlksf] ;xfotdf afBjfbgdf 

cEof; ug] / /]s8{ jf JolQmaf6 gd'gf ufog k|bz{g u/L kf7\oqmdfg';f/ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] 

ljifoj:t'x¿ cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . 

g[Tosf cfwf/e"t rfnx¿ cEof; u/fp―bf klg dfqfsf] cfwf/df $ dfqf, ^ dfqf, * dfqf 

OToflbdf 3'Dg], bfof, afof, clw, kl5 a8\g] cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . clg dfq uLtsf] efjdf 

;ª\uLt;―u} g[To cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . 

ufog / jfbgsf cEof; u/fp―bf :yfgLo afhfx¿ / uLt ;ª\uLtx¿sf] cWof; u/fpg' kb{5 . 

;ª\uLtsf] kf7\oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf 

If]q sIff !— # sIff $—% 

ufog !@ @) 

jfbg * !@ 

g[To !@ 

clego * & 

:yfgLo ljifoj:t'sf] c+z * ( 

hDdf kf7\oef/ $* $* 

{ { 

;ª\uLt ljifoj:t'sf] If]q tyf qmd tflnsf 

sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd ;ª\uLt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' cWoog ug' kg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $ sIff % 

ufog 

/ 

jfbg 

� :yfgLo � :yfgLo � :yfgLo � :yfgLo � /fli6«o ufg ;d"xdf 

uLtx¿sf] uLtx¿sf] uLtx¿sf] uLtx¿ ufog 

ufpg . ufpg . ufpg . Psn jf � sIffut uLt 

� kf7\ok':ts � kf7\ok':tsdf � /fli6«o ufgsf] ;d"xdf tfn PSnfPSn} jf 

df ePsf ePsf ;d"xdf ufpg ldnfO{ ;d"xdf no ldnfO{ 

afnuLtx¿ afnuLtx¿, � kf7\ok':tsdf 

ufog tfndf ufog 

ufpg . sIffut uLt ePsf � :yfgLo � kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf 

� afnuLt, tyf /fli6«o afnuLt, afhfx¿ afnuLtx¿ 

sIffut ufg ufpg sIffut uLt, tfndf PSnfPSn} jf 

uLt, /fli6«o � hfg]sf] uLt sljtfsf] cEof; ;d"xdf no ldnfO{ 

ufgsf] no jf afnuLtsf] -no ldnfO{ � /fli6«o ufg tfndf ufog 

ldnfO{ 

ufpg . 

-no ldnfO{ 

ufpg . 

ufpg . 

� :yfgLo 

;d"xdf 

ufog 

� l;s] jf hfg]sf 

uLtdf no ldnfO{ 

� :yfgLo � :yfgLo afhfx¿nfO{ � sIffut uLt ;d"xdf jf 

afhfx¿sf] afhfx¿sf] tfndf Psn jf PSnfPSn} ufog

117 

gfd . 

� tfndf tfnL 

ahfpg] 

cEof; . 

� afnuLtx¿, 

sIffut 

uLt tyf 

/fli6«o 

ufgsf] tfnL 

lbO{ ufpg . 

g[To � afnuLtdf 

no ldnfO{ 

v'§f 

rnfpg 

� :yfgLo 

uLtdf g[To 

� afnuLt, 

sIffut 

uLtdf g[To 

clego � kz'kIfLsf] 

lx―8fO, 

pk|mfO tyf 

af]nLsf] 

gSsn . 

gfd / 

;fwf/0f 

cEof; 

� tfndf tfnL 

ahfpg] 

cEof; . 

� afnuLtx¿, 

sIffut uLt 

tyf /fli6«o 

ufgdf tfnL 

lbO{ ufpg 

� afnuLtdfdf 

xft / v'§f 

rnfpg . 

� sIffut 

uLtdf 

xfpefp;lxt 

no ldnfO{ 

g[To . 

� uLt / 

;ª\uLtsf 

tfndf g[To . 

� kf7\ok':tsdf 

cfwfl/t 

syfsf] 

kfqsf] 

clego 

� kz'kIfLsf] 

lx―8fO, pk|mfO 

tyf af]nLsf] 

gSsn . 

cEof; . 

� ljleGg 

tfndf tfnL 

ahfpg] 

cEof; . 

� afnuLt, 

sIffut uLt 

tyf /fli6«o 

ufgdf tfnL 

lbO{ ufpg . 

� sIffut 

uLtdf 

xfpefp;lxt 

g[To . 

� afnuLtdf 

tfn ldnfO{ 

g[To . 

� :yfgLo uLt 

/ ;ª\uLtsf] 

tfndf g[To 


cfwfl/t 

syfsf] 

kfqsf] 

clego . 

� kz'k5Lsf] 

lx―8fO, pk|mfO 

tyf af]nLsf] 

gSsn . 

;d"xdf no 

ldnfO{ 

ufog 

� cfk"mn] 

hfg]sf jf 

;'g]sf 

uLtx¿nfO{ 

no ldnfO{ 

tfndf 

ufog 

� ;fd"lxs 

¿kn] 

sIffut 

uLtdf 

xfpefp;lx 

t g[To 

� nf]suLt, 

afnuLt 

tyf :yfgLo 

uLtdf Psn 

jf ;d"xdf 

g[To 

� kf7\ok':ts 

df cfwfl/t 

5f]6f] ;+jfb 

ePsf 

syfj:t'x¿ 

df clego 

� ;d'bfodf 

36]sf 

36gfx¿ jf 

syfj:t'x¿l 

;t 

;DalGwt 

efjx¿sf] 

� sIffut uLt, 

afnuLt tyf 

:yfgLo uLtdf 

xfpefp;lxt tfn 

ldnfP/ g[To 

� Psn÷o'un÷;d"xdf 

g[To 

� :yfgLo nf]sg[Tosf 

d'b|fsf] k|of]u 

� :yfgLo nf]sg[Tosf 

d'b|fx¿sf] k|of]u 


cfwfl/t 5f]6f] ;+jfb 

ePsf 

syfj:t'x¿nfO{ 

clego 

� ;fgf;fgf syf, 

;+jfbsf] /rgf u/L 

;d"xdf clego 

� :yfgLo If]qdf 

36]sf 36gf, 

36gfx¿ jf 

syfj:t';―u 

;DalGwt efjx¿sf]

118 

/xg;xg 

tyf 

af]nLrfnLsf] 

clego 

/xg;xg tyf 

af]nLrfnLsf] clego 

lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmof 

l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snfk|ltsf] ?lr / ;Lksf] ;DaGw afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]ul;t /xG5 . 

;a} afnalfnsfdf lrqfª\sgk|lt ?lr / Ifdtf slxNo} ;dfg dfqfdf /x―b}g . lzIfsn] k|To]s 

ljBfyL{sf] j}olQms ljleGgtfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L To;cg';f/ cWofkg ug'{k5{ 

. pbfx/0fsf nflu 

b;hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f 3/sf] lrq agfpg nufOof] eg] b;hgfn] b; lsl;dsf 3/sf] lrq 

agfpg] 5g\ . s;}n] lgs} /fd|f] agfpnfg\, s;}n] 7Ls} agfpnfg\ / s;}n] g/fd|f] klg agfpnfg\ 

t/ Tof] df}lns l;h{gf Pjd\ cleJolQm xf] . lzIfsn] afnaflnsfdf lglxt log} df}lns lrGtg 

/ l;h{gf ug] { k|j[lQnfO{ pTk| ]/0ff lbg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ df}lns lrq l;h{gf ug] {tkm{ ;w} ― xf};nf 

lbO/xg'k5{ . afnsnfsf] ;'Gb/tf Pjd\ dxTj klg o;}df 5 . 

;ª\uLt ljifosf] lzIf0f lqmofsnfk u/fp―bf ;'?df 7"nf] ;d"xdf cEof; u/fO;s]kl5 dfq ;fgf] 

;d"xdf, hf]8Ldf / Psn cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . jfbg ;fdu|Lx¿ gePsf] cj:yfdf klg xftn] 

tfln ahfP/ tfnsf] cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 . ljBfnodf cfjZos jfB ;fdu|Lx¿ / ;f] ahfpg 

hfGg] lzIfs gePsf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw Snax¿, wfld{s ehg d08nLx¿ tyf 

cGo ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿;―u ;xof]u lnO{ ljBfnodf k7g kf7g ug] { Joj:yf ug'{ 

kb{5 . 

ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg 

l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifodf d"Nofª\sg klqmofn] ljBfyL{x¿df /x]sf] 1fg tyf ;Lk 

ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 . l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifodf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ;Lk, 

1fg tyf lqmofsnfk;―u ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] d"Nofª\sg klg To;}cg'¿k x'g'k5{ . h:t}M 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'g} lrq jf g[To ug{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;f]sf] d"Nofª\sg klqmofnfO{ klg 

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfks} Ps cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ;―u;―u} lnP/ hfg'kg] { x'G5 . of] ljifo 

k"0f{¿kn] k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] d"Nofª\sg klqmof klg To;}cg'¿k x'g'k5{ . ;a}nfO{ 

xf};nf lbg] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{nfO{ k|z+;f ug] { tyf ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{aLrsf] 

sfo{x¿sf] t'ngf slxNo} klg ug{ x'―b}g 

. ;s];Dd pgLx¿sf] sfo{sf] k|z+;f ug{ 'sf ;fy} 

pgLx¿df :jtGq ¿kn] lrq lgdf{0f, cfTdljZjf;, df}lns ;f]rfO, ;f}Gbo{k|lt cf:yf tyf vf]hL 

ug] { afgLsf] ljsf; x'g] lqmofsnfk u/L ;a}nfO{ xf};nfTds s'/f ug] { tyf l;h{gfTds sfo{x¿df 

pTk| ]l/t ug'{kb{5 

.

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ -l;h{gfTds_ 

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg 

!= ælrqsnf tyf x:tsnf ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ JofVofg ljlweGbf k|of]u ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] lzIf0f 

a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5Æ eGg] s'/fsf] cfk\mgf] cg'ej ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k'li6 ug'{xf];\ 

. 

@= lzIfs /df sf7df8f} ―sf Ps k|ltli7t ;/sf/L ljBfnodf k|fylds txdf k9fpg' x'GYof] . t/ 

xfn pxf―sf] ;?jf d'u' lhNnfdf ePsf] 5 . k|fylds txdf l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo 

clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . t/ ljBfnodf of] ljifo l;sfpgsf nflu z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw x'g g;Sbf pxf― lrlGtt x'g'x'G5 . pxf―nfO{ h;/L eP klg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ of] 

ljifo l;sfpg' 5 . s]s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ l;=c=s= ljifosf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ 

/ s;/L sIff ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 < lzIfs /dfnfO{ ;'emfa lbg'xf];\ . 

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ 

!= k|fylds txdf lrqsnf ljifo lzIf0f ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg] { s'g} rf/cf]6f s'/fx¿ pNn]v 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

@= sf]nfh s:tf] lsl;dsf] snf xf] < sf]nfh ljifo l;sfpg] qmddf tkfO{ ― ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'gs'g 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug] { / s;/L tof/ ug] { 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

#= cfn'af6 5kfO ljifo l;sfpg Pp6f kf7of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

$= snf lzIf0fdf /ªsf] dxŒjaf/] k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

%= k|fylds /ª tyf låtLo /ª eGgfn] s] a'e\mg'x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ . 

^= tkfO{ ―sf] ljBfnodf l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo lzIf0fsf qmddf cfpg] u/]sf 

;d:ofsf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ . 

&= k|fylds txaf6} l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo l;sfpg'sf] p2]Zo s] xf]nf < ts{ 

lbg'xf];\ . 

*= l;h{gfTds cleJolQmzLn snf ljifo cGo clgjfo{ ljifosf] t'ngfdf clns km/s lsl;dsf] 

ljifo xf] . of] ljifosf] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg s;/L ubf{ pko'Qm xf]nf, ts{ lbg'xf];\ . 

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ 

@= lzIfs /df sf7df8f} ―sf] Ps k|ltli7t ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] lzIfs ePsf] sf/0fn] pxf―nfO{ of] 

ljifo s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} vf; ;d:of cfp―b}g xf]nf . k|fylds txsf] lzIfs ePsf] 

/ ljifosf] 1fg ePsf] sf/0fn] d'u' lhNnfsf] ;/sf/L ljBfnodf klg cjZo /fd|f];―u l;sfpg] 

sfd ug'{ 

x'g]5 . t}klg l;=c=s= ljifo l;sfpg] af/]df / pxf―sf] tTsfnLg ;d:of z}lIfs 

;fdu|Lsf af/]df s]xL ;'emfax¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ . 

lrqsnf ljifo k"0f{tof k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsf] sf/0fn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;d"xut 

¿kdf snf l;h{gf ug{ nufpg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq sf]bf{ slxn] klg cfk"mn] gd'gf agfP/ 

119

120 

gb]vfpg] lsgsL lzIfsn] gd'gf agfP/ b]vfPsf] v08df ljBfyL{sf] l;h{gzLntfdf afwf k'Ug] 

x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] vfnL lzIfsn] agfPsf] gd'gf ;fg] {lt/ dfq Wofg hfg] x'G5 / gof― ;f]r 

glgsfNg] x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg, lj1fg, ul0ft ljifodf h:t} olt g} pQ/ x'G5 eGg] x'―b}g 

. 

ljBfyL{nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf /dfP/ l;Sgsf nflu k| ]l/t ug] { / k|z+;f u/]/ pgLx¿sf] sfdsf] k|z+;f 

u/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{ 

pko'Qm x'g] 5 . 

ca xfd|f] k|d'v ;d:ofsf af/]df rrf{ u/f} ― . d'u' lhNnf eg]sf] sf/0f l;=c=s= ljifo l;sfpgsf 

nflu cfjZos /ªx¿ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;d:of x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 l;=c=s= 

ljifoleq w]/} km/s k|sf/sf ljifox¿ /x]sf] sf/0fn] cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ klg 

km/skm/s x'g] g} eof] . ljifocg';f/ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf af/]df eGg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . 

lrqsnfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L eg]sf] ;]tf] sfuh, k]lG;n, O/]h/ tyf /ªx¿ x'g\ . oLdWo] 

;fbf sfuh, k]lG;n tyf O/]h/ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} lhNnfx¿df klg pknAw x'g] sf/0fn] o;sf] 

;d:of ePg . /ª, cyf{t ahf/df kfOg] kfgL tyf kf]:6/ /ªx¿sf] ;d:of x'g ;S5 . oL tof/L 

(Readymade) /ªsf ljsNkdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] /ª lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 

/ftf] df6f]nfO{ ldxLg x'g] u/L vndf lk:g], lkl;;s]k5 ldxLg sk8fdf 5fGg] / kfgL tyf ;f] 

lk;]sf] df6f]nfO{ Pp6f srf}/fdf vGofpg] / clnslt eftsf] df8 / kfgL ld;fP/ /fd|f];―u 

3f]Ng] . /ftf] /ª tof/ eof] . df8 ld;fPsf] sf/0fn] sfuhaf6 /ª emg{ kfp―b}g . To:t} u/]/ 

;]tf], sfnf] tyf cGo ljleGg /ªsf nflu klg sd]/f], clj/, l;ld|s, uf]n cflbnfO{ dfly 

atfPsf] tl/sfaf6 /ª tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . 

/ª tof/ eof] ca tof/L a'|; 

(Readymade brush) sf] ;§f cfk} ―mn] a| '; tof/ ug{sf nflu 

sf7sf] 5]:sf]sf] r'Rrf]kl§ skf; a]g] { / To;dfly sk8fn] a]g] { / alnof] kfg{sf nflu sk8fnfO{ 

sl;P/ wfuf]n] To;dfly a]/]/ a| '; tof/ ug] { . 

csf] { xfd|f] kf7\oqmdsf cg';f/ l;sfpg'kg] { 5kfO snf xf] . 5kfOsf nflu ;fdu| +Lx¿ eg]sf] hxf― 

klg pknAw x'g ;Sg] rSs', cfn', em/]sf kft, v;|f] ;tx ePsf] sk8f tyf sfuhx¿ k|of]u 

ug{ ;S5f} ― . 

sf]nfhsf nflu k'/fgf /ª\lug kqklqsf tyf k'/fgf sk8fx¿, kft, l;Gsf, 5\jfnL cflbsf] 

k|of]uaf6 tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . 

df6f]sf] sfdsf nflu dlnnf] df6f] jf k'm;|f] ePdf klg cfjZos dfqfdf kfgL ld;fP/ df6f]sf] 

;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;S5f} ― . 

cf]l/ufdL tyf lsl/ufdLsf nflu k'/fgf kqklqsf, cvjf/nfO{ g} Square df sf―6]/ jf cGo 

cfs[ltaf6 klg tof/ u/fpg ;S5f} ― . 

Construction cyf{t ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf nflu cf}ifwLsf] l;;Lsf] aflx/sf] a§f jf cGo sfuhsf] 

a§f, 5]:sf], l;;Lsf lasf] {x¿, sk8f, skf;, tf/ cflb k'/fgf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/]/ klg 

l;sfpg ;lsG5 . 

o;/L xfdLn] cfk"m j/k/ kfOg] k'/fgf v]/ hfg] j:t'x¿sf] k|of]uaf6 klg l;=c=s= ljifosf nflu 

;fdu|L tof/ ug{ ;S5f} ― .

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ 

snf l;h{gf l;;fsnd / /ªdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ sfuhaf6 ;d]t tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sf]nfh 

/ª kf]t]/ tof/ ul/g] snf geO{ k'/fgf /ª\lug kqklqsf, Sofn]G8/, cvjf/ cflb k|of]u u/L 

tof/ ul/G5 . 

o;df Pp6f ;fbf sfuh cfjZos x'G5 . To;kl5 k'/fgf /ª\lug sfuh kqklqsfx¿ ;fgf];fgf] 

6'qmfdf sf6\g] / ;]tf] ;fbf sfuhdfly ud nufpg] / Toxf― tL /ª\lug sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ ldnfP/ 

6f―:g] . o;/L ;fgf sIffsf nflu of] tl/sf pko'Qm x'G5 eg] #, $ / % sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 

;fbf sfuhdf e]G6f, k"mn, 3/ cflbsf] lrq sf]g{ lbO{ To;df df8 n]Kgsf nflu eGg] / sfl6Psf 

;fgf;fgf /ª\lug sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ /fd|f];―u ldnfP/ lrqleq 6f―:g lbg] . of] lgs} cfsif{s 

x'G5 . ljgf /ªsf] k|of]u u/L snf tof/ eof] . sf]nfh ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;d"xut 

¿kdf tof/ u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ! sf] pQ/ a'“bfut 

¿kdf 

!= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq tof/ u/fp―bf o;/L agfpg] eg]/ lzIfsn] gd'gf tof/ u/]/ gb]vfpg] . 

@= ljBfyL{x¿n] tof/ u/]sf snfs[ltnfO{ o;/L ug'{ 

k5{ eg]/ correction gug] { . 

#= x/]s ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf] s[ltsf] k|z+;f ug] { . 

$= ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf] s[lt sIffsf]7fdf ;hfP/ ;sf/fTds d"Nofª\sg ug] { 

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg @ sf] pQ/ 

!= /ªn] xfd|f] hLjgdf cleGg e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . 

@= ljgf /ªsf] ;+;f/ lg/; / black & white x'G5 . 

#= /ª ljgfsf] snf cfsif{s x'―b}g 

. 

$= ljgf /ªsf] snfs[lt tof/ ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] lrq agfpg] ?rLdf sdL cfpg] x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] 

¿rL hfu[t ug{ klg /ªsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . 

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ -;ª\uLt_ 


;'lgtf /fO{ sIff % df l;h{gfTds snf ljifo cWofkg ug] { lzIfs x'g t/ pgL tlfnd k|fKt 5}gg\ . 

pgsf] ljBfnodf l;h{gfTds snfcGtu{t ;ª\uLt ljifo k9fpg cfjZos kg] { cfWff/e"t ;fdu|Lx¿ 

h:t} dfbn, xfdf] {lgod, lwd] OToflb afhfx¿ pknAw 5}gg\ . tTsfn tL ;fdu|Lx¿ ahf/af6 vl/b 

ug{sf nflu klg ljBfnodf cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cefj 5 . ;do ;dodf ;d'bfodf ;~rfng x'g] 

;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL x'g] ePsfn] pgsf] sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿ :yfgLo uLtx¿ ufpg / 

gfRg l;kfn' 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO―{ 

tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] x}l;otn] :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] 

121

k|of]u u/L s;/L k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 l;h{gfTds snf ;ª\uLt ljifosf] cWofkg u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

r/0fa4¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsg] pkfox¿af/] ;'lgtf ld;nfO{ pko'Qm ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . 

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg 

1= Ps ;Ktsdf hDdf slt z'4 :j/x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . 

2= k|fylds txdf tfna4¿kdf Ps dfqfdf b'O{ :j/ cfpg] u/L :j/cEof; u/fpgsf nflu pko'Qm 

x'g] Pp6f ;/ud n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3= sIff ! df clegocGtu{t s] ljifoj:t' cWofkg u/fpg' k5{ < n]Vg'xf];\ . 

4= tkfO{ ―sf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt s'g} rf/ :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

5= afn uLt / sIffut uLtdf x'g] Ps ;dfgtf / Ps leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

{ { 

{ 

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgsf] pQ/sf] vfsf -d'Vo a'“bfx¿_ 

1= ;ª\uLt ljifo k9fpg cfjZos kg] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug] . 

2= cfk\mgf] ljBfnodf, l5d]sL ljBfnodf tyf ;d'bfodf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] klxrfg ug] . 

3= ;d'bfodf pknAw ;+:yf / Sna;―usf] ;dGjo / ;xof]u lnO{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ h'6fpg] . 

4= :yfgLo lj1nfO{ ;|f]t JolQm Pjd\ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf cfdGq0f ug] { . 

5= ljBfyL{x¿sf] 3/l5d]sdf ePsf] jfB ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf NofO{ k|of]u ug{ kxn ug] { . 

6= ljBfnodf sfo{/t cGo hfGg] lzIfs tyf sIffsf hfGg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /]s8{ uLt / g[Tosf 

rfnx¿;lxt gd'gf k|bz{g u/fpg] / sIffdf cEof; u/fpg] . 

7= ;fd'bflos ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿df klg ljBfnosf] tk{maf6 x'g ;Sg] ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ 

;of]ufTds ;DaGw :yflkt ug] { . 

8= ;d'bfosf] ;xof]udf ljleGg cj;/x¿df ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf u/L cfly{s 

;ª\sng ug] { / qmdzM cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ ljBfnodf Joj:yf ub} { hfg] . 

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgsf] pQ/sf] d'Vo a' 

“bfx¿ 

!= Ps ;Ktsdf lgDgfg';f/sf z'4 :j/x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ M 

;f /] u d k w lg 

@= :j/cEof;sf nflu ;/ud -Ps dfqf = b'O :j/_ 

cf/f]xM ;f;f /]/] uu dd kk ww lglg ;f+;f+ 

cj/f]xM ;f+;f+ lglg ww kk dd uu /]/] ;f;f . -o:t} u/L :j/x¿ ldnfP/ cGo ;/udx¿ klg 

agfpg ;lsG5 _ 

#= sIff ! df clegocGtu{t b]xfosf] ljifoj:t' cWofkg u/fOG5 M 

kz'kIfLsf] lx―8fO, pk|mfO tyf af]nLsf] gSsn . 

122

123 

:jf:Yo lzIff 

:jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdWo] Ps xf] . :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' ;a}sf] 

clwsf/ xf] . s'g} klg cleefjs cfk\mgf afnaflnsf lg/f]uL xf]pmg\, ;kmf;'U3/ a;"g\, k'mlt{nf, 

x[i6k'i6 xf]pmg\ / pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} rf]6k6s gnfuf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . clzIff, c1fg / cGo 

sf/0fn] ljZjdf j;] {lg ;?jf /f]u tyf Pr\=cfO=eL=÷P8\;af6 ;ª\qmldt eO{ nfvf} +F JolQmx¿sf] 

d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo lzIffn] JolQmdf :jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/L 

Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 . 

k|fylds tx -sIff !–%_ sf nflu o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ M 

!= JolQmut ;kmfO 

@= jftfj/0fLo ;kmfO 

#= kf]if0f tyf vfgf 

$= /f]ux¿ 

%= arfp tyf k|fylds pkrf/ 

^= :jf:Yo ;]jf 

&= w"dkfg tyf nfu" kbfy{ 

txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ 

k|fylds tx k"/f u/]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

!= z/L/ ;kmfOk|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf /fvL JolQmut ;/;kmfO ug{ . 

@= 3/, ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg, jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO ug{ . 

#= ;?jf /f]ux¿af6 aRg lg/f]wfTds pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ . 

$= ljleGg vfB;d"xaf6 kf}li6s vfgfx¿ 5fgL vfg] afgL a;fNg . 

%= b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg . 

^= ;d'bfodf pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u cfjZostfg';f/ ug{ . 

&= nfu"kbfy{ tyf w"dkfgaf6 x'g] v/fj c;/x¿ dgg u/L To;af6 6f9f /xg] pkfox¿ 

ckgfpg . 

ljifo If]q / qmd 

o; ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / qmd tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M 

If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff # 

!= JolQmut z/L/sf aflx/L cª\ux¿sf] z/L/sf aflx/L cª\ux¿sf] z/L/sf ljleGg cª\ux¿sf] 

;kmfO klxrfg / ;kmfO ;kmf ug] { tl/sf ;kmfO 

� v]n v]n]/ cfPkl5, � ;/;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] ug'{kg] 

{ sf/0f 

l;―ufg kmfn]kl5 cflb ;fdfgx¿ � z/L/sf] ;kmfOdf k|of]u 

cj:yfdf xft w'jfO � lx―8\bf, a:bf, p7\bf / x'g] :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿

@= 

jftfj/0fLo 

;kmfO 

#= kf]if0f 

tyf 

vfgf 

124 

� ;xL tl/sfn] xft w'g] / 

bf―t dfe\mg] tl/sf 

� lx―8\bf, p7\bf, / a:bfsf] 

l:ylt 

� 3/ tyf ljBfnodf x'g] 

kmf]xf]/x¿ 

� 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf 

ug] { tl/sf 

� lb;flk;fa ug] { :yfg 

� ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft 

kfgL] 

� lkpgsf nflu ;'/lIft / 

:jR5 kfgL 

� vfgfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro 

� b}lgs vfg] vfgf 

� sf―r} vfOg] vfg]s'/fx¿ 

� vfgf vfg] tl/sf 

$= /f]ux¿ � ;Grf]kgf / la/fdL 

cj:yf 

� ;fwf/0f /f]ux¿ 

%= arfp 

tyf 

k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

� 3/, ljBfno, ;8s, 

af6f]3f6f]df x'g ;Sg] 

b'3{6gfx¿ -v:g], n8\g], 

kf]Ng], sf6\g], RofKg], 

3f]Rg], s/]G6 nfUg], 

;8s b'3{6gf cflb_ 

� b'3{6gfaf6 arfj6 

-cfuf], ljh'nL, 

df]6/uf8L, wfl/nf 

cf}hf/ cflb;―usf] 

xf]l;of/L_ 

;'Tbfsf] l:ylt � df};dcg';f/sf n'uf 

nufpg] tl/sf 

� lgb|f, cf/fd / 

Jofofdsf] dxŒj 

� 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf 

ug{ rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿ / 

tL ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u 

� 3/ tyf ljBfnodf 

;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] 

kmfObf, jftfj/0f 

� k|b"if0f x'g] sf/0f / 

arfj6sf pkfo 

� 3/ tyf ljBfnoaf6 

lg:sg] kmf]xf]/x¿ 

� cfk\mgf] ufp― / 

;d'bfodf kfOg] 

vfg]s'/f 

� ;'/lIft / tfhf vfgf 

� z/L/sf nflu kfgLsf] 

cfjZostf 

� ;g] { / g;g] { /f]ux¿ 

� la/fdL cj:yf 

� :j:y afgL 

� 3/, ljBfno, ;8s 

af6f]3f6f]df x'g ;Sg] 

b'3{6gfx¿ M v:g] 

n8\g], kf]Ng], sf6\g], 

RofKg], 3f]Rg], s/]G6 

nfUg], ;8s b'3{6gf 

cflb 

� ;8s, af6f]3f6f] / 3/ 

tyf ljBfnodf x'g 

;Sg] b'3{6gf 

� b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] tl/sf 

� ;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] 

kmfObfx¿ 

� jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 

arfj6 ug] { tl/sf . 

� rkL{sf] plrt k|of]u / 

;/;kmfO 

� vfg]kfgLsf] 

;|f]t÷d'xfgsf] klxrfg 

/ ;/;kmfO 

{ { 

� cfk\mgf] ufp― / 

;d'bfodf kfOg] 

vfg]s'/fsf ;|f]tx¿ 

� xl/of] ;fukft / 

kmnk"mnx¿sf] k|of]u 

� vfg]s'/f ;'/lIft /fVg] 

tl/sf 

� ;g] / g;g] /f]ux¿ 

� :j:y afgL 

� pkrf/ ;]jf 

� b'3{6gf / b'3{6gfsf 

sf/0fx¿ M v]nd}bfg, 

kf]v/L, vf]nf, ;8s, 

s/]G6 cflb 

� k|fylds 

pkof]u 

pkrf/sf] 

� b'3{6gfaf6 

pkfox¿ 

aRg] 

� arfp tyf k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

rf]6k6s 

M 3fp,

125 

^= :jf:Yo 

;]jf 

&= w"dkfg 

tyf 

nfu"kbfy{ 

� :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] 

;+:yfx¿sf] gfd 

� :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u 

-cfuf], lah'nL, 

df]6/uf8L, wfl/nf 

cf}hf/ 

xf]l;of/L_ 

cflb;―usf] 

� :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] 

;+:yfx¿ – kl/ro / 

;fdfGo sfd 



kf7\o PsfO sIff – ! sIff – @ sIff – # 

1= JolQmut ;kmfO !) !) * 

2= jftfj/0fLo ;kmfO % % $ 

3= kf]if0f tyf vfgf ^ ^ % 

4= /f]ux¿ % % % 

5= arfp tyf k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

$ $ $ 

6= :jf:Yo ;]jf @ @ @ 

7= w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ — — $ 

hDdf #@ #@ #@ 

gf]6 M kf7\oef/ k|ltxKtf sIff !—# sf nflu ! 3G6L 

ljifo If]q / qmd -sIff $ / %_ 


!= JolQmut 

;kmfO 

If]q sIff $ sIff % 

� z/L/sf ljleGg cª\ux¿sf] 

;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] kmfObf -z/L/sf 

gjåf/ / 5fnf_ 

� cfk\mgf] z/L/sf cª\ux¿sf] x]/ljrf/ 

/ ;'/Iff -gª sf6\g] gjåf/ ;kmf /fVg]_ 

� :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] 

cfjZostf 

� :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] ug] { sfd 


� w"dkfgsf] kl/ro / 

k|sf/ 

� w"dkfgsf] ;fdfGo 

c;/ . 

� z/L/sf ljleGg cª\ux¿sf] 

;/;kmfO 

� cf/fd, lgb|f / Jofofdsf] dxŒj 

� :j:y afgLx¿ 

� ;'/lIft / ;Gt'lnt vfgf 

@= jftfj/0fLo � jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ jf k|b"if0f x'g] � jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOsf] dxŒj

126 

;kmfO sf/0fx¿ M efG;faf6 lg:s]sf 

kmf]xf]/x¿, sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿, k]lG;n 

sf6]sf] w'nf], Knfl:6s, kmnk"mnsf 

af]qmf, w'jf―, sf7, bfp/f, kft 

kltª\u/x¿ cflb 

� 3/ / ljBfno ;kmf ubf{ lg:s]sf 

kmf]xf]/x¿sf] juL{s/0f -s'lxg] / 

� kmf]xf]/ j:t'sf] Joj:yfkgdf dfgjLo 

e"ldsf -;r]tgf, Jojxf/ / 

pQ/bfloTj jxg_ 

� s'lxg] kmf]xf]/ j:t'af6 h}ljs dn 

lgdf{0f 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ { 

{ 

{ 

{ 

#= kf]if0f tyf 

vfgf 

gs'lxg]_ 

� vfg]s'/fsf] sfd -zlQm lbg], z/L/ j[l4 

ug] {, z/L/ /Iff ug] {_ 

� kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] dxŒj 

� ;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] dxŒj / o;sf 

� sfdcg';f/ vfgfsf] juL{s/0f, h:t}M cefjdf x'g] c;/x¿ M s'kf]if0f 

zlQm lbg] vfgfx¿ cGgx¿, cfn', 

;v/v08, ;v/ cflb 

� s'kf]if0fsf c;/x¿ -/tGwf], ;'s]gf;, 

/Qm cNktf cflb_ 

� z/L/ j[l4 ug] vfgfx¿ u]8fu'8L, 

df5fdf;', bxL, b"w cflb 

� vfgfdf ePsf] kf}li6s tŒj ;+/If0f 

ug] tl/sf 

� z/L/ /Iff ug] vfgfx¿ M kmnk"mn, 

xl/of] ;fukft cflb 

� z/L/sf nflu kfgLsf] dxŒj 

-vfgfdf ePsf] kf}li6s tŒj 3'nfpg, 

� vfg]s'/fsf] gd'gf ;ª\sng / sfdsf 

cfwf/df logLx¿sf] juL{s/0f 

kl/jxg / lgisf;g 

$= /f]ux¿ � ;g] / g;g] /f]ux¿ M cfp―, lgdf]lgof, � s]xL ;?jf /f]ux¿ M -Ifo/f]u, 7]pnf, 

Eofu't], kf]lnof], bfb'/f, 6«sf]df cflb bfb'/f, nx/]vf]sL, x}hf cflb_ 

� ;xof]ufTds efjgfM la/fdLnfO{ ;xof]u � s]xL g;g] /f]ux¿ 

ug] {, 3[0ff gug] cflb 

� PrcfOeL P8\;sf] kl/ro 

%= arfp tyf 

k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

� ljleGg :yfg / j:t'af6 x'g ;Sg] 

b'3{6gfsf sf/0f / aRg] pkfo M 

v]nd}bfg, ;8s, kf]v/L, vf]nf, lxp― 

cflbdf n8\g', 

� rf]6k6s, 6f]sfO, 

� lxp―n] vfg', 

� b'3{6gf x'―bf 

ug'{kg] 

;xof]u 

� k|fylds pkrf/ -/utsf] /f]syfd 

k6\6Lsf] k|of]u / c:ktfnsf] k|of]u 

cflb_ 

� k|fylds pkrf/sf pkfox¿ 

� k|fylds pkrf/sf] dxŒj 

� k|fylds pkrf/df k|of]u x'g] 

;fdfgx¿ -k|fylds pkrf/ afs;, 

k§L cflb_ 

^= :jf:Yo ;]jf � :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] dxŒj -JolQm, kl/jf/ / � :jf:Yo ;]jf / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 

;d'bfodf_ 

;]jfdf ;xeflutf -cfk"m la/fdL x'―bf

127 

&= w"dkfg tyf 

nfu"kbfy{ 

� :jf:Yo ;]jf / ;xof]u M la/fdL x'―bf 

:jf:Yo ;]jf lng], c¿ la/fdL x'―bf 

:jf:Yo ;]jf lngsf nflu ;xof]u ug] { 

� w"dkfg, dBkfg / nfu"kbfy{ M kl/ro, 

k|sf/, c;/ 

� w"dkfg, dBkfg, nfu"kbfy{k|lt ;r]tgf 

� w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ ;]jgk|lt 

c:jLsf/ -cfdfafa', ;fyLefO, 

5/l5d]s_ 

:jf:Yo ;]jf lng], c¿nfO{ ;xof]u 

ug] {, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo sfo{df 

;xefuL x'g], :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL 

1fgsf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug] { ._ 

� w"dkfg, dBkfg, nfu"kbfy{af6 aRg] 

pkfox¿ -;ª\ut, c:jLsf/, bafa, 

;+od_ 

� w"dkfg, dBkfg, nfu"kbfy{ lj/f]wL 

cleofg, vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgsf 

pknlAwsf] k|rf/k|;f/, sdfOsf] 

b'?kof]u, ;dosf] gfz 


kf7\o PsfO sIff – $ sIff – % 

kf7\oef/ cª\sef/ kf7\oef/ cª\sef/ 

∞ 

∞ 

1= JolQmut ;kmfO !! !& !! !& 

2= jftfj/0fLo ;kmfO !) !^ !) !^ 

3= kf]if0f tyf vfgf !) !^ !) !^ 

4= /f]ux¿ !@ !( !@ !( 

5= arfp tyf k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

* !@ * !@ 

6= :jf:Yo ;]jf % * % * 

7= w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ * !@ * !@ 

hDdf ^$ !)) ^$ !)) 

sIff ^—* df :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff nfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIfftk{m kf7\oef/ @=% / k"0ff{ª\s %) 

;fy} ;+:s[t lzIfftk{m ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ % / k"0ff{ª\s !)) /flvPsf] 5 . 

:jf:Yo lzIff 

cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf txut ;Ifdtf 

o; txsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g] 5g\ M 

!= z/L/ lj1fgsf] dxŒj a'emL :j:y z/L/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kf]if0fo'Qm vfBkbfy{sf] pkof]u ug{ 

@= /f]ux¿sf] klxrfg u/L /f]syfdsf pkfo cjnDag ug{ 

#= pd]/cg';f/ x'g] zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gsf] dxŒj a'emL :j:y k|hgg Jojxf/ ckgfpg 

$= nfu"kbfy{ / w"dkfgsf c;/af6 cfk"m aRg / c¿nfO{ arfpg

128 

%= ljleGg b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] pkfo cjnDag u/L ;fdfGo k|fylds pkrf/ ug{ 

^= kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yodf of]ubfg lbg 

sIffut l;sfO pknlAwx¿ 

sIff M ^ 

sIff ^ sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{df ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M 

!= cfk\mgf] z/L/sf] ljleGg cª\ux¿sf] ;/;kmfO ug{ 

@= z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVg] cfjZos pkfox¿ ckgfpg 

#= vfgfsf] juL{s/0f u/L o;sf] dxŒj atfpg 

$= ;g] { / g;g] { /f]uxsf] kl/ro lb―b} To;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg 

%= lszf]/fj:yfsf] kl/jt{g / of}g lzIffsf] dxŒj atfpg 

^= dlxnf / k'?ifsf] k|hgg cª\ux¿;―u kl/lrt ub} { k|hgg cª\usf] ;/;kmfO ug{ 

&= nfu"kbfy{ tyf w"dkfgsf] b'ikl/0ffdaf6 aRg 

*= kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] juL{s/0f u/L o;sf plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ 

(= k|fylds pkrf/sf] dxŒj atfpg 

sIff M & 

sIff & sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M 

!= dfgj z/L/sf ljleGg k|0ffnLx¿sf] gfd / sfd atfpg 

@= z/L/sf] x]/rfx u/L :j:y afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ 

#= kf}li6s tTjsf] klxrfg u/L ;Gt'lnt ef]hg u|x0f ug{ 

$= ljleGg lsl;dsf ;g] { / g;g] { /f]ux¿af6 aRg 

%= k|hgg cª\usf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 ;'/lIft x'g] pkfo ckgfpg 

^= nfu"kbfy{ tyf w"dkfgaf6 6f9f /xg 

&= jftfj/0f :j:Yo /fVg] pkfo ckgfpg 

*= ljleGg lsl;dsf b'3{6gfdf k|fylds pkrf/ ug{ 

sIff M * 

sIff * sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M 

!= dfgj z/L/sf] ljleGg k|0ffnLx¿sf] gfd / sfd atfpg 

@= z/L/ :j:y /fVg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg 

#= s'kf]if0faf6 aRgsf nflu kf}li6s tTj ;+/If0f ug] { tl/sf cjnDag ug{ 

$= ljleGg lsl;dsf ;g] { / g;g] { /f]ux¿af6 aRg 

%= of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yosf] cfjZostf atfpg 

^= nfu"kbfy{ tyf w"dkfgsf] c;/af6 aRg 

&= jftfj/0f b"lift x'g] tTjx¿sf] klxrfg u/L :j:y jftfj/0fsf nflu of]ubfg lbg 

*= ljleGg lsl;dsf b'3{6gfdf k|fylds pkrf/ ug{

{ 

ljifoj:t''sf] 

If]q / qmd tflnsf 

If]q sIff ^ kf sIff & kf sIff * kf 

3 

3 

3 

1= dfgj z/L/ s_ dfgj z/L/sf] % s_ dfgjz/L/sf ^ s_ lgDglnlvt $ 

kl/ro 

lgDglnlvt k|0ffnLx¿sf] kl/ro / 

� sf]if, tGt' k|0ffnLx¿sf] sfo{ 

v_lgDglnlvt kl/ro / sfo{ � /Qm;~rf/ k|0ffnL 

cª\ux¿sf] 

� cl:y/k~h/ 

kl/ro, dxŒj / k|0ffnL 

;/;kmfO 

� df+;k]zL 

� cf―vf 

k|0ffnL 

� u|GyL k|0ffnL 

� :gfo' k|0ffnL 

� k|hgg k|0ffnL 

� gfs 

� kfrg k|0ffnL 

� sfg 

� :jf;k|Zjf; 

� 5fnf 

k|0ffnL 

� bf―t 

� d"q k|0ffnL 

2= JolQmut s_ JolQmut $ s_ z/L/sf] % s_ z/L/ ;kmf /fVg] # 

:jf:Yo :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx, z/L/ pkfox¿ 

kl/ro 

:j:y /fVg'kg] v_ lgoldt :jf:Yo 

v_ z/L/sf] x]/rfx sf/0fx¿ / k/LIf0f 

tyf z/L/ :j:y pkfox¿ 

/fVg] pkfox¿ v_ cfvf, sfg / 

� s]zsf] x]/rfx gfssf] x]/rfx 

� cg'xf/sf] x]/rfx 

� ;kmf / z'4 lkpg] 

kfgL 

� lgoldt cf/fd 

lgGb|f, Jofofd / 

dgf]/~hg 

� ;kmf n'ufkmf6fsf] 

k|of]u 

tyf ;/;kmfO 

u_ kf]if0f l:ylt 

3_zf/Ll/s 

cj:yf 

ª_ dfgl;s 

cj:yf 

3= kf]if0f s_ vfgfsf] kl/ro $ s_ kf}li6s $ s_ s'kf]if0fsf] $ 

tyf dxŒj tTjsf] 

kl/ro 

v_ vfgfsf] juL{s/0f kl/ro / dxŒj v_ s'kf]if0faf6 

/ sfd 

u_ ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] 

� sfaf] {xfO8«6, 

k|f]l6g, 

nfUg] /f]u h:t}M 

;'s]gfz, /QmcNkQf, 

129

kl/ro le6fldg, 

lrNnf] kbfy{ 

(Fats), 

le6fldg A, 

D, E, 

le6fldg B, 

C, vlgh, 

kmnfd, 

� cfof]l8gsf 

;|f]t 

sfo{x¿ 

/ 

v_ ;Gt'lnt 

ef]hg / dxŒj 

u_ Kofs]6sf 

4= /f]u s_ /f]usf] kl/ro / 

vfgf -hª\s_ sf] 

kl/ro 

^ s_ ;?jf /f]u, 

130 

lsl;d 

� ;g] { /f]u 

� g;g] { /f]u 

v_ lgDglnlvt 

/f]ux¿, ;g] { tl/sf, 

sf/0f, nIf0f / aRg] 

pkfox¿ 

� emf8fkvfnf 

� uf]nf] h'sf 

� n'tf] 

� cf―vf kfSg' 

� ?3fvf]sL 

� /]lah 

� cfp― 

� sdnlkQ 

� 6fOkmfO8 

� PrcfOeL / P8\; 

o;sf sf/0f, ;g] { 

dfWod, ;?jf 

/f]usf] k|lqmof / 

rqm 

v_ lgDglnlvt 

/f]ux¿sf] nIf0f, 

;g] { tl/sf / aRg] 

pkfox¿ 

� wg'i6ª\sf/ 

� gfDn] h'sf 

� cª\s'z] h'sf 

� Eofu't] /f]u 

� kf]lnof] 

� lgdf]lgof 

� sfnfhf/ 

� cf}nf]Hj/f] 

� PrcfOeL / 

P8\; 

� le/ª\uL 

/tGwf], :seL{, Vofp6] 

/f]ux¿sf] ;fdfGo 

kl/ro 

u_ :yfgLo pknAw 

vfgfaf6 ;Gt'lnt 

ef]hgsf] tof/ kfg] { 

tl/sf 

3_ vfgf ksfpbf 

kf]if0fsf] ;+/If0f ug] { 

tl/sfx¿ 

ª_ Kofs]6sf vfgfsf 

a]kmfObfx¿ 

& s_ ;?jf /f]ux¿af6 

aRg] pkfox¿ 

� ;'/lIft kfgLsf] 

k|of]u 

� ;'/lIft tyf 

;Gt'lnt vfgf 

� ;/;kmfO 

� ;'O, vf]k 

v_ s]xL ;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] 

� nIf0f, sf/0f ;g] { 

tl/sf aRg] pkfo 

/ /f]syfd 

� d]lgGhfOl6; 

� OG;]kmnfOl6; 

� x]kf6fOl6; la= 

� PrcfOeL / P8\; 

u_ ljleGg g;g] { 

� /f]ux¿sf] nIf0f, 

sf/0f / aRg] 

pkfox¿ 

*

5= lszf]/fj:yf, 

of}g tyf 

k|hgg 

:jf:Yo 

6= dBkfg, 

nfu"kbfy{ / 

w"dkfg 

7= Jfftfj/0fLo 

:jf:Yo 

131 

s_ lszf]/fj:yfsf] 

kl/ro 

� lszf]/fj:yfdf 

cfpg] kl/jt{gx¿ 

v_ of}lgstf lzIff / 

o;sf] dxŒj 

u_ of}g tyf k|hgg 

:jf:Yosf] cjwf/0ff / 

dxŒj 

� dlxnf / k'?ifsf 

aflx/L k|hgg 

cª\ux¿sf] agf]6 

� k|hgg 

cª\ux¿sf] 

;/;kmfO / o;sf] 

dxŒj 

-s_ dBkfg, nfu"kbfy{ 

/ w"dkfgsf] kl/ro 

-v_ nfu"kbfy{ 

k|of]usf] 

b'ikl/0ffd / o;af6 

aRg] pkfox¿ 

s_ Jfftfj/0fLo 

:jf:Yosf] kl/ro 

v_ kfgLsf] 

� ;'hfs 

% s_ lszf]/fj:yfsf] 

r/0fx¿ 

v_ of}g 

cled'vLs/0f 

u_ k|hgg :jf:Yo 

lzIffsf] 

cfjZostf / 

k|hgg k|lqmof 

� z'qmsL6 

pTkfbg 

k|lqmof 

� :jKgbf]if 

� l8Da pTkfbg 

/ /h:jnf 

� ue{wf/0f 

� k|hgg 

cª\udf x'g] 

;ª\qmd0f / 

/f]syfdsf 

pkfox¿ 

$ -s_ nfu"kbfy{ 

w"dkfg / dBkfg 

;'? ug] { sf/0fx¿ 

/ o;af6 6f9f 

/xg] pkfox¿ 

^ s_ kfgL b'lift 

x'gfn] :jf:Yodf 

x'g] xfgL 

� bd 

� kTy/L 

� SofG;/ 

� dw'd]x 

� d'6';DaGwL 

/f]ux¿ -d'6' / 

/Qm gnL_ 

^ s_ 

lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] 

lhDj]jf/L 

v_ ;'/lIft of}g 

Jojxf/ 

u_ k|hgg :jf:Yo 

3_ ;'/lIft ue{ktgsf] 

cjwf/0ff 

ª_ ue{ lg/f]wsf] 

cjwf/0ff, tl/sf / 

;fwgx¿ 

r_ k|hgg :jf:Yo ;]jf 

tyf ;'ljwfx¿ 

5_ a[xt\ of}lgstf 

lzIffsf] kl/ro, 

dxŒj / If]qx¿ 

{ 

@ -s_ nfu"kbfy{, dBkfg 

/ w"dkfgsf 

lsl;dx¿, o;af6 

:jf:Yodf kg] c;/x¿ 

tyf o;af6 aRg] 

pkfox¿ 

% s_ b"lift kfgLaf6 ;g] { 

/f]ux¿ 

v_ b"lift kfgLnfO{ 

% 

# 

*

8= ;'/Iff tyf 

k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

132 

cfjZostf / dxŒj, 

;|f]tx¿ / b"lift x'g] 

sf/0fx¿ 

u_ 7f]; kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] 

;|f]t M – efG;fsf]7f, 

3/j/k/, 3/eGbf 

aflx/, ljBfno, 

s_ kmf]xf]/d}nfaf6 x'g] 

xfgL 

v_kmf]x/d}nf 

Joj:yfkg ug] { 

pkfox¿ 

u_ rkL{sf] dxŒj / 

cfjZostf, 

-s_ ;'/Iff lzIffsf] 

kl/ro 

-v_ k|fylds 

pkrf/sf] 

kl/ro / dxŒj 

-u_ b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] 

pkfo tyf k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

� 3fp 

� /Qm;|fj 

� gfy|f] k'm6\g' 

� sf―8f jf 

rSs"n]5fnf 5]8\g' 

v_ z/L/df 

kfgLsf] 

dfqf sdL ePdf 

x'g] xfgLx¿ 

u_ 7f]; 

kmf]xf]/d}nf 

juL{s/0f 

� s'lxg] j:t'x¿ 

� gs'lxg] 

j:t'x¿ 

v_ kmf]x/d}nfsf] 

Joj:yfkg, 

-y'kfg{, uf8\g, dn 

agfpg' 

u_ rkL{sf] 

kl/ro÷plrt 

k|sf/sf] rkL{sf] 

k|of]u, hyfefjL 

lb;flk;fa ugf{n] 

x'g] xfgLx¿ 

3_ kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] 

k'gM k|of]u 

ª_ k|fª\ufl/s dn 

agfpg] tl/sf 

^ -s_ b'3{6gfaf6 

;'/Iff tyf aRg] 

pkfo 

-v_ k|fylds 

pkrf/sf] p2]Zo 

/ k|fylds pkrf/ 

� kf]Ng' 

� cf―vf, gfs, 

sfg / 

3f6Ldf af≈o 

j:t' c8\lsg' 

� n' nfUg' 

� lxp―n] vfg' 

z'4 agfpg] tl/sfx¿, 

-pdfn]/, lkmN6/ u/]/, 

/f;folgs k|lqmof 

u_ 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nf 

Joj:yfkg 

� k'gM k|of]u ug'{ 

� k'gM rqmdf 

� sd ug'{ 

s_ xfjfsf] dxŒj / 

cfjZostf xfjf b'lift 

x'g] sf/0fx¿ 

v_ b'lift xfjfaf6 

km}ng] /f]ux¿ 

u_ xfjf b'lift x'g 

glbg] pkfox¿ 

3_ sf]nfxnsf] kl/ro 

ª_ :jf:Yodf x'g] 

c;/x¿ / aRg] 

pkfox¿ 

% -s_ lgDglnlvt 

b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] pkfo 

tyf k|fylds pkrf/ 

� ds{g'÷xf8 eflrg' 

� s/]G6 nfUg' 

� n]s nfUg' 

� a]xf]; x'g' 

� ;k{n] 8:g' 

%

9= kfl/jfl/s / 

;fd'bflos 

:jf:Yo 

133 

� ax'nf s's'/n] 

6f]Sg' 

� kfgLdf 8'Ag' 

-s_ kfl/jfl/s 

:jf:Yosf] kl/ro 

-v_ ;fd'bflos 

:jf:Yosf] kl/ro / 

dxŒj 

-u_ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 

;d:ofx¿ / 

;dfwfgsf 

pkfox¿ 

� cGwljZjf; / 

c1fgtf 

� w"dkfg / 

nfu"kbfy{ 

� ;8s 

b'3{6gfdf kg'{ 

� bf―t ef―lrg' 

$ -s_ kfl/jfl/s 

:jf:Yosf] 

cjwf/0ff / 

dxŒj 

-v_ ;fd'bflos 

:jf:Yo ;d:of / 

;dfwfgsf 

pkfox¿ 

� pRr 

hg;ª\Vof 

j[l4 

� jftfj/0f 

k|b"if0f 

� /f]usf] 

Jofkstf 

� s'kf]if0f 

� ul/aL 

$ -s_ kfl/jfl/s 

:jf:Yo;―u ;DalGwt 

ljifodf kl/jf/ / 

;fd'bflos ;DaGw 

-v_ ;d'bfodf pknAw 

:jf:Yo ;]jfx¿sf] 

pkof]u 

� pk:jf:Yo rf}sL 

� :jf:Yo rf}sL 

� k|fylds :jf:Yo 

s]Gb| 

� cfo'j] {b c:ktfn 

� xf]ldof]KofyL 

c:ktfn 

� c:ktfn 

u_ o'jf d}qL of}g tyf 

k|hgg :jf:Yo ;]jf 

3_ PrcfOle 

;ª\qmldtk|ltsf] 

Jojxf/ / k/fdz{ 


:jf:Yo lzIff Jofjxfl/s 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t ePsf] x'―bf 

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . lzIfs ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf k|:t't eO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fg, wf/0ff / 

;Lksf cg'ej ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|:tt' ug{ pTk| ]l/t ug'{k5{ 

. ctM :jf:Yo lzIff lzIf0f ug{ 

lgDglnlvt ljlw pkof]uL x'G5g\ M 

!= ;d"xdf 5nkmn (Group Discussion) 

@= dl:tis dGyg (Brain Storming) 

#= clego (Role Play) 

$= ;–;fgf ;d"xsf u'~h 5nkmn (Buzz Session) 

%= v]n tyf k|lt¿k (Game and simulation) 

^= jfbljjfb (Debate) 

&= kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project Work) 

$

134 

*= cWoog e|d0f (Field Trip) 

(= 36gf cWoog (Case Study) 

!)= k|bz{g tyf vf]h (Demonstration and Enquiry) 

:jf:Yo lzIff ljifosf ljleGg 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ljljw k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ 

u/fpg ;lsG5 . s]xL pkof]uL lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M 

j0f{g u/fpg] M ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mn] b]v]sf, cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ -h:t}M kf]:6/, 

lrq, vfg]s'/f, 7fpF, ;/;kmfO kmf]xf]/d}nf cflbsf_ af/]df j0f{g ug{ 

nufpg] . 

cjnf]sg u/fpg] M ljBfyL{aLr z/L/sf cª\ux¿, kf];fs tyf sIffsf]7f, ljBfnosf] 

xftf, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f cflb cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ k|ltj]bg 

tof/ ug{ nufpg] . 

cEof; ug{ nufpg] M :jf:Yo lzIffcGtu{t l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] cEof; ug{ nufpg] -h:t}M 

xftv'6\6f w'g nufpg], ;/;kmfO ug] { cflb ._ 

lrq agfpg nufpg] M ljBfno j/k/, 3/, 5/l5d]sdf ePsf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifosf 

/fd|f kIfsf / ;'wfg'{kg] 

{ kIfsf lrq agfpg nufpg] . 

cg'ej jf k|ltj]bg eGg nufpg] M ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf k|ltj]bg, cjnf]sgsf cg'ej sIffdf 

k|:t't ug{ nufpg] . 

u/]/ b]vfpg nufpg] M :jf:Yo;DaGwL vf;vf; ;Lkx¿ u/]/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfo{ ug{ 

nufpg] . 

vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg M s'g} lglZrt ljifosf] ;d:of jf tYo kQf nufpg nufpg] . 


:jf:Yo lzIff cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{x¿df jfl~5t Jojxf/ :yflkt ug'{ 

/x]sfn] ljBfyL{ 

d"Nofª\sgstf{n] k|To]s l;sfO pknlAwcg';f/ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePgePsf] cjnf]sg u/L 

cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBfno jftfj/0f ;f]xLcg's"n agfO{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf nflu pTk| ]l/t ug'{kg] 

{ 

x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ o; txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL 

qmdzM tnb]lv dfly cjnf]sg, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ ub} { lnlvt k/LIfftk{m k"0ff{ª\s a9fp―b} hfg'k5{ . 

ck]lIft l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n geP;Dd k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ;Dks{df /xL Jofjxfl/s ;Lk tyf 

1fg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lbO/xg'k5{ .

135 

zf/Ll/s lzIff 

zf/Ll/s lzIff - sIff !–%_ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] Ps cleGg cª\u xf], o;sf] dfWod zf/Ll/s 

lqmofsnfkx¿ / v]ns'b x'g\ . o;n] JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] 

ljsf; cyf{t ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; ub{5 . k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfx¿ x's{g] pd]/sf ePsf 

x'gfn] z/L/sf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ ;xL 9f―rf k|bfg ug{ zf/Ll/s lzIffn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf 

v]Nb5 . zf/Ll/s lzIffsf clwsf+z cg'ejx¿ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf lbOg] x'gfn] o;sf nflu v]Ng] 

7fp― tyf ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljBfnodf pknAw ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ . o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ 

;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M 

!= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ 

s_ ultzLn cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ 

v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ 

@= zf/Ll/s Jofofd / sjfh 

#= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ 

$= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿ 

%= es'G8f] v]nx¿ 

^= lhDgfl:6S; tyf ;Gt'ng sfo{ 

txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ 

k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

s_ zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ k|bz{g ug{ . 

v_ ;d"xdf Ps};fy kL=6L= tyf sjfhsf sfo{x¿ k|bz{g ug{ . 

u_ ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ v]Ng . 

3_ syf / ljleGg hgfj/df cfwfl/t l;h{gfTds tyf cg's/0ffTds sfo{x¿ ug{ . 

ª_ an �of―Sg, ;dfTg, kf; ug{ / ;fwf/0f an v]nx¿ v]Ng . 

r_ lhDgfl:6S;sf ;fwf/0f kN6g], em'lG8g] / ;Gt'ng sfo{x¿ ug{ 

{ 

If]q / qmd 


If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff # 

!= zf/Ll/s 

lzIffsf cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿ 

-s_ ultzLn 

� /]vfdf lx―8fO 

� ;fwf/0f bf}8 

� pk|mfO 

� @% ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8 

� bf―ofafof― ;g] lx―8fO 

� pk|mfO 

� #) ld= ;Ddsf] 

bf}8 

� sd b'/Lsf] nªhDk

136 

{ 

― 

] 

cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ � �of―sfO � �of―sfO / sd prfOsf] 

� xfOhDk 

� �of―sfO 

-v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf 

;Lkx¿ 

� z/L/ tGsfpg] / 

e'mnfpg] ;Lk 

� lglZrt 7fp―df a;L 

z/L/ xNnfpg] ;Lk 

� 7f8f] j:t'df r9\g], 

emg] / af/df e'mNg] 

sfo{ 

@= zf/Ll/s 

Jofofd / sjfh 

-s_ zf/Ll/s 

Jofofd 

� kL=6L= -tflnsf g+= ! 

b]lv $ ;Ddsf 

s;/tx¿_ 

� kL=6L= -tflnsf g+= ! 

b]lv & ;Ddsf 

s;/tx¿_ 

� 7Ls;―u e]nf eO{ 

kL=6L= tflnsf g+= 

! b]lv !) ;Ddsf 

s;/tx¿ 

-v_ sjfh � tf―tLdf lx―8\g] � ;ts{, uf]8fkmf6 / � tf―tL / kª\lQmdf 

lj>fdh:tf sfo{x¿ 7Ls;―u pleg] sfo{ 

#= ;fwf/0f tyf 

:yfgLo v]nx¿ 

-s_ ;fwf/0f v]n 

� 3]/fdf v]lng] v]n / 

;d"xdf v]lng] v]n 

� lglZrt :yfgleq 

nv]6]/ v]lng] v]n 

� xft ;dfO{ nv]6]/ 

v]lng] v]nx¿ 

-v_ :yfgLo v]nx¿ � :yfgLo v]nx¿ � :yfgLo v]nx¿ � :yfgLo v]nx¿ 

$= l;h{gfTds 

v]nx¿ 

-s_ syfgs 

v]nx¿ 

� ljleGg syfdf 

cfwfl/t sfo{x¿ 

� syfx¿df cfwfl/t 

sfo{x¿ 

� syfx¿df cfwfl/t 

sfo{x¿ 

-v_ clegofTds 

v]nx¿ 

� hgfj/x¿sf] 

sfo{snfksf] 

� ljleGg 

lx―8fO 

hgfj/sf] � ljleGg hgfj/sf] 

pk|mfOsf] gSsn 

cjnf]sg 

clego 

u/L 

%= e'sG8f] v]nx¿ � es'G8f] u'8fpg] / � es'G8f] u'8fpg] / � es'G8f] e'O―df 

;dfTg] v]n ;dfTg] v]n 

pkmfg] {, kmfNg] / 

;dfTg] sfo{ 

^= lhDgfl:6s sfo{ 

-s_ kN6gafhL 

� d'9fem} kN6g] sfo{ � kN6g] sfo{ � sf6{ l≈jn 

-v_ ;Gt'ng sfo{ � a:bf, p7\bf / lx―8\bf � ;Gt'ng - z/L/ � k\mn]s, a]Gr, jf 

z/L/sf] ;Gt'ng ;Gt'ng u/L pleg] t];f{ sf7df 

sfo{ 

;Gt'ng

137 


kf7\o PsfO sIff – ! sIff – @ sIff – # 

1= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿ 

& & & 

2= zf/Ll/s Jofofd / sjfh !@ !@ !@ 

3= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ ^ ^ ^ 

4= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿ ^ ^ ^ 

5= e'sG8f] v]nx¿ !& !& !& 

6= lhDgfl:6s sfo{ ^ ^ ^ 

7= :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] c+z !) !) !) 

hDdf ^$ ^$ ^$ 

{ { 

{ 

{ 

ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmdM sIff $ / % 

If]q sIff $ sIff % 

!= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf 

cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ 

-s_ ultzLn 

cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ 

� %) ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8 

� ;fwf/0f l/n] v]nx¿ 

� ljleGg tl/sfn] pk|mg] / 6]Sg] 

� ;fwf/0f xfOhDk / nª\hDk 

� &% ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8 

� 5Ng] / efUg] sfo{ 

� ;fwf/0f l/n] v]nx¿ 

� ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] xfOhDk / 

� annfO{ nIodf kmfNg] sfo{ nª\hDk 

� an jf s'g} j:t'nfO{ lglZrt 

b'/Ldf kmfNg] sfo{ 

-v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf 

;Lkx¿ 

� s'g} af/ jf 8G8Ldf e'mlG8g', 

dlRrg' / emg] sfo{ 

� af/df e'mlG8P/ ljleGg tl/sfn] 

e'mlG8g] / emg] sfo{ 

� lhp tGsfpg] s;/tx¿ � s'g} j:t'df r9\g] / emg] sfo{ 

@= sjfh / zf/Ll/s 

Jofofd 

-s_ sjfh 

� kms{g] sfo{x¿, gh/sf sfo{x¿ � uf]8frfn, c8, l56f] lx―8 

sfo{x¿ 

-v_ zf/Ll/s Jofofd � kL=6L= tflnsf g+= ! b]lv !# � ;d"xdf Ps¿ktf ldnfO{ s;/t 

;Ddsf s;/tx¿ 

ug] 

� no tyf tfndf -uGtL_ df � uLt tyf tfnsf] w'gdf 

zf/Ll/s Jofofd 

s;/tx¿ 

#= ;fwf/0f 

:yfgLo v]nx¿ 

tyf � s'g} ;fdfg jf an lnO{ v]lng] 

v]nx¿ 

� ;fwf/0f v]nsf] kl/ro 

� ;Ldfgf agfO{ v]lng] v]n /

138 

― 

{ { 

{ 

-s_ ;fwf/0f v]n nv]6fO v]nx¿ 

-v_ :yfgLo v]nx¿ � lgb] {zgljgf g} cfkm} v]lng] � :yfgLo v]nsf] kl/ro 

:yfgLo v]nx¿ 

� lgb] {zgljgf g} cfkm} ―n] v]Ng] / 

v]nfpg] :yfgLo v]nx¿ 

$= l;h{gfTds 

v]nx¿ 

-s_ syfgs v]nx¿ 

� cfk"mn] hfg]sf / k':tsdf ePsf 

syfx¿df cfwfl/t sfo{x¿ 

� syfgs v]nsf ¿kdf cfpg 

;Sg] syfx¿ v]Ng] / v]nfpg] 

sfo{x¿ 

-v_ clegofTds 

v]nx¿ 

� ljleGg hgfj/sf] ;+j]ufTds 

sfo{sf] gSsn 

� cfk"mn] b]v]sf gf}nf] hgfj/sf] 

clego -gSsn_ 

%= e'sG8f] v]nx¿ � es'G8f] v'6\6fn] kf; ug] / /f]Sg] � xft / v'6\6fn] l8«an ug] 

sfo{ 

es'G8f] v]n / ;d"xdf v]lng] 

� ;fwf/0f lgodx¿;lxtsf] an 

v]nx¿ 

es'G8f] v]n 

^= lhDgfl:6s sfo{ 

-s_ kN6gafhL 

� :jtGq ¿kn] lj:tf/} cufl8 

k5fl8 kN6g] sfo{ 

� ljleGg tl/sfn] kN6g] sfo{ - 

sf―wn] 6]s]/_ 

-v_ ;Gt'ng sfo{ � xft, 6fpsf] / k]6n] e'O―df 6]sL � ljleGg cfsf/ agfO{ z/L/nfO{ 

z/L/nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug] sfo{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] sfo{ 


kf7\o PsfO sIff – $ sIff – % 

kf7\ef/ cª\sef/ ∞ kf7\ef/ cª\sef/ ∞ 

1= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿ 

!# @) !# @) 

2= sjfh / zf/Ll/s Jofofd ( !$ ( !$ 

3= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ # % # % 

4= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿ ^ !) ^ !) 

5= e'sG8f] v]nx¿ !% @@ !% @@ 

6= lhDgfl:6s sfo{ ^ !) ^ !) 

7= :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] c+z !@ !( !@ !( 

hDdf ^$ !)) ^$ !)) 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] c+z 

:yfgLo txdf ;|f]tJolQmsf] ;dGjodf ljBfnon] cf�gf] ;]/f]k]m/f], ;d'bfo jf If]qleq b]Vb} / v]Nb} 

cfPsf ljleGg zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d]6L kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L ;f]cg'¿ksf lqmofsnfkdf 

;l/s u/fpg'k5{ . ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts / ;d'bfout ljljwtfn] ubf{ o; kf7\oqmdn] ;d]6\g

139 

g;s]sf / :yfgLo rngdf /x]sf v]nx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] :yfgLo c+zsf] ¿kdf @) k|ltzt 

kf7\oef/ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . pQm c+z :yfgLo rf8, d]nf, kj{ cflb jf cGo cj;/df ul/g] 

lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;d]6L tof/ ug'{kg] 

{ 5 . 

b[i6Jo M cfjZostfg';f/ If]qut 3G6L 36a9 u/L lzIf0fl;sfO ug{ ;lsg] 5 . 


o; ljifosf] lzIf0f k"0f{tof k|of]ufTds x'g] ePsfn] k|fylds:t/sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ubf{ 

;Lk l;sfpg] / To;nfO{ cEof; u/fpg]lt/ s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . ;Lk lzIf0f ubf{ k|bz{g ljlw 

pko'Qm x'G5 . 

lzIfsn] k|bz{g ubf{ ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] b]lvg] u/L ug'{k5{ 

. o;sf nflu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 

rGb|fsf/df /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . k|bz{gkl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;f] sfo{sf] cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . olb 

cEof;sf qmddf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL 9ª\un] ;Lk sfo{ k|of]u ug{ ghfg]df lzIfsn] pQm sfo{ 

;'wfg] { of k'gM k|bz{g ug] { ug'{k5{ 

. zf/Ll/s lzIff lzIf0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg] { cfwf/e"t s'/fdf 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfssf] lgb] {zg / lgoGq0fdf zf/Ll/s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fOPsf] x'g'k5{ . 

o;/L lqmofsnfk u/fp―bf z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ cª\u ;Gt'ltn 9ª\un] ;~rfng x'g] / ljBfyL{x¿ 

;d"xdf /dfpg] x'g'k5{ . 


d"Nofª\sgn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ultsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . zf/Ll/s lzIffdf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 

zf/Ll/s ;Lk / lqmofsnfk;―u ;DalGwt x'g] ePsf] x'―bf 

o;sf] d"Nofª\sg klg ;f]xLcg'¿k 

x'g'k5{ . d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;xL ;Lk k|bz{g ug] { ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ cufl8 a9\gdf dbt 

ug'{k5{ 

eg] uNtL ug] { of ;Lk k|of]u ug{ ghfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ xf};nf lbO{ l;Sgdf k| ]l/t ug'{k5{ 

. 

zf/Ll/s lzIffdf k|d'v ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] lzIf0fl;sfO ljlw k|bz{g / ;xeflutf xf] eg] 

d"Nofª\sg ug] { k|d'v cfwf/ sfo{snfksf] cjnf]sg xf] . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿sf 7"nfb]lv 

;fgf;fgf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg ;s] ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ;xh x'G5 . 

o;/L d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfks} Ps cleGg cª\usf] 

¿kdf lnO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sIff]Gglt Pjd\ :t/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 

. 

cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf txut ;Ifdtf 

o; txsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g] 5g\ M 

!= :j:y / k'mlt{nf] z/L/sf nflu s;/t, sjfh, Jofofd tyf of]ufEof; ug{ 

@= v]n lgodsf] kfngf u/L ljleGg v]nx¿ v]Ng 

#= PYn]l6S;sf ljleGg Oe]G6\;x¿df pko'Qm ;Lkx¿ k|bz{g ug{

140 

sIffut l;sfO pknlAw 

sIff M ^ 

sIff ^ sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M 

!= l:y/ cj:yfdf /xL z/L/sf] s;/t ug{ 

@= sjfhsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ 

#= zf/Ll/s Jofofd l;nl;nfa4 ¿kdf ug{ 

$= of]usf] kl/ro lb―b} To;sf] dxŒj atfpg 

%= ljleGg v]nsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ k|bz{g ug{ 

^= PYn]l6S;sf Oe]G6;x¿df cEof; ug{ 

sIff M & 

sIff & sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M 

!= lhp ttfpg] ljleGg lsl;dsf s;/t ug{ 

@= sjfhsf nflu 8«dsf] k|of]u ug{ 

#= zf/Ll/s Jofofdsf nflu dfbn / 8«dsf] k|of]u ug{ 

$= of]uf;gsf] cEof; ug{ 

%= elnan, k'm6an / af:s]6ansf cfwf/e"t ;Lk k|of]u u/L ;fgf] ;+/rgfdf v]Ng 

^= PYn]l6S;sf ljleGg Oe]G6\;x¿ ug{ 

sIff M * 

sIff * sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

!= s;/tsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ 

@= 8«dsf] tfndf sjfhsf] cEof; ug{ 

#= dfbn / 8«dsf] tfndf zf/Ll/s Jofofd ug{ 

$= of]uf;g ug{ 

%= lkmN8 Oe]G6\;sf ljleGg v]nx¿ lgodk"j{s v]Ng 

^= PYn]l6S;sf ljleGg Oe]G6\;x¿ lgodk"j{ ug{ 

ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd tflnsf 

If]q sIff ^ kf=3= sIff & kf=3 sIff * kf=3= 

^ 1= lhp ttfpg] ^ 

!= s;/t 1= l:y/ cj:yfdf 

hluª 

2= kfv'/fsf] 

s;/t 

3= sDd/sf] 

s;/t 

^ 1= lhp ttfpg] 

s;/t 

2= k}tfnfsf] 

s;/t 

3= v6\6fsf] 

uf]nLuf―7fsf] 

2= 

s;/t 

s'd, 3'―8f 

/ 

sDd/sf] 

s;/t 

3= kfv'/f /

141 

4= 5ftL / 9f8sf] 

s;/t 

5= hf]8Ldf sf―wdf 

xft /fvL 

lgx'l/g] s;/t 

@= sjfh s_ sjfhsf] kl/ro, 

se/ck, uf]8fkmf6, 

;ts{, bfof―kms{, 

afof―kms{, uf]8frfn 

cufl8 a9\ bfof―gh/, 

afof― gh/, ;Lwf 

#= zf/Ll/s 

Jofofd 

gh/ 

{ 

1= z/L/ 

Jofofd 

tGsfpg] 

2= xft 

Jofofd 

v'6\6fsf] 

3= kfv'/fsf] Jofofd 

4= 5ftLsf] Jofofd 

5= sDd/sf] Jofofd 

6= 9f8sf] Jofofd 

7= s'd / 3f―6Lsf] 

Jofofd 

8= z/L/ 

Jofofd 

3'dfpg] 

9= z/L/ 

Jofofd 

pkmfg] 

10= lhp lr:ofpg] 

Jofofd -s_ 

11= lhp lr:ofpg] 

s;/t 

4= 9f8 / xft 

v'6\6fsf] 

s;/t 

5= k]6 / lt3|fsf] 

s;/t 

6= hf]8Ldf k}tfnf 

hf]8L p7\g] 

s;/t 

$ sjfhdf 8«dsf] 

k|of]u 

* zf/Ll/s Jofofddf 

dfbn / 8«dsf] 

k|of]u 

5ftLsf] 

s;/t 

4= 9f8sf] 

s;/t 

$ 8«dsf] tfndf 

sjfhsf] cEof; 

* ;ª\uLtsf] 

tfndf 

lk=l6=g+ ! b]lv 

!@ 

;Ddsf] zf/Ll/s 

Jofofdsf] 

cEof; 

$= of]u 

Jofofd -v_ 

lgDglnlvt of]usf] # lgDglnlvt $ lgDglnlvt # 

$ 

*

%= v]n 

142 

kl/ro / dxŒj 

� kbdf;g 

� ;jf;g 

� ah|f;g 

1= cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿ l8luª– 

elnª 

2= k'm6jn v]nsf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M kfl;ª 

– 6«oflkª 

kf―rhgfsf] 

k'm6an 

-uf]nlsk/ 

g/fv]/_ 

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cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M r]:6kf; 

l8«alnª 

4= 8h anM kfl;ª, 

;dfTg] 

5= sa8\8LM /]l8ª – 

r]g 6«oflkª 

6= 3]/fdf vf] vf]M 

vf] lbg] / nv]6\g] 

of]uf;gsf] 

cEof; 

� kbdf;g 

� ;jf;g 

� ah|f;g 

!% 1= elnansf 

v]nsf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M 

l8luª, 

cG8/≈ofG8 

;le{; 

2= k'm6an v]nsf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M 

lslsª, 

6«oflkª, 

x]l8ª, # jf & 

hgfsf] k'm6an 

-lsk/ g/fv]/_ 

3= af:s]6an 

v]nsf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿ 

cG8/x\ofG8 

kf;, 

cf]e/x]8kf; 

4= kf]6{an 

5= 8h anxfGg], 

5Ng], kf; 

6= sa8\8LM 

8lhª, lslsª 

7= vf] vf]M 5Ng], 

of]uf;gsf] 

cEof; 

� k|0ffofd 

� cg'nf]d 

� ljnf]d 

!@ 1= elnan 

v]nsf cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M 

cf]e/x]8 ;le{;, 

;]l6ª ��elnan 

v]nsf ;fwf/0f 

lgodx¿ 

2= k'm6an 

v]nsf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M 

l8«alnª, 

y|f]Oª, uf]n 

lslkª 

��k'm6an 

v]nsf 

;fwf/0f 

lgodx¿ 

3= Aff:s]6ansf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lkx¿M 

afpG; kf;, 

jgx]G8 kf; 

4= kf]6{an 

5= 8hanM 

kf;, l6djs{ 

lgodx¿ 

6= sAa8L 

!%

^= 

Pyn]l6S; 

143 

1= 5f]6f] bf}8 

2= nª\uhDk 

3= ;fwf/0f l/n] 

4= Pyn]l6S;sf 

nflu s;/tx¿M 

aGb vf]n pk|m, 

8h bf}8, ljleGg 

l:yltaf6 bf}8 

;'? ug] {, p7a; 

-:Sjf6 y|:6_ 

kf]ndf xfGg] 

* 1= demf}nf bf}8 

2= xfOhDk 

3= ;6k'6 

4= l/n] v]nM gf£b} 

hfg] l/n], 

;fyLnfO{ af]sL 

lx8\g] l/n] 

v]nsf] 

cEof; / 

lgodx¿ 

7= vf]vf] v]nsf 

cfwf/e"t 

;Lksf] 

cEof; / 

lgodx¿ 

8= lqms]6sf] 

;fdfGo 

kl/ro 

!) 1= nfdf] bf}8 

2= l/n] bf}8M 

-Aof6g 

k|of]u u/]/_ 

3= nª\uhDkM 

r/0fx¿ 

4= xfOhDkM 

r/0fx¿ 

5= ;6k'6M 

r/0fx¿ 

6= Pyn]l6S;sf 

s;/tx¿ 

gf£g] l5g] { 

hf]8Ldf 

uf]8fsf] 

s;/t 

zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifosf] lzIf0f k"0f{tof k|of]ufTds x'g] ePsfn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ubf{ ;Lk 

l;sfpg] / To;sf] cEof; u/fpg]tk{m lzIf0f l;sfO s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . v]nsf lgod, Oltxf; tyf 

k|lqmofsf ljifodf JofVofg klg ug'{kb{5 

o;y{ zf/Ll/s lzIffdf JofVofg, k|bz{g / ;xeflutf 

ljlwnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt cg'¿k cjnDag ul/G5 . zf/Ll/s lzIff lzIf0f ubf{ 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfssf] lgb] {zg / lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg u/fOPsf] x'g'k5{ . o;/L lqmofsnfk 

u/fp―bf ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . 

*

144 

;+:s[t lzIfftk{m lj1fg tyf :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] hDdf !)) cª\sdWo] @% 

cª\ssf] :jf:Yo zf/Ll/sdf :jf:Yo lzIffsf nflu !% / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf nflu !) cª\ssf] 

d"Nofª\sg x'g] u/L cWoog cWofkg u/fOg'kb{5 . :jf:Yo lzIffsf nflu tn d"Nofª\sg v08df 

lbOPsf] ljifo If]qdWo] kf]if0f, /f]u, nfu"kbfy{, w"dkfg / k|fylds pkrf/ / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf 

nflu v]n / PYn]l6S;sf v08x¿sf] dfq} cWoog cWofkg u/fpg'kg] {5 . 

d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof 

cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* df :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO{ k"0ff{ª\s %) 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . sIff 

^ / & sf] clGtd k/LIff ljBfno cfkm} ―n] lng] ub{5 eg] sIff * sf] clGtd k/LIff ;DalGwt 

lhNnfn] ;~rfng ub{5 . sIff * sf] lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIffdf :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] 

;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds u/L k/LIff ;~rfng ul/G5 . of] ljifodf lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] 

k|Zgkqsf] 9f―rf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 . of] ljifodf ;}4flGts @% cª\s / k|of]ufTds @% cª\ssf] 

k/LIff ;~rfng u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g] 5 . of] ljifosf] k/LIffsf] pQL0ff{ª\s k|ltzt 

$) -@) cª\s_ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . 

;}4flGts k/LIff :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] k"0ff{ª\s @% sf] lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIffdWo] k"0ff{ª\s 

!% sf] :jf:Yo lzIffsf] k/LIffdf lgDgfg';f/ k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg] 5 M 

PsfO ;f]lwg] k"0ff{ª\s k|ltk|Zg hDdf 

k|Zg 

cª\s 

s_ dfgj z/L/ ! ! ��@ @ 

-v_ JolQmut :jf:Yo ! ! ��@ @ 

-u_ kf]if0f ! ! ��@ @ 

-3_ /f]u @ @ ��@ $ 

-ª_ of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo ! ! ��@ @ 

-r_ nfu"kbfy{ / w"dkfg ! ! ��@ @ 

-5_ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo ! ! ��@ @ 

-h_ ;'/Iff tyf k|fylds 

pkrf/ 

! ! ��@ @ 

-em_ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ! ! ��@ @ 

hDdf k|Zg ;ª\Vof !) @)

145 

{ 

To:t} k"0ff{ª\s !) sf] zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] k/LIffdf lgDgfg';f/ k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwg] 5 M 

PsfO ;f]lwg] k|Zg ug'{kg] 

;ª\Vof k"0ff{ª\s k|ltk|Zg hDdf cª\s 

-s_ s;/t @ ! ! ��! ! 

-v_ sjfh @ ! ! ��! ! 

-u_ 

Jofofd 

zf/Ll/s @ ! ! ��! ! 

-3_ of]u @ ! ! ��! ! 

-ª_ v]n @ @ @ ��@ $ 

-r_ P]yn]l6S; @ ! ! ��@ ! 

hDdf k|Zg ;ª\Vof !@ & ========== !) 

{ 

cfGtl/s tyf k|of] ]ufTds k/LIff 

:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffdWo] :jf:Yo lzIfftk{maf6 k"0ff{ª\s % / zf/Ll/s lzIfftk{m k"0ff{ª\s 

@) sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 

. :jf:Yo lzIffsf] k"0ff{ª\s % sf nflu b]xfocg';f/sf] cfwf/df 

d"Nofª\sg ul/g'k5{ M 

s_ :jf:Yo lzIfftk{m 

l;=g+= sfo{ k"0ff{ª\s 

!= ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\u7g 

– kl/ro 

– p2]Zo 

– d'Vo ljj/0f 

– lgisif{ 

@ 

@= k|:t'lt # 

hDdf % 

v_ zf/Ll/s lzIfftk{m 

zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] cfGtl/s / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nflu @) cª\ssf nflu ;DalGwt 

lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg] 

5 . 

l;=g+= sfo{ k"0ff{ª\s 

!= v]ns'b;DaGwL ;Lk !) 

@= ;xeflutf % 

hDdf !%

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 


146 

1. k|fylds pkrf/df k|of]u x'g] cfwf/e"t b; ;fdu|Lx¿sf] :f"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

2. sfdsf] cfwf/df vfgfnfO{ s;/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f lbO{ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3. 3/ / ljBfno ;kmf ubf{ lg:s]sf kmf]xf]/x¿sf] juL{s/0f / Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 

4. ;8s, af6f]3f6f] / 3/ tyf ljBfnodf x'g ;Sg] b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] kf―r tl/sfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

5. tkfO{ ―sf] ufp―3/df pknAw :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf s;/L 

pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ . 

6. zf/Ll/s lzIffdf lhp lr:ofpg] s;/t lsg cfjZos 5 < 

7. ah|f;gaf6 ug] { tl/sf pNn]v u/L / o;af6 z/L/nfO{ k'Ug] b'O{ kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

8. zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿dWo] l:y/ cj:yfsf s'g} kf―r lqmofsnfksf] gfd 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

9. syfgs v]n / clegfofTds v]nsf aLr s] leGgtf 5 < syfgs v]n / clegofTds 

v]nsf b'O{b'O{ cf]6f gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . 

10. kf]6{an s;/L v]lnG5 < 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ . 

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ 

1. sIff ^ sf] :jf:Yo lzIffdf clego ljlw k|of]u u/]/ s;/L lzIf0f ug'{ 

x'G5 < pko'Qm 

kf7sf] pbfx/0f lbO{ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

2. s'g} Pp6f ;g] { /f]usf] nIf0f, ;g] { tl/sf / /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3. kf}li6s tTj / ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf nflu cfjZos ;a} 

kf}li6s TfTjx¿ kg] { u/L xfd|f] ufp3/df kfOg] vfgfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

4. zf/Ll/s lzIffdf s'gs'g lqmofsnfk u/fp―bf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s:tf] s:tf] ;ª\u7gdf /fVg 

pko'Qm x'G5 < / lsg < s'g} kf―r lqmofsnfksf] pbfx/0f lbO{ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

5. zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿dWo] l:y/ cj:yfsf ;Lk / ultzLn cj:yfsf 

;Lkx¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

147 

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f 

ljBfyL{df lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ;fwf/0f 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpg] / vf]hL ug] { 

afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg] h:tf k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo k"/f u/fpgsf nflu lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f 

lzIffnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ljifosf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . lj1fgnfO{ 1fgsf] e08f/, cg';Gwfg ljlw tyf 

;f]rfOsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 h;af6 k|fs[lts 36gf Pjd l;4fGtnfO{ a'e\mg dbt ub{5 . o;}n] of] 

ljifodf lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t 1fg, ;Lk, / wf/0ff nufot k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ 

;dGjfoTds 9ª\uaf6 ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|fylds txsf kf7\oqmddf lj1fg ljifo;―u sIff 

Psaf6 tLg;Dd :jf:Yo lzIff / zf/Ll/s tyf sIff rf/ / kf―rdf jftfj/0f lzIff PsLs[t 

¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . lj1fg ljifodf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ . 

� lj1fg - jftfj/0f;d]t _ 

� ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿ 

� jftfj/0f 

� kbfy{ / zlQm 

� k[YjL / cGtl/If 

� ;"rgf k|ljlw 

� ;fdfGo :yfgLo k|ljlw 

lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] kf7\oqmd dfly plNnlvt ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df to ul/Psf 

5g\ . tyflk oL ljifodf lzIfsx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 tof/ ul/Psf] ljBfno txsf] 

kf7\oqmd s]xL km/s 5 . oL ljifoaf6 cfpg ;Sg] ljifout k|Zgx¿ ;d]t k|fylds txsf] 

kf7\oIf]qsf] ePsfn] oxf― k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ 

ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

� ;hLj j:t'x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf nflu j}1flgs tl/sfx¿ tyf k|lqmofx¿ 

ckgfpg, 

� jftfj/0fdf kfOg] ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] dxŒj a'emL ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug] { t/Lsfx¿ 

vf]hL ug{ / ckgfpg, 

� kbfy{ / zlQmaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;/n j}1flgs tl/sf tyf k|lqmofx¿ ckgfpg 

� Ct' tyf df};d kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / To;af6 ;hLj, lghL{j, hdLg, kfgL / xfjfdf x'g] 

kl/jt{g tyf dflg;df kg] { c;/ atfpg 

� k[YjL / cGt/LIfaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / dxŒj atfpg 

� :yfgLo k|ljlwaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / dxŒj atfpg .

{ 

{ 

{ 

] 

{ 

k|fylds txb]lv g} afnaflnsfdf lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t 1fg, k|lqmofut ;Lk, j}1flgs clej[lQ, 

;"rgf / k|ljlw;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L, k|fs[lts jftf/j/0fsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug] 

pkfox¿ vf]hL ug] afgLsf] ljsf;, k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 aRg] pkfo tyf hLjg / 

jftfj/j0faLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] af/]df af]w u/fpg lgDgcg';f/sf dfly plNnlvt ^ cf]6fsf 

If]q tyf PsfOx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'g\ . tL ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] lzIf0f ubf{ ckfgfOg] 

;Defljt lzIf0flqmofsnfknfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M 

If]q ;Defljt lqmofsnfk 

;hLj 

j:t'x¿ 

� cfk\mgf] 3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/ kfOg] ljleGg ;hLj tyf lghL{j j:t'x¿ 

;ª\sng ug{ nufO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;fdfGo nIf0fx¿ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] / 

k|:t't ug{ nufpg], 

� nIf0fsf cfwf/df ;"rLa4 ul/Psf jg:klt tyf hgfj/x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{ 

nufpg], 

� ;hLj j:t'x¿sf] cWoogsf] If]qcg';f/ cjnf]sg ug] {, clen]v /fVg], dfkg 

ug] {, ;"rLs[t ug] {, JofVof / ts{ lbg] 

jftfj/0f � If]q e|d0f, 36gf cWoog, cjnf]sgaf6 jftfj/0fsf] cj:yfaf/] atfpg 

nufpg], 

� ljleGg v]nsf] dfWodaf6 hgfj/, jg:klt / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/;DaGw 

k|:6 kfl/lbg], 

� kf]:6/, lrq k|bz{gL tyf :yfgLo a'9fkfsf tyf cg'ejL;―u k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] 

c;/af/] cWoog ug{ nufpg], 

kbfy{ 

zlQm 

/ � cfk\mgf jl/kl/sf kbfy{x¿sf] ef}lts u'0f / nIf0faf/] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] 

-8'Ag], pqg], kUng], kf/bz{s, ckf/bz{s cflb=====_ 

� ljleGg kbfy{x¿sf] gfKg] tl/sf atfpg / k|of]uaf6 b]vfpg nufpg], 

� kbfy{sf tLg cj:yfaf/] cjnf]sg tyf cWoogaf6 atfpg nufpg], 

� zlQmsf] :j¿kaf/] atfpg] / o;sf] ;b'kof]u ug] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn / 

cGtlq{mof u/fpg], 

k[YjL 

cGtl/If 

/ � cfk\mgf] jl/kl/sf] df};daf/] kl/lrt u/fpg ljleGg cj:yfsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ 

nufpg], 

� Ct'sf] sf/0f / To;sf] klxrfg u/fpg] lrq;lxt JofVof ljZn]z0f u/fpg], 

� Unf]a tyf ;f}o{d08nsf] df]8]n k|:t't ug{ / k[YjLsf] agfj6sf af/]df JofVof 

ug] 

;"rgf � ;"rgfsf] ;|f]tx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg] / ;fwgx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ 

148

k|ljlw nufpg], 

� ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf k|sf/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug] {, 

� sDo'6/nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;zQm dfWodsf] af/]df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] af/] atfpg], 

;fdfGo � :yfgLo :t/df s] s:tf ;fdfGo k|ljlwsf pks/0fx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\, ;f] 

:yfgLo sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg], 

k|ljlw 

� kfgL 3§, kfgL ldn, 6af{Og, kDk;]6, uf8f, l9sL, hf―tf], ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], 

pv' k]Ng] d];Lgsf] lrq, sfutL k]Ng] d];Lgsf] lrq k|:t't ug] { / tL 

pks/0fdf ePsf k|ljlwsf af/] 5nkmn tyf cGtlq{mof ug] { . 

� :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] pkof]lutfsf af/]df cGtlq{mof, jfbljjfb tyf 5nkmn 

u/fpg] . 

149 

;do / kl/j]zcg';f/ lzIf0f lqmofsnfk km/s x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljleGg 

ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug'{ 

kb{5 . afns]lGb|t lzIf0f lqmofsnfkåf/f ljBfyL{df j}1flgs tl/sfn] 

;f]Rg], juL{s/0f ug] { t'ngf ug] {, k|Zg ug] { lh1f;f /fVg], sf/0f lbg], tYofª\s /fVg], cjnf]sg 

ug] { h:tf k|lqmofut ;Lkx¿ xfl;n ug{ ] k|of; ul/Psf 5g\ . ljz]if u/L of] ljifo k9fpg 

lgDglnvt a'―bfx¿df 

Wofg lbg' kb{5 M 

� s'g} l:ylt jf 36gfaf/] ;f]Wg], 

� To;sf] glthf cyjf k|efjaf/] k"j{g'dfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug] {, 

� kl/slNkt wf/0ff k/LIf0f ug{ pT;flxt ug] {, 

� cfk} ―m lgisif{df k'Ug] cj;/ lbg], 

� lgisif{sf] cf}lrToaf/] k'g ljrf/ ug] { df}sf lbg] . 

cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff ^–*_, @)^* n] lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljifodf txut 

;Ifdtfx¿ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M 

o; txsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtfx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

!= j/k/sf j:t' tyf 36gfx¿sf tYo, k|lqmof / c;/x¿af/] k|:t't ug{, 

@= j}1flgs wf/0ff, tYo, ;Lk, l;4fGt / lgodx¿sf] 1fg k|fKt u/L b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u ug{ 

#= zlQmsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] plrt k|of]u / ;+/If0f ug{ pGd'v x'g 

$= kbfy{sf u'0fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lnO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{, 

%= hLljt j:t'x¿ / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/;DaGw klxrfg ug{, 

^= jftfj/0fsf] dxŒj a'emL To;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ pGd'v x'g, 

&= hLljt j:t'x¿sf] hLjg k|lqmof / hLjgrqmaf/] k|:t't ug{,

150 

*= g]kfndf kfOg] s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ lj?jfx¿ / hgfj/x¿sf] u'0f / dxŒj a'emL ltgLx¿sf] 

;+/If0fk|lt ;r]t /xg, 

(= j}1flgs k|lqmofut ;Lkx¿ (Scientific Process Skills) sf] ljsf; u/L k|of]u ug{, 

{ 

{ 

!)= k[YjL / cGtl/If;DaGwL tyf k|s[ltaf/] vf]hL u/L k|:t't ug{ . 

pQm txsf plNnlvt ;Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ cfjZos kg] If]q tyf lj:t[t ljifoj:t' kf7\oqmddf 

;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . oxf― pQm kf7\oqmdaf6 lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd;―u tfnd]n ePsf 

d'Vo ljifo If]qx¿, ljifoj:t' / cWofkg ug{ ckgfpg ;lsg] d'Vo lqmofsnfk k|:t't ul/Psf 

5g\ . oL ;Defljt lqmofsnfkaf6 kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{, lqmofsnfk dfq k|:t't ug'{kg] 

cj:yfdf To;sf] vfsf tof/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]5 egL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . If]qx¿ ;DalGwt 

ljifoj:t'sf] cWoogsf nflu kf7\oqmd tyf :jLs[t kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

If]q ljifoj:t' ;Defljt lqmofsnfk 

hLjx¿ � hgfj/ / lj?jfaLr � If]q e|d0f, kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|Zgf]Q/, 

leGgtf 

cjnf]sg, k|bz{g tyf JofVof ljlw ;d]t 

� hgfj/ / lj?jfsf] ;/n k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg ;lsG5 . 

juL{s/0f 

� ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cjnf]sg, l6kf]6, ts{ ug{ 

� k"mn k"mNg] lj?jfsf] agf]6 nufO{ hgfj/ / lj?jfsf] km/s 5'6\ofpg 

tyf hLjg rqm nufP/ juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 . 

� lzIfsn] k|bz{g tyf JofVof ;d]t u/L 

lj?jfsf] agf]6 tyf hLjg rqmaf/] l;sfpg 

;lsG5 . 

jftfj/0f / 

o;sf] ;Gt'ng 

� jftfj/0fLo k|d'v � vf]h ljlwaf6 sIff ;'? u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] 

kIfx¿sf] cjwf/0ff / b]v]sf] cg'ej u/]sf] jftfj/0fsf] cjwf/0f 

o;sf] ;Gt'ng k|:t't ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . 

� k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f � cfk\mgf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf kfOg] k|d'v 

;Gt'ngsf tTjx¿ kIfx¿ -ef}lts, h}ljs, /f;folgs_ sf] 

� k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / o;df cjl:ylt, cfk;L ;Gt'ng ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]t/ 

dflg;sf] lge{/tf u/L 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg 

;lsG5 . 

� ljleGg lrq kf]:6/sf] k|bz{g tyf JofVof, 

cGtlq{mof ;d]t k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg 

;lsG5 . 

� If]q e|d0f, kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|Zgf]Q/ tyf 

cjnf]sg ljlwaf6 lzIf0f u/L l;sfpg 

;lsG5 .

jftfj/0f x|f; 

tyf o;sf] 

;+/If0f 

jftfj/0f / 

lbuf] ljsf; 

151 

� jftf/j/0f x|f; x'g'sf 

sf/0f, c;f/ / 

lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ 

� jftfj/0f x|f;sf sf/0f 

/ o;sf c;/x¿ 

� dflg;sf 

lqmofsnfknaf6 x'g] 

c;/ / o;sf] lgoGq0f 

� lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff 

� hg;ª\Vof, jftfj/0f / 

ljsf;aLrsf] ;DaGw 

� g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lbuf] 

ljsf;sf k|of;x¿ 

� h}ljs ljljwtf 

� lbuf] ljsf;sf 

l;4fGtx¿ 

kbfy{ � kbfy{sf] kl/ro 

� kbfy{sf] ;fdfGo 

juL{s/0f -tTj, of}lus / 

ld>0f_ 

� kf/df0fljs tTj ! b]lv 

@) ;Ddsf tTjx¿ 

� k]l/of]l8s 6]ansf] 

;fdfGo kl/ro 

� ;fdfGo /f;folgs 

zlQm, sfo{ / 

;fdYo{ 

k|ltlqmof 

� zlQm / ;fdYo{sf] kl/ro 

tyf cGt;{DaGw 

� cjnf]sg tyf If]qe|d0fdf pgLx¿n] ug'{kg] 

{ 

;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf r/0fx¿af/] k|:6 kfg'{ 

kb{5 . 

� k|bz{g tyf JofVof ljlw, cGtlq{mof, If]q e|d0f, 

;d"xut tyf JolQmut kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 

;d]t k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ jftf/j/0f x|f; 

x'g'sf sf/0f, c;/ / lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿af/] 

k|:6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . 

� ;dfhsf kfsf k'/fgf dflg;x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ 

jftfj/0fdf cfO/x]sf kl/jt{g af/] pgLx¿sf] 

cg'ej / cjnf]sg k|:t't ug{ nufP/;d]t 

l;sfpg ;lsG5 . 

� lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff tyf l;4fGtaf/] 

JofVofg tyf k|:t'lt, 

� g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf eO/x]sf 

k|of;x¿sf af/] :jcWoog, If]q e|d0f, 

kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|Zgf]Q/ tyf cjnf]sg 

ljlwaf6 lzIf0f u/L l;sfpg ;lsG5 . 

� cEof;, :jcWoog, ;d"x tyf JolQmut sfo{, 

k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 l;sfpg ;lsG5 . 

� cEof;, :jcWoog, ;d"x tyf JolQmut sfo{, 

k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 l;sfpg ;lsG5 .

� zlQmsf] ;fdfGo 

¿kfGt/0f 

� s]xL ;fwf/0f ul0ftLo 

;d:ofx¿ 

k[YjL / cGt/LIf � ;f}o{ d08n / o;sf 

;b:ox¿ 

� u|x0f 

� u|x / tf/faLr leGgtf 

� s]xL k|d'v tf/fd08nsf] 

kl/ro 

� k[YjLsf] pTklt 

� rGb|dfsf] snf 

152 

� lrq tyf kf]:6/, ;f}o{ d08nsf] gd'gfsf] 

k|bz{g tyf JofVof ljlw, cGtlq{mof cEof;, 

:jcWoog, ;d"x tyf JolQmut sfo{, k|Zgf]Q/ 

;d]t k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg ;lsG5 . 

� If]q e|d0f, kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|Zgf]Q/ tyf 

cjnf]sg ljlwaf6 lzIf0f u/L l;sfpg 

;lsG5 . 

;do / kl/j]zcg';f/ lzIf0f lqmofsnfk km/s x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIf0f 

ubf{ ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug'{kb{5 

. afns]lGb|t lzIf0f lqmofsnfkåf/f ljBfyL{df 

j}1flgs tl/sfn] ;f]Rg], juL{s/0f ug] { t'ngf ug] {, k|Zg ug] { lh1f;f /fVg], sf/0f lbg], tYofª\s 

/fVg], cjnf]sg ug] { h:tf k|lqmofut ;Lkx¿ xfl;n ug{ ] k|of; ul/Psf 5g\ . 

ljz]if u/L of] ljifo k9fpg lgDglnvt a'―bfx¿df 

Wofg lbg' kb{5 M 

� ;DalGwt ljifodf ljBfyL{nfO{ :jcWoog, cjnf]sg ug{ ] cj;/ lbg], 

� s'g} l:ylt jf 36gfaf/] ;f]Wg], 

� To;sf] glthf cyjf k|efjaf/] k"j{g'dfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug] {, 

� kl/slNkt wf/0ff k/LIf0f ug{ pT;flxt ug] {, 

� cfk} ―m lgisif{df k'Ug] cj;/ lbg], 

� lgisif{sf] cf}lrToaf/] k'g ljrf/ ug] { df}sf lbg] . 

k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] ?rL / tTk/tfnfO{ k|d'v dxŒjsf ;fy x]l/g' kb{5 . o:tf] 

ePg eg] lzIfsn] k9fpg t ;Snfg\ t/ ljBfyL{n] l;Sg ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ 

jf:tljstfdf ptfg{ lzIfsn] cj:yfsf] uxg cWoog ug{ h?/L 5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf eGbf tn 

plNnlvt lqmofsnfkn] ;d]t ljBfyL{nfO{ l;Sg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 egL k|fylds kf7\oqmddf 

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

� lrq cjnf]sgM kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf / cGo ;fGble{s ;fdu|Lx¿af6 lrq cjnf]sg ug{ 

nufO{ To;af6 cfPsf] ;f]rfO / a'emfOnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg], 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ 

nufpg],

{ ] 

� kl/of]hgf sfo{M ljBfyL{nfO{ JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf s'g} tf]lsPsf] ;doleq sfo{ 

;DkGg ug] u/L tf]Sg] / pgLx¿sf] l;sfO, -sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ k|lqmof tyf k|ltkmn_ sf 

af/]df 5nkmn / cGtlq{mof;lxt sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg], 

� cEof;M ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{, jftfj/0f / lj1fg ;Ddt p7]sf lh1f;sf] pQ/ vf]Hg 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cEof; ug{ nufpg], k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / k]ml/ cEof; ug{ nufpg], cEof; g} 

;kmntfsf] ;"q xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljZj:t kfg] {, 

� lqmofsnfk / ;sf/fTds lrGtgM wf/0ff, ;Lk / clej[lQdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu 

;sf/fTds lrGtgsf ;fy lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 . 

ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd tflnsf, PsfO tyf cg'dflgt 306L lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M 

If]q tyf PsfO sIff ^ cg'dflgt 306L sIff & cg'dflgt 306L sIff * cg'dflgt 306L 

;}4flGts k|of]ufTds ;}4flGts k|of]ufTds ;}4flGts k|of]ufTds 

ef}lts lj1fg 

gfk % ! % ! # ! 

an / ult % ! $ ! $ ! 

;/n oGq @ ! # ! # ! 

rfk # ! $ ! 

zlQm, sfo{ / 

;fdYo{ 

# # 

tfk % ! # ! $ ! 

k|sfz % ! # ! $ ! 

WjgL $ ! # ! @ ! 

r'Das $ ! # @ 

ljB't\ @ ! @ ! # ! 

hDdf #@ * #@ * #@ * 

/;fog lj1fg 

kbfy{ * @ ( @ ( ! 

ld>0f !@ $ !) # # @ 

wft' / cwft' # $ ! & ! 

cDn Iff/ / nj0f $ @ 

s]xL pkof]uL 

/;fogx¿ 

% ! % ! % ! 

hDdf @* & @* & @* & 

153

hLj lj1fg 

hLjx¿ !@ @ !@ @ !@ @ 

sf]if / tGt' ^ # ^ # ^ # 

hLjg k|lqmof !) @ !) @ !) @ 

hDdf @* & @* & @* & 

e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg 

k[YjLsf] agfj6 % ! % ! ^ ! 

df};d / xfjfkfgL ^ @ % ! % ! 

k[YjL / cGtl/If % ! ^ @ % @ 

hDdf !^ $ !^ $ !^ $ 

jftfj/0f lzIff 

jftfj/0f / o;sf] 

;Gt'ng 

!@ @ !@ $ !@ # 

jftfj/0f x|f; tyf 

o;sf] ;+/If0f 

!$ % !$ # !^ $ 

jftfj/0f / o;sf] 

lbuf] ljsf; 

!) @ !) @ * @ 

hDdf #^ ( #^ ( #^ ( 

154 

{ 

k7gkf7g Joj:yf 

of] txsf] -sIff ^–*_ lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljifosf] lzIf0f ug{sf nflu kf7\oef/ % lgwf{/0f 

ul/Psf] / jif{el/df sDtLdf !&% kf7\oef/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg] 5 . h;dWo] !$) 306L ;}4flGts 

/ #% 306L k|of]ufTds lzIf0f lqmofsnfksf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ljleGg If]qcGtu{t lzIf0f 

lqmofsnfksf] ;do -306L_ ljefhg lgDgcg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M 

If]q ef/ k|ltzt ;}4flGts lzIf0f 306L k|of]ufTds lzIf0f 306L 

ef}lts lj1fg @@=% #@ * 

/;fog lj1fg @) @* & 

hLj lj1fg @) @* & 

e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg !!=% !^ $ 

jftfj/0f lzIff @^ #^ ( 

hDdf !)) !$) #%

155 

lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] l;h{gfTds, ts{zLn, cjnf]sg tyf ;f]rfO / k|of]ufTds 

;Lk kIfsf] Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . kf7\oqmdn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'sf nflu 

lgDglnlvt s'/fdf klg Wofg lbg' kb{5 M 

s_ ljBfyL{sf] a'e\mg] Ifdtf 

v_ cfk"mn] /f]h]sf ljlwx¿af6 cWofkg ;kmn x'g] ljZjf; 

u_ ;kmntf k|flKtsf nflu ljBfyL{df cle?lr hfu/0f 

3_ ljBfyL{df l;h{gzLn ¿kdf ljrf/ ug] { / ;xof]u ug] { efjgf 

ª_ ljBfyL{df n's]sf] l;Sg] / a'e\mg] Ifdtfsf] k|:km'/0f 

oL s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofO ;s]kl5 tnsf dWo] jf cGo s'g} pko'Qm ljlwaf6 lzIf0f lqmofsnfkx¿ 

;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 M 

5nkmn k|bz{g k|Zgf]Q/ :ynut cWoog 

k|of]ufTds sfo{ cjnf]sg n3' kl/of]hgf cGj]if0f 

;d:of ;dfwfg e"ldsf clego vf]h ljlw lhU; ljlw cflb 

dfly plNnlvt jf cGo s'g} ljlwsf] k|of]u u/] klg ljBfyL{x¿df vf; u/L cjnf]sg ug] {, 

;~rf/ ug] {, juL{s/0f ug] {, dfkg ug] {, cg'dfg ug] {, eljiojf0fL ug] {, df]8n agfpg], 

r/0fa4¿kn] kl/eflift ug] { / cGj]if0f ug] { h:tf j}1flgs k|lqmofut ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ 

kb{5 . o:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg ljleGg lqmofsnfk u/fpg sDtLdf s'n kf7\o306Lsf] 

@) k|ltzt ;do lbg' kb{5 . plNnlvt ljlwsf cltl/Qm lj1fg ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ICT, 

;ª\uLt lzIf0f ljlw tyf Ethno method sf] ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 


lj1fg ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds b'j} k/LIffsf 

dfWodaf6 ul/G5 . &% k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;}4flGts kIfsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf lnlvt 

k/LIffsf, sIff lqmofsnfkdf ljifout 5nkmnsf nflu ;xeflutf, u[xsfo{, k|Zgf]Q/, k|of]ufTds 

lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfksf clen]vx¿ cflbsf] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . 

sIff ^ / & df $)∞ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg, / ^)∞ cfjlws k/LIffaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO 

pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 . ljleGg ljifo If]qsf] cflbsf] cª\sef/ lgDgcg';f/ /xg] Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] 5 o;sf] pQL0ff{ª\s #) /x]sf] 5 M 

qm=;+= ljifo If]q cª\sef/ 

! ef}lts lj1fg @) 

@ /;fog lj1fg !% 

# hLj lj1fg !% 

$ e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg % 

% jftfj/0f lzIff @) 

hDdf &%

156 

{ 

k|of]UffTds kIfsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lnOg] cfwf/x¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M 

� lrqfª\sg, gfdfª\sg, ;ª\sng Pjd\ lbOPsf j:t', rf6{ tyf lrqsf] cjnf]sg / klxrfg 

tyf nIf0fx¿sf] j0f{g tyf JofVof ug] ;Lk 

� k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]v 

� ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u 

� n3' kl/of]hgf sfo{ 

� pNn]lvt sfo{;DaGwL df}lvs k/LIff 

s'n @% k"0ff{ª\ssf] k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nlfu ljifo If]q / cª\sef/ lgDgcg';f/ /xG5g\ h;sf] 

pQL0ff{ª\s !) /x]sf] 5M 

qm=;+= ljj/0f cª\sef/ 

! lrqfª\sg, gfdfª\sg, ;ª\sng tyf nIf0f j0f{g % 

@ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]v % 

# ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u % 

$ n3' kl/of]hgf sfo{ ^ 

% df}lvs k/LIff $ 

hDdf @% 

k|To]s kf7sf] kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] cfwf/df lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ 

kb{5 . ;}4flGts kIf jf k|of]ufTds kIf h'g;'s} eP klg ljBfyL{sf] clwstd ;xeflutf / 

lzIfsn] ;xhstf{ tyf kyk|bz{ssf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{ 

kb{5 .

gd'gf kf7 of]hgf 

! zLif{s 

PsfOM ;fwf/0f oGq sIffM * 

kf7M ;fwf/0f oGqsf] kl/ro tyf o;sf sfo{x¿ 306LM bf];|f] 

@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo 

of] kf7sf] cWoog ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿df lgDgk|sf/sf ;Ifdtf ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 

5 M 

s_ ;fwf/0f oGqsf] cy{ tyf pbfx/0f atfpg, 

v_ ;fwf/0f oGqsf d'Vo tLgcf]6f sfo{x¿ pbfx/0f;lxt pNn]v ug{ . 

# z}lIfs ;fdu|L 

;fwf/0f oGqsf s]xL lrqx¿, jl/kl/ kfOg] ;fwf/0f oGqsf gd'gfx¿ 

$ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� ;fwf/0f oGqsf af/]df ;'g]sf, b]v]sf / k|of]u ul//x]sf eP cfk\mgf cfk\mgf cg'ejx¿ 

ljBfyL{nfO{ JoQm ug{ nufpg], 

� k"j{ 1fgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ an tyf sfo{sf] kl/efiff ;f]Wg] . k|Zg ;f]Wbf km/s 

Ifdtf ePsf tyf ljljwtfnfO{ Vofn u/]/ ;f]Wg] / pgLx¿n] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] 

cg'ej lbnfpg], 

� cfk"mn] sIffsf]7fdf nu]sf lrqx¿ tyf gd'gf ;fdu|L b]vfp―b} tL ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro tyf 

To;af6 s]s] sfd lng ;lsG5, ltgLx¿ k|of]u ubf{ s]s] kmfObf kfpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df 

sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn / ax; ;~rfng ug] {, 

� b}lgs hLjgdf ;fwf/0f oGqs} ¿kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf rSs', xl;of, sf]bfnL, ;/f}tf], lrD6f, 

l3gL{, kfª\u|f / la―8 tyf o:t} cGo pbfx/0f lb―b} tL ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ eO/x]sf kmfObfsf 

af/]df atfpg nufpg], 

� 5nkmnsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f oGqsf] kl/efiff eGg nufpg] tyf ltgLx¿n] 

ug] { d'Vo sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg], 

� ljBfyL{x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf pQ/sf] cfwf/ ;d]t lnP/ ;fwf/0f oGqsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro 

lbg] / sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] kfg{ o;n] ug] { d'Vo ltgcf]6f sfo{x¿ atfOlbg] M ansf] lbzf 

kl/jt{g u5{, sfo{nfO{ l56f] ;DkGg u5{, annfO{ Ps ljGb'af6 csf] { ljGb'df :yfgfGt/0f 

u5{ . 

157 

d"Nofª\sg 

s_ ;fwf/0f oGq eg]sf] s] xf] < o;n] sfdnfO{ s;/L ;lhnf] agfp―5 < 

v_ s'g} tLg k|sf/sf ;fwf/0f oGqsf] gfd tyf pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .

gd'gf k|Zg 


!_ k|s[ltaf6 k|fKt eO/x]sf OGwgsf] ;|f]t qmdzM 36\b} hfg] l:yltdf zlQmsf] ;ª\s6 cfpg glbg 

ckgfpg ;lsg] kf―rcf]6f pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{ 'xf];\ . 

@_ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f lqmofsnfksf nflu lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf 

/xG5 . tkfO――{ 

Ps lzIfssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t /x―bf bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ k|lqmofnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO 

lqmofsnfkdf pkof]u ubf{ s]s:tf ;fwgx¿k|of]u ug{ 'x'G5 < ltgLx¿sf] gfd / s'g} rf/ tl/sf 

;d]t pNn]v ug{ 'xf];\ . 

#_ sIff * sf ljBfyL{nfO{ rGb|dfsf] snf kl/jt{gsf] ljifo sIfflzIf0f ubf{ of] ljifonfO{ a'emfpg 

tkfO― {n] s:tf] lqmofsnfk u/fpg' x'G5 < s'g} b'O{cf]6f lqmofsnfk 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v ug{ 'xf];\ . 

$_ :yfgLo k|ljlw;DaGwL lzIf0f ubf{ sIff % sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s]s:tf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n 

u/fpg' x'G5 < l;sfO pknlAwx¿nfO{ kf―rcf]6f a'―bfdf 


. 

%_ sIff & sf ljBfyL{nfO{ zlQm, ;fdYo{ / sfo{sf] kf7 k9fp―bf tkfO―{ +sf] Pp6f kf7 of]hgfdf pNn]v 

ug] { s'g} b'O{cf]6f ljlzi6 p2]Zo pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

^_ lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngaLr s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 < s'g} kf―r a'―bfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

gd'gf k|Zgf]Q/ 

!= k|ZgM sIff % sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ PsbnLo / låbnLo lj?jfaLrsf] leGgtf lzIf0f ubf{ s'gs'g 

cfwf/ lnO{ lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ 'x'G5 < s'g} kf―rcf]6f a'―bf pNn]v ug{ 'xf];\ . 

� of] ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ If]q e|d0f tyf k|bz{g ljlwaf6 cjnf]sg u/fO{ ug{ 

;lsG5 . 

� kf7sf] ;'?df PsbnLo / låbnLo lj?jfdf b]Vg ;lsg] :ki6 cfwf/x¿ pNN]v ul/lbg] . h:t}M 

lj?jfsf] kft, h/f / kmnsf] cfwf/df s'g lj?jf PsbnLo / s'g lj?jf låbnLo xf] egL 

:ki6;―u 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 egL atfOlbg] . 

� PsbnLo lj?jfsf ljleGg efux¿sf] -kft, h/f / kmnsf]_ cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ l6kf]6 ug{ 

nufpg] . 

� oL b'j} vfnsf lj?jf cjnf]sg ul/Psf efux¿sf] km/s 5'6\ofpg nufpg] . 

� yk ;xof]usf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg s'/fx¿ atfOlbg] M !_ PsbnLo lj?jfsf] kftsf] 

/];fx¿ ;dfgfGt/ x'G5g\ eg] låbnLosf] ;dfgfGt/ geO{ l5/lnPsf x'G5g . @_ PsbnLosf] 

h/f u'R5f k/]sf] / s'g} d"n h/f gePsf] tyf låbnLosf] h/fdf Pp6f d"n h/f cGo 

;xfos h/fx¿ x'G5g\, #_ PsbnLosf] kmn Ps kmSn]6fo'Qm jf ljeflht x'―b}g 

t/ låbnLosf] 

kmn låkmSn]6f jf ljeflht ePsf x'G5g\ . log} ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df PsbnLo / låbnLo 

lj?jfsf] klxrfg ug{ ljBfyL{x¿ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ . 

158

@= sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kbfy{sf] cj:yf kl/jt{g;DaGwL kf7sf] ;Dk"0f{ lzIf0f ul/;s]kl5 

l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ tkfO―{ 

―n] ckgfpg] tl/sf a9Ldf kf―rcf]6f a'―bfdf 

pNN]v 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

159 

pQ/ 

lgDglnlvt cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\g ub{5' M 

!_ lzIf0fsf qmddf k|of]u u/]sf ljlwx¿dWo] k|Zgf]t/ ljlwaf6 sIffdf g} df}lvs pQ/ lbg 

nufP/, 

@_ pgLx¿n] u/]sf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|flKt k|:t't ug{ nufP/, 

#_ ;d"xdf sfo{af6 pQm kf7 k9L;s]/ pgLx¿n] a'e]msf / hfg]sf ljifoj:t' k|:t't ug{ nufP/, 

$_ kbfy{sf] cj:yf kl/jt{g x'g] sf/0fx¿sf] k|:t'lt sIff k/LIf0fsf] (Class test) dfWodaf6 

k|:t't ug{ nufP/, 

%_ kf7\oqmddf pNn]v ePsf pQm kf7;―u ;DalGwt l;sfO pknlAwx¿ hf―r ug] { k|Zg / 

lqmofsnfk u[xsfo{sf] ¿kdf ug{ lbO To;sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ . 

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 

!_ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg hgfj/ / lj?jfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw sfod x'g' kb{5 . of] 

s'/fnfO{ sIff $ sf ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg s:tf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ 'knf{ < lqmofsnfksf] 

;lj:tf/ pNn]v ug{ 'xf];\ . 

@_ jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngsf] kf7 k9fp―bf /f]rs / k|efjsf/L agfpg ckgfpg ;lsg] tl/sfx¿;d]t 

pNn]v ub{ } jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngsf] cy{, o;sf sf/s tTjx¿, dflg;sf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf lzIf0f 

ug{ ;lsg] ljlw tyf lqmofsnfk a'―bfut 

¿kdf pNn]v ug{ 'xf];\ . 

#_ lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg hgfj/ / lj?jfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw sfod 

x'g' kb{5 . of] ljifo lzIf0f ug{ pko'Qm x'g] Pp6f kf7of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

$_ cgljs/0fLo zlQmsf ;|f]tx¿sf] a9\bf] k|of]uaf6 zlQm ;ª\s6sf] cj:yf cfpg ;Sg] vt/f 

a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . dfgj lxtsf nflu o:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg clxn]b]lv g} rgfvf] /xg' 

kg{ ] xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . k|fylds txsf ljBfnodf cWoog ug{ ] ljBfyL{x¿df s:tf wf/0ff 

lbgfn] eljiosf nflu ;ª\s6 cfpg glbg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 ljifout wf/0ff / 

lqmofsnfk k|:t't ug{ 'xf];\ . 

%_ sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kbfy{sf] cj:yf kl/jt{g kf7 lzIf0f ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b}lgs kf7 

of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug] { s'g} b'O{cf]6f ljlzi6 p2]Zo / ;f] k"/f u/fpg cfjZos lqmofsnfk 

;lj:tf/ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

.

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgf]Q/ 

gd'gf k|Zgf]Q/ 

!= sIff % sf] jftfj/0f lj1fg ljut s]xL jif{b]lv k9fp―b} cfpg' ePsf] lzIfs ;?jf eO csf] { 

ljBfnodf cfpg' ePsf] 5 . ;hLj j:t'sf] nIf0f k9fpg] qmddf pxf―nfO{ o;k6s ljBfyL{sf] 

k|Zgn] cndNofO{ lbPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] lh1f;f 5 – ælj?jf klg ;hLj j:t' xf] eg]/ t k9]sf 

5f} + . t/ To;sf] vfgfsf] k|lqmofaf/] xfdL cndndf 5f}― . hgfj/x¿n] cfk\mgf] vfgfsf nflu 

cfkmF} ;lqmo /xG5g\ t/ lj?jfnfO{ cfk\mgf] vfgf tof/ kfg{sf nflu c¿ pQ]hs (Catalyst) sf] 

cfjZostf k5{ eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] < xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L ePcg';f/ lj?jfnfO{ vfgf agfpg 

xfjf -sfj{g8fOcS;fO8_ / kfgLsf] cfjZostf k5{ elgG5 t/ ;"o{sf] k|sfz / xl/ts0f klg 

clgjfo{ x'G5 . xfd|f] 3/leq /flvPsf] dlgKnfG6n] k|sfz gkfP klg af―lr/xsf] b]v]sf 5f}― eg] 

lj?jfnfO{ k|sfz geO x―'b}g 

eg]/ s;/L kTofpg] < :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .Æ 

dflysf] cj:yf cWoog ug'{xf];\ 

. lj?jfsf] vfgf agfpg] k|lqmofdf pQ]hssf] ¿kdf xl/t s0f / 

k|sf;sf] cfjZostf 5 egL ;Demfpg pxf― lzIfsnfO{ s]s:tf] ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 < ;a}eGbf 

k|efjsf/L ljlwaf6 ljBfyL{sf] lh1f;f ;dfwfg ug] { pkfo lj:tf/df pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

pQ/ 

ljBfyL{n] k|Zgsf] ¿kdf /fv]sf lh1f;f k"/f u/fpg lgDglnlvt wf/0ff a;fNgsf nflu 

pgLx¿nfO{ kf7\ok':ts, cGo lj1fgsf k':tsx¿ cWofog ug{, OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf eP To;sf] 

k|of]u ug{ tyf cfk\mgf] k|:t'ltdf Wofg lbg k| ]l/t ug{ 'xf];\ . tL wf/0ffx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M 

� lj?jfn] ck\mgf] vfgf cfk} ―m agfp5 . of] :jkf]lift hLj xf] . 

� o;sf] vfgfsf nflu cfjZos j:t' kfgL / sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 x'g\ . t/ ;"o{sf] k|sfz / 

xl/ts0fn] tL j:t'af6 vfgf agfpg] lqmofdf ;xof]u ug] { dfq x'g\ . 

� k|sfzsf] cg'kl:ytdf vfgf aGg cfjZos k|ltlqmof x'g kfp―b}g / pgLx¿sf] vfgf lgdf{0f 

x'―b}g 

. Un'sf]h lj?jfsf] vfgf xf] . 

k|sfz gx'―bf vfgf agfpg ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f k|of]uåf/f l;sfpg lgDglnlvt lqmofsnfk u/fpg 

;Nnfx lbG5' M 

� udnfdf /f]lkPsf sdnf] cyjf g/d kft x'g] lj?jf cyjf sfpnLsf] lj?jf lnp―m . 

� laxfg} pQm lj?jfsf] Pp6f :j:Yo kftsf] Pp6f efudf k|sfz gkg] { u/L 5f]lklbp― . 

� lbgel/ jf $÷% 306f pQm lj?jfnfO{ 3fddf 5f]lk lbcf}― . 

� pQm kftnfO{ l6k]/ xNsf cNsf]xn jf kfgLdf s]xLa]/ pdfnf}― . o;n] kftnfO{ /ªxLg 

agfp―5 . 

� pQm kftnfO{ aflx/ lgsfnL cf]efpg lbcf} ― . 

� kftsf] k|sfz gk/]sf] 7fp―df vfgf lgdf{0f x'g kfPsf] x'―b}g 

. cGoq ag]sf] x'G5 . 

� ca Tof] kftdf cfof]l8g yf]kfx¿ vGofpbf kftdf b'O{ lsl;dsf] /ª b]lvG5 . 

160

161 

� k|sfz gk/]sf] efudf /ª\xLg x'G5 eg] cGoq uf9f gLnf] /ª b]lvPsf] x'G5 . 

� k|sfz gk/]sf] 7fp―df kftn] vfgf agfpg g;s]sf] x'―bf 

o:tf] kl/jt{g b]vf k/]sf] xf] egL 

ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Demfpg' k5{ . 

� hxf―;Dd dlgKnfG6sf] s'/f xf] ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] sd Intensity eP klg To; lj?jfnfO{ vfgf 

agfpg zlQm eP/ xf] . oxf― sf]7fleq k"0f{ cGwsf/ x'―b}g 

eGg] tYonfO{ ;Demfpg' kb{5 . 

To;} u/L xl/ts0f gePsf] lj?jfnfO{ /f]k]/ kfgL tyf 3fdsf] k|sf; cfpg] 7fp―df /fVbf klg 

To;n] vfgf agfpg g;s]/ j[l4 x'―b}g 

eg]/ k|of]uaf6 g} :ki6 kfg{ ;Nnfx lbG5' . 

@= sIff % sf zlQmsf] If]qdf /flvPsf] ] Pp6f l;sfO{ pknlAwdf zlQmsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ;"o{ xf] egL 

j0f{g ug{ eg]sf]df s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ] eGg] ljifodf cndNndf kg{ ' ePsf] 5 

lzIfsnfO{ pxf―sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ tkfO― {n] lbg] ;Nnfx ;'emfanfO{ pQ/sf] vfsf;lxt 

:ki6;―u k|:t't ug{ 'xf];\ . 

pQ/ 

;d:ofsf] klxrfg 

k|fylds txsf] lj1fg ljifosf] kf7\oqmddf Pp6f If]q kbfy{ / zlQm elg tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . 

dflysf] k|Zgdf lzIfsn] lgDgcg';f/sf sfo{ ug'{ 

k/]sf] 5 M 

� zlQmsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ;"o{ xf] egL ljBfyL{nfO{ atfpg' kg{ ]5 . 

� o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ljBfyL{n] a'e]m/ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;Sg] agfpg pko'Qm lqmofsnfksf] 

th{ 'df ug{ ' k/]sf] 5 . 

� ljBfyL{n] ;"o{nfO{ zlQmsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] egL ts{;lxt k':6L ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' 5 . 

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ 

ljsNk -!_ ljBfyL{nfO{ zlQmsf] kl/efiff atfOlbP/ ;a} k|sf/sf zlQm pTkGg x'g ;"o{ cfjZos 

5 eGg] JofVof ul/lbg] . 

ljsNk -@_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;"o{ ljgfsf] k[YjLsf] sNkgf ug{ nufpg] . ;"o{ gePdf s]s;/L hLj 

ljsf; x'g ;SYof] jf To;sf] cj:yfn] hLjljxLg cj:yf Nofp―Yof], ts{;lxt k':6L ug{ nufpg] . 

;"o{ljgf k[YjLsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g, k[YjL gePkl5 hLj x'―b}gg\ 

/ hLjg gePkl5 zlQmsf] 

h?/t g} k/]g . To;}n] ;"o{ zlQmsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] egL atfOlbg] 

ljsNk -#_ zlQmsf] kl/ro lbg cGtlq{mof / 5nkmn rnfpg], zlQmsf ljleGg :j¿kx¿ s] x'g 

;Sb5g\ < ljBfyL{nfO{ g} atfpg nufpg] . o;sf nflu ;"o{n] s] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 < 

5nkmn rnfpg] . cGtdf, ljBfyL{nfO{ If]qe|d0f cjnf]sg cflb tl/sfåf/f ;"o{ g} zlQmsf] k|d'v 

;|f]t xf] egL lgrf]8 lgsfNg nufpg] . 

;d:of ;dfwfgsf pko'Qm ljsNk– pQm kf7 k9fpg lgDgcg';f/sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ 

pko'Qm x'G5 egL ;Nnfx lbOG5 M 

� dfly pNn]v u/]sf] ljsNk # nfO{ lqmofsnfksf] d'Vo c+z dfGg] .

162 

� sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dl:tisdGygsf] ¿kdf k|Zg ;f]Wg], – zlQm eg]sf] s] xf] < 

� sfd ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ zlQm elgG5 egL lgrf]8 atfOlbg] . 

� zlQmsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ¿kx¿ s]s] x'g ;Sb5g\ egL 5nkmn u/L s]xL ¿kx¿ 

atfOlbg] . h:t}– k|sfz zlQm, tfk zlQm, Wjlg zlQm, r'DasLo zlQm, /f;folgs zlQm, 

ljB't\ zlQm, ;f}o{ zlQm, ult zlQm, OGwg zlQm cflb . ;"o{af6, aln/x]sf] cfuf], ljh'nL 

aQL cflbaf6 zlQm k|fKt x'G5 . To:t} u/L OGwgaf6 tfkzlQm k|fKt x'G5 . prfOaf6 

8fOgfdf]sf] kª\vfdf kfgL v;fO{ 8fOgfdf] 3'dfP/ ljB't\ zlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . c¿ 

zlQmsf ;|f]tx¿sf af/]df ;d]t o;/L g} 5nkmn u/L ;Sg] . 

� ;a} k|sf/sf zlQmsf ;|f]tsf h'g ;fdu|L 5g\, of t ltgLx¿ ;hLj j:t'af6 ag]sf jf To:t} 

cGo ;fdu|Laf6 ag]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ljsf;df ;f}o{zlQmsf] e"ldsf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf 

/x]sf] x'G5 . h:t}M lj?jfn] ;"o{af6 kfPsf] k|sfzaf6 cfk\mgf] vfgf agfp―bf pQm vfB 

zlQmaf6 lj?jfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . h'g lj?jfkl5 uP/ cfuf] afNg bfp/fsf] ¿kdf ;d]t 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;/L g} xfjfzlQm, hgzlQm, vfBzlQm cflbsf] lgdf{0fdf ;d]t 

;f}o{zlQmsf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . 

� log} sf/0fn] ;"o{nfO{ zlQmsf] k|d'v ;|f]t dflgPsf] xf] egL atfOlbg] . 

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M 

;d:ofd"ns k|Zgdf 

� lzIfsnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;"rLs[t ug] {, 

� ;dfwfg ug{ ] pkfox¿sf] ;"rL k|:t't ug] {, 

� ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lqmofsnfk k|:t'lt ug] {, 

� ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lqmofsnfksf] lgrf]8 k|:t't ug] {, 

� lgrf]8nfO{ pQ/sf] ;f/sf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug] { . 

cj:yf cWoogsf k|Zgdf 

� lbOPsf] cj:yfsf] cWoog ug] {, 

� ;d:ofnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ], 

� ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;"rLs[t ug] {, 

� pQd ljsNksf] 5gf]6 ug] {, 

� pQd ljsNksf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos dfucg';f/ n]vg ug] { . 

k/LIffdf ;kmntfsf nflu lgDg ;"q ofb /fVg'xf];\ . 

;DalGwt txsf] ;DalGwt ljifosf] kf7\oqmd / 

k7gkf7g x'g] kf7\ok':tssf] ulx/f] cWoog .

163 

:yfgLo ljifo 

g]kfn hflt, efiff, e"uf]n, j0f{, lnª\u, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbsf cfwf/df ljljwtfn] el/Psf] /fi6« 

xf] . o:t} ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ljljwtfn] ubf{ s]Gb|Lo txdf lgdf{0f ul/g] 

kf7\oqmdn] ;a}vfn] ljifoIf]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ s]Gb|af6 lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] 

kf7\oqmdn] ;du| /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;ls/x]sf] x'―b}g 

. o;sf/0f :yfgLo txsf nflu pkof]uL 

k];f, Joj;fo, wd{, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, :yfgLo ;Dkbf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, v]tLkftL, 

:yfgLo k|ljlw, rf8kj{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ cflb ljifoj:t';DaGwL ljifo :yfgLo lgsfosf] 

k/fdz{df ljBfno cfk} ―mn] 5gf]6 u/L agfPsf] ljifo g} :yfgLo ljifo xf] . o;y{ :yfgLo 

kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf cfwf/nfO{ lgDglnlvt a'―bfdf 

;d]6\g ;lsG5 M 

� hftLo ljljwtfo'Qm ;d'bfo /x]sf] 

� hflt, 7fp― / ju{ ljz]ifcg';f/sf rf8kj{, /Lltl/jfh ePsf] 

� ef}uf]lns b[li6n] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ k|b]zdf k}mlnPsf] 

� wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfdf leGgtf /x]sf] 

� eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] 

� :yfgLo k];f, Jofkf/ / Joj;fodf ljljwtf /x]sf] 

� ;a} If]qsf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] 

� ;a} If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / dfu km/skm/s /x]sf] . 

:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / pgLx¿s} ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo ljifoj:t'nfO{ 

;dfj]z u/L ljsf; / sfof{Gjog x'g] kf7\oqmd g} :yfgLo kf7\oqmd xf] . 

– :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;|f]t ;fdu|L, @)^&, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

o:tf ljifosf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog :yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{df 

ljBfno jf ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;+:yf cfk} ―mn] ug] { ub{5g\ . :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] cfjZostf 

o;k|sf/ 5g\ M 

� :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf / ;lqmotfdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/L :yfgLo 

cfjZostfnfO{ 

kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg 

� ;a} ju{, ;d'bfo, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k];f, Joj;fonfO{ ;d]6\g / k|jw{g ug{ 

� P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s dxŒjsf :yfgLo ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug{ 

� snf ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfg / ljsf; ug{

164 

� :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug{ 

� /fli6«o kf7\oqmdn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z u/L :yfgLo txdf k7gkf7g ug{ 

b]z ljsf;sf nflu ;a} If]qsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj x'g cTofjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ljsf; 

sfo{sf ljleGg ultljlwdf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] :jfldTj / ;xeflutf x'g cfjZos x'G5 . b]z 

ljsf;sf nflu lzIff ckl/xfo{ tŒj xf] . lzIffsf] ;Gt'lnt / ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu 

cGt//fli6«o, /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo kl/j]z, ?lr / cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ h?/L x'G5 . 

s]Gb|n] agfPsf] kf7\oqmdleq klg sltko :yfgLo ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ t/ tL kof{Kt gx'g 

;S5g\ . kf7\oqmd ;'wf/ k4ltn] klg :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo kf7\oqmd 

lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] æ/fli6«o 

kf7\oqmd k|f¿kÆ n] z}lIfs If]qdf b]vf kg] { z}lIfs d'2f / r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ :yfgLo 

cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIffnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfwf/e"t lzIff 

sIff !–% df !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] :yfgLo ljifo, ;fdflhs cWoog, l;h{gfTds snf / :jf:Yo tyf 

zf/Ll/s lzIff ljifodf @) k|ltzt :yfgLo c+zsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 eg] sIff ^–* df !)) 

k"0ff{ª\ssf] :yfgLo ljifo /flvPsf] 5 . 

s]Gb|Lo kf7\oqmd 

s]Gb|Lo lgsfoåf/f kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] kf7\oqmd g} s]Gb|Lo kf7\oqmd xf] . 

s]Gb|Lo kf7\oqmd vf; :yfg ljz]ifsf] cfjZostfdf dfq cfwfl/t geO{ cf};t /fli6«o 

cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L tof/ x'g] ePsfn] o; k|sf/sf] kf7\oqmdn] :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ 

k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}g . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd -Local Curriculum_ 

æljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;f]r /fvL :yfgLo ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofpmÆ -Think Globally Act 

Localy_ eGg] dWodfuL{ / ;dGjosf/L cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbgsf nflu :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] 

cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg :yfgLo, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs ;Gbe{cg';f/ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd 

lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ 

. o;n] z}lIfs ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|aw{g -Promote_ ub{5 . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf s]xL dfGotfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL dfGotfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5g\, h'g lgDgfg';f/sf 5g\ M 

� :yfgLo cfjZostfsf ljifoj:t'n] :yfg kfpg], 

� kf7\oqmd ljsf; :yfgLo txaf6} x'g], 

� kf7\oqmdk|lt hgtfsf] ckgTj -ownership_ a9\g], 

� kf7\oqmd ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf kx'―r 

tyf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 x'g], 

� ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 x'g], 

� Go"g d"Nosf :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] -Low cost, No cost materials_ sf] k|of]u x'g],

165 

� ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /xg] . 

kf7\oqmdsf] :yfgLos/0fn] s]Gb|Lo kf7\oqmdn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf ljifoj:t', kIf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, 

;xeflutf, lg0f{o k|lqmof, hgck]Iff cflbn] :yfg kfp―5g\ . o;n] ljBfnodf cfwfl/t kf7\oqmd 

lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf cfbfgk|bfg ;+:s[ltsf] -Sharing Culture_sf] ljsf; u/fp―5 . To:t} 

logn] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;a} kIfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf 

(Meaningful Participation_ u/fp―5 . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmdn] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk :yfgLo 1fg Local Knowledge sf] phfu/ explore 

ub{5 . o;n] :yfgLo 1fgsf] vf]hL ub{5 / gjLgtd 1fg Pjd\ ;Lksf] ljsf;df ;xof]u 

k'¥ofp―5 . cleefjsn] ;d]t kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf rf;f] /fVg] tyf :yfgLo 

;/f]sf/jfnfsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjogb]lv cg'udg d"Nofª\sg;Ddsf sfo{df ;lqmo 

;xeflutf clej[l4 ub{5 . 

- :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;|f]t ;fdu|L, @)^&, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| _ 

:yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t kf7\oqmd 

/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿knfO{ ljBfno txsf] lzIffsf] d"n b:tfj]h dflgG5 . o;n] ljBfno 

lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t / dfWolds u/L b'O{ txdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_ 

df P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo ljifo -k];f, Jofkf/, Jofj;fo, 

cGo_ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L dfWolds txdf klg k];f, Joj;fo, Jofkf/ cflb ;d]6\g] u/L 

Ps ljifo ;dfj]z ug] { k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu s]Gb|, If]q, lhNnf, ;|f]ts]Gb| / ljBfnon] ljz]if 

kxn ug'{kg] 

{ b]lvG5 . :yfgLo txdf ul/g] ;a} kIfsf] ;fd"lxs k|of; g} o;sf] klxnf] 

cfjZostf xf] . o;af6 dfq} :yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg 

;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ljBfnosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd 

pkof]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o;y{ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;a} kIfn] ;xof]u, 

;xsfo{ / xft]dfnf] ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . 

:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;an / ;Ifd agfpg :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf ljBfno, ;|f]ts]Gb| / lhNnf 

lzIff sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf alg;s]sf] 5 . ;fy} 

/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿ksf] d'Vo clek|fo g} /fli6«o u'0f:t/ dfgssf cfwf/df ljBfnon] klg 

z}lIfs u'0f:t/ dfgs to u/L kf7\oqmd / kf7\oqmd;Da4 ultljlwx¿ :jtGq ¿kdf ;~rfng 

ug{ ;Sg'k5{ eGg] xf] . o;sf nflu ljBfno :jod\nfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfOg'k5{ . ljBfno txdf 

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t Ps kf7\oqmd ljsf; ;ldlt 

u7g u/L kf7\oqmdsf] :yfgLos/0f ug'{k5{ 

. lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg'k{5 . oL ;a} 

sfo{ ug{sf nflu lzIfs g} dxŒjk"0f{ JolQm ePsfn] lzIfs tof/Lsf] kIfnfO{ klg ljz]if Wofg 

lbg' h?/L 5 . 

- :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;|f]t ;fdu|L, @)^&, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| _

ljifoIf]q 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf nflu ljifoIf]qsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] x'g ;S5 . o;y{ o;sf s]xL gd'gf dfq 

;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf; ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf ljifoj:t' ;fGble{s aGg 

;S5g\ M 

Jofj;flos If]q 

s[lif M cGgafnL, kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/L v]tL 

!= cGgafnL -pv', skmL, lrof, ;gkf6, cn} ―rL cflb_ 

@= kmnk"mn v]tL -gf;kftL, sfutL, ;'Gtnf, :ofp, e'O―s6/, cf―k, s6x/, lnrL 

cflb_ 

#= t/sf/L v]tL -sfpnL, d'nf, ;fu, uf]ne] ―8f, l;dL, km;L{, a}u'g -efG6f_, 

/fdtf]l/of, aGbf, cfn', :s';, t?n, cb'jf cflb_ 

kIfL tyf kz'kfng M != kz'kfng -afv|f, e} ―;L, ufO{, e]8f, Rofª\u|f, rf} ―/L cflb_ 

@= kIfLkfng -s'v'/f, xf―;, k/]jf, cflb_ 

pBf]u M 3/]n' tyf s'6L/ pBf]ux¿ -9fsf, s?jf, v's/L, 8f]sf], 8fnf], ;'s'n, u'Gb|L, dfGb|f] 

cflb agfpg], 3/]n' sk8f agfpg], /f8LkfvL, un} ―rf agfpg], d}g aQL agfpg], 

l;Gs] w"k agfpg], 8sdL{, l;sdL{nfO{ tflnd_ demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBf]ux¿ cflb . 

ko{6g M ko{6g :ynx¿sf] ljsf;, 6'l/:6 ufO8 tflnd, xf]6n Joj:yfkg 6] «lsª, 

kj{tf/f]x0f, /flk\m6ª cflb . 

Jofkf/ M :yfgLo :t/df pTkflbt ;fdfgx¿sf] Jofkf/ . 

cGo cfo{cfh{gsf If]qx¿ M h8La'6L ;ª\sng tyf k|zf]wg, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ;Lk 

ljsf;, sDKo'6/ tflnd, 8«fOleª, On]S6«f]lgS;, KnDa/, c6f]js{;k, /]l8of], l6eL, 

df]afOn ;]6 dd{t cflb . 

cGo If]q 

ef}uf]lns M :yfgLo kl/j]zsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df};d cflb . 

k|fs[lts M :yfgLo kl/j]zsf] jghª\un ¿vla?jf, vf]nf, gbL, tfn, kf]v/L, h8La'6L, 

hLjhGt', /fli6«o lgs'~h cflb . 

;f+:s[lts M :yfgLo rf8kj{, j]ife"iff, /xg;xg, d]nfkj{, uLt, ;ª\uLt, afhf, snf, hfqf, 

pT;j, dxf]T;j cflb . 

P]ltxfl;s M P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿, j:t'x¿, P]ltxfl;s JolQmTjx¿, k|frLg :df/sx¿, :yfgLo 

;d'bfosf] Oltxf;, P]ltxfl;s u|Gy cflb . 

k'/ftflŒjs M d7dlGb/, kf6Lkf}jf, r}To, :t"k, ljxf/, k'/fgf b/af/, lznfn]v, tfd|kq cflb . 

wfld{s M :yfgLo :t/df dgfOg] ljleGg wd{x¿, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efj, wfld{s 

lqmofsnfk, wfld{s :yn cflb . 

hfthflt M :ofgLo ;d'bfosf cflbaf;L, hghflt, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, blnt tyf lk5l8Psf hflt 

/ pgLx¿sf] /xg;xg, ;+:sf/ cflb . 

166

efiffefifL M :yfgLo :t/df af]lng] efiffefifL / ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f cflb . 

;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yf M :yfgLo :t/sf Sna, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t 

;ª\3;+:yfx¿ cflb . 

/fhgLlts M :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+/rgf -ufp― ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt 

:yfgLo:t/sf /fhgLlts bnx¿ cflb ._ 

z}lIfs M :yfgLo :t/sf ljBfno, SofDk;, ;flxTo, kqklqsf, ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, z}lIfs 

hfu/0f / r]tgf;DaGwL sfo{qmd cflb . 

:jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO M kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, 9n lgsf;, c:ktfn, :jf:Yo 

s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sL, k|fylds pkrf/, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo cflb . 

jftfj/0f M e"Ifo, j[If/f]k0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, jghª\un ;+/If0f cflb . 

oftfoft M 6«flkms lgod, af6f]3f6f]sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+/If0f, oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ cflb . 

167 

lgdf{0f k|lqmof 

kf7\oqmd lzIffsf p2]Zo k|fKt ug] { Ps dfWod xf] . ;fy}, kf7\oqmd Pp6f To:tf] of]hgf jf 

sfo{qmd xf], h;sf dfWodaf6 l;sf?n] 1fg, ;Lk, clej[lQ tyf ;Dk"0f{ cg'ejx¿ Jojl:yt 

¿kdf xfl;n u5{ . To;}n] lzIffsf] zAbsf]z -Dictionary of Education_ n] ækf7\oqmd eGgfn] 

p2]Zo, nIo, ljifo;"rL, k|lqmof, ;|f]t, d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg cflbsf] af]w x'G5, hf] ljBfnoleq 

tyf aflx/, sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f tyf ;DalGwt sfo{qmdåf/f k"/f ug{ of]hgfa4 ul/Psf] x'G5 . " 

eg]sf] 5 . :yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/ ubf{ ;a}vfn] hgzlQmsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g' h?/L 5 . of] 

kf7\oqmd tof/ kfbf{ lzIfs k|fWofksnufotsf lzlIft JolQmdfq ;+nUg geO{ ;da4 If]qsf] 

cg'ejL JolQm -s[ifs, l;sdL{, k];fsdL{, Jofkf/L cflb_ klg ;+nUg x'g h?/L 5 . To;}n] o;sf] 

lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt k|lqmof cjnDag pko'Qm dflgG5 M 

s= cfjZostf klxrfg 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxnf ljifox¿sf] ;ª\sng ug'{k5{ 

. To;kl5 

k|fyldsLs/0f u/L To;sf af/]df Jofks 5nkmn u/fO{ cfjZostf klxrfg ug'{kb{5 

. 

h:t} M s'g ljifo If]q ;d]6\bf w]/}nfO{ nfe k'U5 < of] ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, pd]/ / cfjZostf 

cg';f/ 5 ls 5}g < To;nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg ;lsG5 jf ;ls―b}g < cflb . 

k|fyldsL/s0f / 5nkmn ubf{ ;a} If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kb{5 . 

lr/fOtf] v]tL;DaGwL kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu lgDgfg';f/n] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ 

;lsG5 M 

kl/ro 

ljz]if u/]/ g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]q h8La'6Lsf nflu k|Voft 5 . h8La'6L ljleGg /f]usf] 

pkrf/sf nflu cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . tL cd"No h8La'6Lx¿ klxrfg

168 

ug] {, ;ª\sng ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] { / pkof]u ug] { r]tgf / ;Lksf] cefjdf To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] 

cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ To:tf h8La'6Lsf] dxŒj a'emfpg 

/ eljiodf To:tf] h8La'6Lsf] ;ª\sng ug] {, v]tL ug] {, k|zf]wg ug] { ;Lksf] ljsf; u/L 

Joj;fotk{m cfslif{t ug] { d'Vo p2]Zo lnP/ :yfgLo ljifosf] ¿kdf lr/fOtf] v]tLsf] 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . 

v= p2]Zo lgwf{/0f 

cfjZostfsf] klxrfgkl5 ;Da4 ljifoIf]qdf cfwfl/t eP/ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 

. p2]Zo 

lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;}4flGtseGbf Jofjxfl/s / k|of]uk/s ljifoIf]qnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . ;fy} 

ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, pd]/, cfjZostf, tx÷sIff, l;sfO:t/sf ;fy} afndgf]lj1fg, ljifoj:t'sf] 

k|s[lt / ;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . 

p2]Zox¿ SMART (Scientific, Measurable, Achievable, Realiable and Time bond) 

agfpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 

. p2]Zox¿ tof/ ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿nfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf Wofg 

lbg'kg] { x'G5 M 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/ M s'g pd]/ ;d"xsf nflu kf7\oqmd tof/ ug{ nfluPsf] xf], To;nfO{ 

Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ / l;Sg] 

tl/sf km/s x'G5 . 

afndgf]lj1fg M p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f ug] { qmddf afnaflnsfx¿sf] dgf]lj1fgsf nflu klg 

Vofn ul/g'kb{5 . s'g pd]/, sIff jf txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] 

s'/fx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; ug] { qmddf Wofglbg'kb{5 . 

afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO:t/ M Pp6} pd]/ / Pp6} sIffsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] Ps} k|sf/sf] 

l;sfO:t/ x'―b}g 

. kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldn] klg afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO:t/df km/s kfb{5 . 

To;}n] kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo tof/ ug] { qmddf ;s];Dd ljleGg l;sfO:t/ ePsf 

afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] u/L tof/ ug] { k|of; ug'{kb{5 

. 

sIff÷tx M kf7\oqmd s'g sIff jf txsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f To;df ;dfj]z 

ul/g] p2]Zosf] :t/df klg e/ kb{5 . txut / sIffut p2]Zodf /flvg] lqmofkbx¿df klg 

km/s kg{ ;S5 . txut p2]Zo ;fdfGo (Vague_ x'G5g\ eg] sIffut p2]Zo To;sf] 

t'ngfdf a9L ljlzi6Ls[t (Specific) x'G5g\ . tNnf sIff jf txsf p2]Zox¿ ;lhnf 

k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ eg] dflyNnf] sIff jf txsf] p2]Zox¿ tNnf sIff jf txsf] t'ngfdf 

sl7g x'G5g\ . sIffut jf txut p2]Zo agfp―bf s'g sIff jf txsf nflu agfOPsf] xf], 

To;nfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 eg] Ps sIff / csf] { sIff jf Ps tx / csf] { txaLrsf] nDaLo 

qmd -Vertical sequence_ tyf c¿ ljifox¿;―usf] lIflthLo qmd -Horizontal sequence_ 

klg Vofn ul/g'kb{5 .

169 

ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt M p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ cWoog cWofkg ug] { ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltdf klg 

e/ kb{5 . s'g} ljifoj:t'af6 1fg dfq xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eg] To:tf] k|s[ltsf] ljifoj:t'af6 

;Lk tyf clej[lQ txsf] p2]Zo agfOof] eg] Tof] p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] p2]Zo 

tof/ ug] { qmddf ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'kb{5 . 

;|f]t / ;fwg M kf7\oqmddf p2]Zo ;dfj]z ug{ t/ pQm p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg] { 

;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg g;Sg] xf] eg] To:tf] p2]Zo /fVg' / g/fVg'df s]xL cy{ /x―b}g . ;|f]t / 

;fwg ef}lts, cfly{s, z}lIfs cflb x'G5g\ . 


plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lr/fOtf] v]tLsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf l;sfO pknlAw -p2]Zo_ 

lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 M 

l;sfO pknlAw 

� lr/fOtf] h8La'6L lrGg / dxŒj atfpg . 

� lr/fOtf] kfOg] :yfgx¿ kQf nufpg . 

� lr/fOtf]sf] pkof]lutf kQf nufpg / cfjZos k/]df cfk"mn] klg pkof]u ug{ . 

� lr/fOtf] ;ª\sng ug] { ;Lk l;Sg . 

� lr/fOtf] v]tL ug] { ;Lk l;Sg . 

� lr/fOtf]sf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xefuL x'g . 

u= ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 

ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug] { b'O{cf]6f tl/sf 5g\ . klxnf] tl/sf cg';f/ ck]lIft p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f 

ul/;s]kl5 pQm p2]Zo k"/f ug{ s'gs'g ljifoj:t'sf] cfjZostf kb{5, To;sf] 5gf]6 

ul/G5 . bf];|f] tl/sf cg';f/ kf7\oqmd agfp―bf cfk\mgf] cg's"ntf x]/L p2]Zo / 

ljifoj:t';―u;―u} 5gf]6 ul/G5 . ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ klg sIff, tx, ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, 

l;sfO:t/, dgf]lj1fg, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwg, ;do cflbnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . 

plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lr/fOtf] v]tLsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug{ 

;lsG5 M 

ljifoj:t' 

� lr/fOtf]sf] kl/ro 

� o;sf] dxŒj 

� lr/fOtf] kfOg] :yfg, pko'Qm xfjfkfgL / lr/fOtf]sf] pkof]lutf 

� lr/fOtf]sf] ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg / pkof]u

170 

� lr/fOtf] v]tL ug] { tl/sf . 

� lr/fOtf]sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'/Iff . 

3= z}lIfs ;fdu|L 

lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh, ;/n / :ki6 agfpg z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/G5 . z}lIfs 

;fdu|L kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] p2]Zo / ljifoj:t' cg';f/ x'g'kb{5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L 

ljifoj:t' / :yfgLo kl/j]zcg';f/ km/skm/s x'g ;S5g\ . kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf qmddf 

o;nfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk;―u} klg pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M 

7f];÷jf:tljs j:t' -Real Object_ M dflg; jf s'g} klg d]l;g jf cf}hf/af6 gagfO{ 

k|fs[lts ¿kd} pknAw ;fdu|LnfO{ 7f]; j:t' eGg] ul/G5 . h:t} M ljBfyL{nfO{ ‖;'Gtnf‗ sf] 

cjwf/0ff lbg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf ;f―Rr}sf] ;'Gtnf pkof]udf NofOof] eg] To;nfO{ 7f]; 

j:t' elgG5 . lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkdf o:tf] 7f]; j:t'sf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]df l;sfO 

k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . To;}n] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ubf{ ;s];Dd 7f]; 

j:t'nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 

. 

gd'gf -Model_ M 7f]; j:t' gkfOg] cj:yfdf jf k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf gd'gf 

(Model_ agfP/ jf ;ª\sng u/]/ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{kb{5 

. gd'gf eGgfn] 

x]bf{ 7f]; j:t'h:t} b]lvg] t/ pQm j:t' ;f―lRrs} geP/ c¿ j:t'af6 agfOPsf] x'G5 . h:t} 

;f―lRrs} ;'Gtnf gkfOg] cj:yfdf df6f], sfuh cflbaf6 ;'Gtnfsf] h:t} cfsf/ agfP/ 

ldNbf] /ª nufO{ ;'Gtnfsf] cjwf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 . o:tf] j:t'af6 klg lzIf0fl;sfO 

lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . 

lrq, tl:a/ -picture/photo_ M 7f]; j:t' / gd'gf b'j} pknAw gx'g] cj:yfdf j:t'sf] 

lvlrPsf] tl:a/ jf agfOPsf] lrq klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M 

;'Gtnfsf] wf/0ff lb―bf ;'Gtnf jf ;'Gtnfsf] gd'gf b'j} pknAw ePg eg] Sofd/fn] lvlrPsf] 

;'Gtnfsf] tl:a/ jf xftn] g} agfOPsf] ;'Gtnfsf] lrq z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ 

;lsG5 . of] 7f]; jf gd'gf h:tf] k|efjsf/L geP klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lljgf lzIf0f ug'{eGbf 

o:tf] tl:a/ jf lrq pkof]u u/]df l;sfOnfO{ w]/} g} k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . 

plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/sf z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� v]tLsf nflu cfjZos cf}hf/x¿, h:t} M s'6f], sf]bfnf], a]gf{ -la?jf_ cflb 

� cfjZos ;fdu|L, dn, Knfl:6s, kfgL cflb . 

� u|fkm, rf6{, tflnsf, tl:a/ cflb .

171 

ª= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf] agfpg lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . 

lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofn] ljBfyL{df ;demfbf/L, lqmofTds ;f]rfO, k|of]ufTds ;Lk / 

clej[lQsf] ljsf; u5{ . To;}n] ljifoj:t'sf] k|j[mlt x]/]/ vf; lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'kg] { 

x'G5 . l;sfOnfO{ af]wdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL k"0f{tf k|bfg ug{sf nflu kof{Kt cj;/ lbO{ 

l;h{gfTds k|of]usf nflu :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg'k5{ . lzIf0f l;sfO 

lqmofsnfksf] ] qmddf ljBfnodf pknAw x'g g;Sg] ;fdu|L / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf 

;fd'bflos ;|f]t / cleefjs;―u ;Dks{ ug'{k5{ 

. o:tf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;DalGwt 

7fp―df g} nu]/ ltgsf] k|of]u / ;~rflnt lqmofsnfk cfjZostfg';f/ k|bz{g ug'{k5{ 

. 

lzIfsn] s'g} klg lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'eGbf klxn] ljBfyL{sf] a'em\g] Ifdtf / kl/kSjtf, 

cle¿lr, :yfgLo :t/df pknAw x'g] ;fwg ;|f]t / ;|f]t JolQmx¿ cflb s'/fdf Wofg lbg' 

/fd|f] x'G5 . 

r= ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg 

cGo ljifo ;/x o; ljifosf] p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 

. 

5= ;do lgwf{/0f -kf7\oef/_ 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ lgwf{l/t ljifonfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] ;do Vofn u/L ljifoj:t'sf] rog 

ug'{kb{5 

. cyf{t\ ;Da4 ljifonfO{ ;fKtflxs ¿kdf slt 3G6L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5, To;sf 

cfwf/df jflif{s 3G6L lgsfNg'kb{5 . pQm ;dofjlwleq k7gkf7g ug{ ;lsg] ljifoj:t'x¿ 

dfq 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 

. o;sf/0f ljifoj:t' / ;dosf] tfnd]n ldnfO;s]kl5 s'g} PsfO jf 

kf7nfO{ cg'dflgt ;do÷3G6L 5'6\ofpg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . 

plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lr/fOtf] v]tLsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lgdf{0f ug ;lsG5 M 

If]q÷PsfO l;sfOpknlAw÷ ljifoj:t' ;Defljt lzIf0f ;Defljt 

ljlzi6 p2]Zo lj:t[tLs/0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof 

lr/fOtf]sf] lr/fOtf]nfO{ lr/fOtf] af]6sf] lr/fOtf]sf] af]6 jf lr/fOtf]nfO{ lrGg 

kl/ro h8La'6Lsf] ¿kdf cfsf/, kft, h/f, xf―uf sIffsf]7fdf ;Sof] ls ;s]g 

lrGg 8f―7, k"mn, o;sf] NofP/ jf lr/fOtf] ljleGg k|Zgx¿ 

:jfb cflb . ePs} 7fp―df ljBfyL{ ;f]Wg] jf 

nu]/ lr/fOtf]sf] lr/fOtf]sf] 

af]6sf] cfsf/ s:tf] ljleGg efu 

x'G5, o;sf] kft, lrGg nufpg 

8f―7, h/f, k"mn s:tf] 

x'G5, k|ToIf cjnf]sg 

;lsG5 .

lr/fOtf]sf] 

dxŒj / 

pkof]u 

lr/fOtf] 

kfOg] :yfg 

lr/fOtf] 

;ª\sng 

tyf k|zf]wg 

lr/fOtf] 

v]tL / 

;'/Iff 

172 

� lr/fOtf]sf 

dxŒj atfpg 

� o;nfO{ 

pkof]udf 

Nofpg 

� lr/fOtf]sf 

nflu cfjZos 

xfjfkfgL kQf 

nufpg 

� lr/fOtf] kfpg] 

:yfgx¿ kQf 

nufpg 

� lr/fOtf]sf] 

;ª\sng / 

k|zf]wg ug] { 

;Lk l;Sg 

� lr/fOtf] /f]Kg], 

uf]8d]n ug] { / 

;+/If0f ug] { ;Lk 

l;Sg 

� lr/fOtf]af6 

ljleGg cf}ifwL 

agfpg ;lsg] 

� lr/fOtf]af6 

cfocfh{g ug{ 

;lsg] 

� cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 

� lr/fOtf]sf nflu 

pko'Qm xfjfkfgL 

� lr/fOtf] kfOg] 

:yfgsf] klxrfg 

� lr/fOtf] ;ª\sng 

ug] { ;Lk 

� lr/fOtf] k|zf]wg 

ug] { ;Lk 

� lr/fOtf] v]tL, 

/f]Kg], uf]8d]n 

ug] {, sf6\g] 

u/fP/ l6kf]6 ug{ 

nufpg'kb{5 . 

ljleGg pbfx/0f lbP/ 

lr/fOtf]sf] 

pkof]lutfsf af/]df 

5nkmn u/fpg] . 

� lr/fOtf] s'g 7fp―df 

s'gs'g :yfgdf 

x'G5 eGg] s'/f 

k|ToIf cjnf]sg / 

k|Zgf]Q/ u/fP/ 

u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

� lr/fOtf] kfOg] 

:yfgdf 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ nu]/ 

To;sf] ;ª\sng 

ug{ ] tl/sf 

l;sfpg'kb{5 . / 

:yfgLo k|ljlwaf6 

To;sf] k|zf]wg ug{ 

;d]t l;sfpg'kb{5 . 

� ljBfnosf] hUufdf 

gd'gfsf] ¿kdf 

lr/fOtf] v]tL ug] { 

sfd u/fpg' kb{5 . 

o;df la?jf /f]Kg], 

uf]8d]n ug] { / 

sf6\g], ;'/Iff ug] { 

lr/fOtf]sf] dxŒj 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf 

pkof]udf NofP 

gNofPsf] 

cjnf]sg 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

lr/fOtf]sf nflu 

pko'Qm xfjfkfgL 

s:tf] rflxG5 < 

lr/fOtf] x'g] 

:yfgx¿ kQf 

nufpg'xf];\ . 

lr/fOtf]sf] 

;ª\sng ug] { / 

k|zf]wg ug] { ;Lk 

ljsf; eof] ePg 

cjnf]sg ug{ ] . 

;Lk gl;s]sfnfO{ 

k'gM 

l;sfpg'xf];\ . 

lr/fOtf] v]tL ug{ 

/ ;'/Iff ug{ ;s] 

g;s]sf] 

cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ 

/ l;Sg 

g;s]sfnfO{ k'gM 

l;sfp―b} 

hfg'xf];\ .

173 

sfddf 

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 

;xefuL u/fP/ v]tL 

ug] {, ;'/Iff ug] { cflb 

;Lk l;sfpg'kb{5 . 

;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng 

kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf kl/rfng Ps hl6n k|lqmof xf] . o;sf nflu ;Da4 If]qsf ;a}sf] ;dfg 

k|ltlglwTj cfjZos kb{5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf, cfjZos ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwg / To;sf] lg/Gt/tf, lj1 

h:tf kIfsf] o;df] 7"nf] dxŒj /xG5 . oL ;a} kIfsf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]u x'g' g} ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt 

Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng x'g' xf] . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf;b]lv sfof{Gjog ug] { ;Dddf ljleGg ef}lts, cfly{s, k|fljlws, k|fl1s 

cflb ;|f]t;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf7\oqmd ljsf;b]lv sfof{Gjog;Ddsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L 

:yfgLo :t/df g} lng'kb{5 . o;df s]Gb|Lo txsf] e"ldsf cToGt uf}0f x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo txn] 

k|fljlwsnufot s]xL s'/fdf ;xof]u ug} { ;Sb}g / x'[ 

―b}g eGg] xf]Og t/ o; ljifosf] kf7\oqmd, 

kf7\o;fdu|L lgdf{0fb]lv cfjZos kg] { ;|f]tJolQm jf lzIfs ;d]t :yfgLo :t/df g} cfTdlge{/ 

x'g'kg] { dfGotf /flvPsf] 5 . h;sf nflu lgDglnlvt tl/sfaf6 ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ 

;lsG5 M 

� uflj;÷gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj;sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsg] 

� :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;―u cfjZos ;xof]u lng ;lsg] . 

� :yfgLo k];fsdL{, pBf]u Joj;foL, Jofkf/L cflb;―u klg ;xsfo{ / ;xof]usf] cfbfgk|bfg 

ug{ ;lsg], pgLx¿nfO{ lzIff If]qdf of]ubfg ug'{k5{ 

eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg] . 

� cfod"ns ljifox¿df cWoogsf] qmddf ljBfyL{x¿af6 pTkflbt ;fdu|L ahf/df laqmL u/]/ 

klg cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] . 

� :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf; / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljBfnon] ef}lts tyf cfly{s ;|f]tx¿ 

h'6fpg kxn ug] { . 

r'gf}tLx¿ 

cfwf/e"t txdf :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;dfj]z eP tfklg To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 

kfO{ +b}g . o;sf/0f :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] ;b'kof]u ub} { To;sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{ 

g} cfhsf] d'Vo 

r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug] {, To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug] { / To;sf] lg/Gt/ 

cg'udg u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug] { h:tf sfo{ o;sf r'gf}tL x'g\ . ;fy} of] ljifo :yfgLo txd} 

ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g] ePsfn] ;|f]t kl/rfng klg r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

174 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M 

� ;+:yfut ;+oGq / ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; gx'g' 

� :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;lqmotfdf sdL 

� k|lta4tfsf] cefj 

� hgzlQmsf] cefj 

� a9\bf] ljZjJofkLs/0f÷cª\u| ]hL efiffk|ltsf] a9\bf] df]x 

� hgrf;f]sf] sdL 

� s]Gb|d'vL k|j[lQ 

� :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ug{ ;Sg] tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] cefj 

� kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL tflndsf] cefj . 

o:tf r'gf}tL x'“bf 

x'“b} 

klg :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u 

k'¥ofpg] sfo{x¿ klg eO/fv]sf 5g\ . tL sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M 

� ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog x'g' 

� ufp― lzIff of]hgf agfpg] sfo{sf] yfngL 

� ;|f]ts]Gb| / ;|f]tJolQmsf] Joj:yf 

� ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f x'g' 

� Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gdf cleefjssf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g' 

� lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3sf] Joj:yf x'g' 

� sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] ;'?jft 

� dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] klg !)–!% k|ltzt ef/ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t 

x'g'kg] { Joj:yf x'g' 

� uflj;÷gkf / lhlj;sf] lzIff;DaGwL sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g' . 


ndh'ª, kj{t, wflbª, wgs'6f, l;Gw'nL, slknj:t', vf]6fª, /;'jf cflb lhNnfx¿n] :yfgLo 

kf7\oqmd ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ . 

qm=; lhNnf ljifo tx 

!= ndh'ª S[lif tyf h8La'6L 1fgdfnf 

@= kj{t kmnk"mn v]tL 

#= wgs'6f t/sf/L v]tL -:yfgLo ljifo_ :yfgLo v]n 

-zf/Ll/s lzIff_, jg -;fdflhs cWoog_,

lrqsnf / x:tsnf -l;h{gfTds snf_ 

$= slknj:t' t/sf/L v]tL -:yfgLo ljifo_, wfld{s tyf 

P]ltxfl;s :yn -;fdflhs cWoog_, k/fnaf6 

aGg] ;fdu|L –l;h{gfTds snf_, :yfgLo v]n 

-zf/Ll/s lzIff_ 

%= wflbª t/sf/L v]tL, kmnk"mn v]tL 

^= vf]6fª xn];L dxfb]j 

^= l;Gw'nL xfo' efiff kf7\oqmd 

&= /;'jf cfn' v]tL 

175 

ljs]Gb|Ls[t z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/df :yfgLo txsf 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, snf, ;+:s[lt, k];f, 

Joj;fo cflb kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] xf] . 

ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bg, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, kl/of]hgfsf ;'emfj k|ltj]bgn] klg o;nfO{ :yfgLo 

cfjZostfcg'¿k g} agfpg'kg] { tYo cf} ―NofPsf 5g\ . ;fy} o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg 

@)^# sf] efu !&, wf/f !#( / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf klg :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

pQm k|flKtx¿ / k|ltj]bgsf] lgisif{sf cfwf/df ;a}sf nflu lzIff (Education for all_ / 

dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd -Secondary Education Support Program_ @))#–@))* n] 

klg b;b]lv kGw| k|ltzt;Dd :yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . log} b:tfj]h, k|fylds 

txsf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;+/rgf cflbsf] cfwf/df k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd, @)^@ -sIff !–#_ tyf 

@)^% -sIff $–%_ n] k|fylds txsf] :yfgLo ljifosf ¿kdf !)) k|ltzt tyf ;fdflhs 

cWoog, zf/Ll/s lzIff / l;h{gfTds snf ljifodf @) k|ltzt kf7\of+z :yfgLo :t/sf] /fVg 

;Sg] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} sIff ^–* df klg !)) k"0ff{ +ssf] :yfgLo ljifosf] Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] 5 . t/ kf7\oqmdcg';f/ ljBfnodf k7gkf7g ePsf] kfO―b}g . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg lgsfosf] ljz]if e"ldsf /xG5 . tLdWo] 

ljBfno / uflj; jf gu/kflnsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5, h;nfO{ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;|f]t 

;fdu|L, @)^&, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] o;/L lrq0f u/]sf] 5 M 

s= ljBfno tx 

lzIffsf tLg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ljBfno txd} x'G5g\ . tL tLg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df ljBfyL{, 

lzIfs / cleefjs kb{5g\ . To:t} ljBfno Ps ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf cfp―5 eg] lzIfs, 

cleefjs ;ª\3 / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt klg kb{5 . lzIffsf gLlt lgod cflbn] 

ljBfnosf] ;ª\u7g, Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sgaf6 lg/Gt/ k|ultpGd'v 

agfpg] cª\usf] ¿kdf oL ;ldltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6 ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf 

lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

176 

c= ljBfyL{ M ;DalGwt txsf ljBfyL{x¿ t lg/Gt/ ;lDdlnt x'g] jf u/fpg'kg] { ;d"x x'g\ . 

pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M 

� cWoogsf sf/0f, l:ylt tyf ck]Iffx¿ atfpg', 

� cWoogsf ljifoj:t'sf kIfx¿af/]df sl7gfO, ?lr, Ifdtf, ;/ntf, ;Gbe{, cfjZostf 

cflbaf/] cfk\mgf] :jtGq ljrf/ cleJoQm ug'{ 

/ 

� 5nkmn, ;j] {If0f, cWoog, cg';Gwfg, of]hgf, sfo{qmd, cGtjf{tf{ cflbdf ;lqmo 

;xeflutf hgfpg' / cfk\mgf] cg'ej k|s6 ug'{ 

. 

cf= lzIfsx¿ M lzIfsx¿n] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf lgDgfg';f/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ M 

� kf7\oqmdsf ljifoj:t' / l;sfOk|lqmof;DaGwL j:t'l:ylt a'em\g k|of]u ul/g] k|lqmofdf 

;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg] . cfjZos k|ltlqmof lbg], /fo, ;'emfj lbg], k|ZgfjnL, 

r]sln:6, ;j] {If0f kmf/fd cflb eg] {, cGtjf{tf{df ;xefuL eO{ ;xL k|ltlqmof cleJoQm 

ug] { tyf JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf 

;xeflutf hgfpg] / Jofj;flos k|ltlqmof cleJoQm ug{ ] . 

� cfk\mg} ;lqmotfdf jf lgb] {lzt ¿kdf ljBfyL{, cleefjs tyf ;d'bfodf ljleGg JolQm, 

;+:yf cflbaf6 kf7oqmd;DaGwL /fo k|ltlqmof ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f / k|ltj]bg lbg]÷lng] 

u/L k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g] . 

� ljBfyL{÷cleefjssf] cfjZostf, l:ylt / kf7\oqmdsf ljifoj:t' tyf l;sfOk|lqmof 

clg l;sfO ;fdu|Laf/] ;fd"lxs tyf k];fut ¿kdf cfjZos ;+zf]wgsf nflu ;lqmotf 

hgfpg] . 

� ljBfyL{sf] cWoog tyf k|ultaf/]df sIffut tyf ljifout clen]vx¿ cWoog u/L 

cfjZos ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg], k|ltj]bg lbg] . 

� kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ;ldltdf k|ltlglw k7fpg] jf k];fut ;ª\3;ª\u7gdfk{mt\ cfk} ―m hfg] . 

� ;ldltdf ;lqmotf k"j{s sfo{ ug] { . 

O= cleefjs ju{M cleefjsx¿n] lgDglnlvt e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]/ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf 

;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ M 

� cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cWoogaf6 ck]Iff u/]sf s'/f cleJoQm u/]/ 

� ljBfyL{sf nflu cfjZos ljifoj:t' / l;sfO k|lqmof lgwf{/0fdf cfk\mgf] /fo, ;'emfj 

tyf k|ltlqmof lbP/ 

� ljBfnodf uP/, sIffdf lzIf0f u/]/ / T;;sf] cg'ej / clen]v cfjZos JolQmnfO{ 

pknAw u/fP/ 

� cfcfk\mgf] Jofj;flos If]qsf s'/f cfjZos ;dodf ljBfyL{ lzIfs tyf cGo lzIff;―u 

;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk l;sfP/ tyf ;"rgf pknAw u/fP/

177 

� dgf]gog jf 5gf]6 ePsf avt k|ToIf ;+nUg eO{ ;lqmo ¿kdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf 

;+nUg eP/ 

O{= lzIfs–cleefjs ;ª\3 M lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3n] afnaflnsfsf] cWoog, cWofkg jf 

l;sfO k|lqmofaf/] Pscfk;df ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u/]/ kf7\oqmdsf ljifoj:t' / kf7\oqmd 

sfof{Gjog k|lqmofaf/] x'g] 5nkmndf ;fd"lxs /fo, ;'emfj lbP/, k|ltlqmof JoQm u/]/, 

cGtlj{mofdf ;+nUg eP/ / oyfy{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . 

p= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt M ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf 

l;nl;nfdf cg'ej u/]sf kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/] 

jf:tljstf jf oyfy{ s'/f ;fd"lxs ¿kdf cleJoQm u/]/ cfk\mgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . 

;ldltaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{ ] cj:yfdf ;lqmo ;xefuLsf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . 

v= ufp“ ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf tx 

ufp― ljsf; ;ldlt‘gu/kflnsfn] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu ck|ToIf ¿kdf / sfo{qmd g} 

;~rfng u/L k|ToIf ¿kdf /fd|f] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . To;df klxnf] ufp― lzIff ;ldlt 

-uflz;_ jf gu/ lzIff ;ldlt -glz;_ / bf];|f]df ufp― ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_ / 

gu/kflnsf -gkf_ txdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g ;S5 . 

c= uflz; M o; ;ldltn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf cleefjsju{sf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / ?lrsf 

ljifo / ljifoj:t'af/] cledt k|s6 u/]/ z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ /fd|f] e"ldsf lgjf{x 

ug{ ;Qm5g\ . o;/L ;d'bfosf] cfk\mgf] cfjZostf / dfu uflz; dfk{mt ljBfno / 

To;dfk{mt ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf :yfgLo lgsfo / :yfgLo lgsfo -uflj;÷gkf_ dfk{mt 

sfo{qmd, ah]6 /fvL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lqmo of]ubfg k'Ug ;S5 . 

cf= uflj;÷gkf M uflz;sf] dfucg';f/ Pp6f ljBfno jf cfk\mgf] If]qleqsf nflu :yfgLo 

;d'bfosf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / dfucg';f/ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf tn n]lvPcg';f/ 

sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� cfk\mgf] If]qleqsf lzIfs kl/rfng u/L cfjZos ljz]if1tf ePsf JolQmTj af]nfO{ 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ;ldlt u7g u/L cu'jfO{ ug] { 

� ljBfnox¿sf] aLrdf ;dGjo u/L ldNbf] ljifoj:t'sf] kf7\oqmd tof/ ug{ dbt ug] { 

� uflz;÷glz;n] tof/ u/]sf sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/L k|f]T;fxgstf{sf] 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { 

� ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgstf{, ;'kl/j]If0f ÷ lg/LIf0fstf{sf] / d"Nofª\sgstf{sf] 

e"ldsf uflj;÷gkfsf] x'g ;S5 

� cfk\mgf] ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;dGjocg'¿k kf7\oqmd;DaGwL cWoogstf{, ;f]wstf{, 

cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf o:tf sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] c+lzof/÷ lx:;]bf/sf] ¿kdf klg e"ldsf 

v]Ng ;S5 h;af6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df cfk\mgf] efjL sfo{qmd to ug{ ;lsG5 .

178 

lzIffsf sfo{qmdsf ;fy} kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf lg/Gt/ 

kl/dfh{gsf sfo{ cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 . 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ 

!= :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ;|f]t ;fdu|L, @)^&, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 

@= :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f lgb] {lzsf -@)^#_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| . 

#= /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k, -@)^#_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| . 

$= dfWolds lzIff kf7\oqmddf :yfgLo ljifo ;dflji6tfsf] ;Defjgf;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg 

-@)^@_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| . 

%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lgodfjnL, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}― . 

^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# . 

&= k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd, @)^@ -sIff !–#_ / @)^% -sIff $ / %_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| . 

*= lzIffzf:q / g]kfndf lzIff, @)^%, cflzif k':ts e08f/, sf7df8f} + . 

(= /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* .

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 


s= s'g} Ps ljifoIf]q klxrfg u/L gd'gf :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ 

. 

:yfgLo ljifosf ¿kdf t/sf/L v]tLnfO{ lnO{ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g 

h?/L 5 M 

kl/ro 

xfd|f] a;f]jf;sf] If]q / To; j/k/sf If]qdf t/sf/L v]tL eOcfPsf] y'k| } jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5 . 

o;y{ o; If]qsf cg'ejL s[ifs, lj1 nufotsf ;Da4 If]qsf ;/f]f/jfnfx¿ oxf+ oy]i6 dfqfdf 

kfOG5g\ . o;y{ t/sf/L v]tLnfO{ pkof]uL :yfgLo ljifosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] . t/sf/L 

v]tLcGtu{t lzIf0f l;sfOsf If]q ;d]6\g] nIo lnOPsf] 5 M 

� :yfgLo hftsf t/sf/Lsf] kl/ro -cfn', sfpnL, s/]nf, af]8L ;fu cflb_, t/sf/L v]tLsf] 

dxŒj, t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] /f]u, sDkf]:6 dn, h}ljs dn, t/sf/Lsf] ahf/, t/sf/L v]tL 

ug] { tl/sf / t/sf/L v]tL ug] { cEof; . 

l;sfO pknlAw 

� :yfgLo hftsf t/sf/L gfd atfO{ ltgsf] kl/ro lbg, 

� t/sf/Lsf] dxŒj atfpg, 

� t/sf/L afnLdf nfUg] /f]u kQf nufO{ lj1sf] ;xof]udf pkrf/ ug{, 

� t/sf/Lsf] ahf/;DaGwL cfjZos hfgsf/L lng / lbg, 

� sDkf]:6 dn lrGg / k|of]u ug{, 

� t/sf/L v]tL ug] { tl/sf atfpg / v]tL ug{, 

� af/Ldf sfd u/]sf] x]g{ cjnf]sg e|d0f u/L pQm sfddf ;xof]u ug{ . 

ljifoj:t' 

ljifo If]q lgwf{/0fkl5 ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1 jf Joj;foLsf] ;xof]udf ljleGg sIffdf 

lzIf0fl;sfO x'g] ljifoj:t' klg 7Dofpg'kg] { x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–%_ 

sf] t/sf/L v]tL ljifosf] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDgfg';f/sf ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 ug{ 

;lsG5 M 

ljifo If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $ sIff % 

:yfgLo hftsf ljleGg :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo :yfgLo :t/df 

t/sf/Lsf] kl/ro t/sf/Lsf] gfd hftsf t/sf/Lsf] t/sf/Lsf] gof― v]tL ug{ 

t/sf/Lsf] kl/ro kl/ro ;lsg] 

;fdfGo 

t/sf/Lsf] 

kl/ro 

kl/ro 

t/sf/Lsf] dxŒj :jf:Yo /fd|f] :j:y /fd|f] :jf:Yo /fd|f] t/sf/L v]tLsf t/sf/L 

179

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

x'g] x'g] x'g], cfDbfgL 

x'g] 

t/sf/L afnLdf cf―vfn] b]lvg] cf―vfn] b]lvg] :yfgLo :yfgLo 

nfUg] /f]u ls/fsf] k|sf]k ls/fsf] t/sf/L t/sf/L 

k|sf]k afnLdf nfUg] afnLdf nfUg] 

/f]u /f]u / /f]syfd 

t/sf/Lsf] ahf/ :yfgLo :yfgLo xf6 t/sf/L ahf/ dfu x'g] If]q / 

t/sf/L kmNg] ahf/sf] -sflndf6L, dfusf] dxŒj 

/ laqmL ug] kl/ro gf/fo0fu9, 

7fp―sf] 

kf]v/f_ sf] 

hfgsf/L 

;fdfGo 

hfgsf/L 

sDkf]:6 dn sDkf]:6 dnsf] sDkf]:6 sDkf]:6 sDkf]:6 dn 

lrgf/L dnsf] lrgf/L dnsf] dxŒj lgdf{0f ug] 

tl/sf 

t/sf/L v]tL ug] 

t/sf/L v]tL 

tl/sf 

ug] tl/sf 

180 

dn, lap, 

Hofjnsf] 

kl/ro 

cEof;÷cjnf]sg t/sf/L af/Ldf 

sfd u/]sf] x]g{ 

cjnf]sg 

e|d0f 

dn, lap, 

Hofjnsf] 

kl/ro 

t/sf/L 

af/Ldf sfd 

u/]sf] x]g{ 

cjnf]sg 

e|d0f 

/f]Kg], uf]8\g] 

/ afnL 

p7fpg] 

tl/sf 

ls;fg jf 

dflyNnf] 

sIffdf 

ljBfyL{nfO{ 

sfddf 

;xof]u 

kmfObf v]tLsf kmfObf 

t/sf/Lsf 

la?jf pdfg] {, 

;fg] {, uf]8\g] / 

t/sf/L l6Kg] 

:yfgLo 

t/sf/L 

afnLdf nfUg] 

/f]u / pkrf/ 

d"No lgwf{/0f 

ug] { tl/sf 

sDkf]:6 dn 

lgdf{0f ug] { 

tl/sf 

t/sf/L v]tL 

ug] { tl/sf 

t/sf/Lsf 

la?jf pdfg] {, 

;fg] {, uf]8\g] / 

t/sf/L l6Kg] 

plNnlvt ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df ljifoIf]q, ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, kf7\oef/ lgwf{/0f ug{ 

;lsG5 . xfdLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] t/sf/L v]tL ljifodf sIff ! sf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 

ljifoj:t'sf] ljifoIf]q, ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, kf7\oef/ lgDgfg';f/ 5 M 

ljifo If]q ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f lzIf0f l;sfO 

k|lqmof 

:yfgLo hftsf ljleGg /fof], rD;'/, kfn'ª\uf], sfpnL, t/sf/L k|bz{g 

t/sf/Lsf] kl/ro t/sf/Lsf] gfd aGbfsf]kL, d'nf, cfn', lk―8fn', u/]/ sIffdf 

sf―qmf, km;L{, l3/f} ―nf, nf}sf, 

af]8L, l;dL, uf]ne] ―8f cflb . 

5nkmn 

t/sf/Lsf] dxŒj :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g] xl/of ;fukftsf] kl/ro, xl/of ;fukft 

/tGwf]sf] kl/ro, /tGwf]sf] k|bz{g, /tGwf]sf] 

cg'dflgt 

;do 

#) lkl/o8 

!# lkl/o8

t/sf/L afnLdf 

nfUg] /f]u 

181 

cf―vfn] b]lvg] 

ls/fsf] k|sf]k 

sDkf]:6 dn sDkf]:6 dnsf] 

lrgf/L 

t/sf/L v]tL ug] { 

tl/sf 

dn, lap, 

Hofjnsf] 

kl/ro 

cEof;÷cjnf]sg t/sf/L af/Ldf 

sfd u/]sf] x]g{ 

cjnf]sg e|d0f 

/f]syfd clego / 5nkmn 

nfO{, sldnf -/ftf_ kt]/f], 

v'Dn] ls/f, e'ml;n] ls/f cflb 

. 

t/sf/L af/Ldf 

ls;fg;―u 5nkmn 

sDkf]:6 dnsf] lrgf/L sDkf]:6 dn k|bz{g 

u/L sIffdf 

dn M uf]a/, a8\sf} ―nf, ;'nL, 

lap M /fof], d'nf, sf―qmf, km;L{, 

nf}sf, l3/f} ―nf, cfn' Hofjn M 

s'6f], sf]bfnL, 8Nn]7f] 

cjnf]sg M 5 k6s lap 

5/]sf] / la?jf ;f/]sf] uf]8]sf], 

la?jfdf kmn nfu]sf] t/sf/L 

l6k]sf] cjnf]sg 

5nkmn 

dn, lap, Hofjn 

k|bz{g u/]/ sIffdf 

5nkmn 

t/sf/L af/Lsf] 

cjnf]sg u/fP/ 

Toxf― s;/L sfd 

ul/g] /x]5 eg]/ 

5nkmn 

z}lIfs ;fdu|L 

plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/sf z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� v]tLsf nflu cfjZos cf}hf/x¿, h:t} M s'6f], sf]bfnf], Hjfn, a]gf{ -la?jf_ cflb 

� cfjZos ;fdu|L, h:t} M dn, Knfl:6s, kfgL cflb . 

� u|fkm, rf6{, tflnsf, tl:a/ cflb . 

@) lkl/o8 

!) lkl/o8 

!% lkl/o8 

$) lkl/o8 


:yfgLo ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf 5nkmn, k|bz{g, k|Zgf]Q/, :ynut cWoog, k|of]ufTds 

sfo{, cjnf]sg e|d0f, n3' kl/of]hgf, vf]h ljlw cflb lqmofsnfkx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M 


kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyL{n] 1fg, ;Lk tyf clej[lQ k|fKt ug{ ;s] jf 

;s]gg\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg] dxŒjk"0f{ ;+oGq d"Nofª\sg xf] . ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ 

;j{k|yd ck]lIft p2]ZonfO{ Wofg lbg'k{5 . p2]Zocg'¿k l;sfOsf ;a} :t/nfO{ ;d]6]/ 

d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿ ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 . o; ljifodf ;fdfGotof lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds 

u/L d"Nofª\sgsf b'O{ k4lt cjnDag ug'{kb{5 

. 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;|f]t s]Gb|, lhNnf txsf] s] s:tf] e"ldsf 

/xG5 < j0f{g ug'{xf];\ 

. 

;|f]t s]Gb| tx 

;|f]t s]Gb|n] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf lgDglnlvt e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 M

182 

c_ ljBfnon] ;DalGwt sfo{sf nflu dfu u/]df cfk\mgf] ljz]if1tf pkof]u u/L ;xof]u ug{ 

;S5 . 

cf_ ljleGg ljBfnon] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f sfo{ yfn]df ;dGjostf{ / ;+of]hg ug{ 

;xof]u u/L b'j} lsl;dn] ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

O_ ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; / sfof{Gjog;DaGwL tflndsf] cfjZostf ePdf 

pgLx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug] { k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf ;|f]tJolQmn] sfo{ ug{ ;S5 . 

O{_ cfk\mgf] jf s]Gb|sf] cu|;/tfdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Pdf jf ;|f]t s]Gb|:t/df jf s]xL 

ljBfnoaf6 ;fd"lxs sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u dfu{df g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x ug{ 

;S5 . oL cu|;/tf tfn's sfof{no jf s]Gb| tyf If]qLo txaf6 lgwf{/0f eO{ sfo{qmd /fv]df 

o;/L sfof{/De / ;~rfng ug{ ;S5 . 

p_ s]Gb| jf If]qaf6 sfo{qmd tof/ ePcg';f/ ;|f]tJolQmn] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kl/dfh{g sfo{df 

cWoogstf{, k|jt{gstf{, cg';Gwfg tyf d"Nofª\sg / cg'udgstf{sf] x}l;otn] klg sfd 

ug{ ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fgf] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg h:tf sfo{qmd cfk} ―m of]hgf agfP/ ;du| 

sfo{ ;~rfns klg x'g ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k| ]ifs, k|rf/s, k|sfzs klg 

x'g ;S5 . 

lhNnf tx 

c_ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no 

lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt -lhkflj;;_ u7g / sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ tyf 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf;, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt u/L k'gM 

kf7\oqmd of]hgf tyf ;'wf/sf lg/Gt/ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ;lqmo x'g' 

clgjfo{ 5 . o;y{ o; sfof{nosf] lgDglnlvt e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 M 

� :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZostf jf dfusf] oyfzSo ;j] {If0f u/L 

;ldltnfO{ sfd ug] { jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug] { / kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu of]hgfsf/sf] 

e"ldsf lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lgjf{x ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . 

� lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] g]t[Tj ;DxfNg] / o;sf nflu ;+of]hs / 

;ª\u7gstf{sf] x}l;otn] Joj:yfkssf] e"ldsf ;DxfNg'kg] { x'G5 . 

� dfgjLo ;|f]t, ef}lts, cfly{s tyf ;"rgf ;|f]t;fwg pknAw u/fpg] ;|f]t ;~rfnssf] 

e"ldsf klg lhlzsfsf] g} x'G5 . 

� kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f sfo{sf] sfof{Gjogstf{ klg lhlzsf g} x'G5 . 

� lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos kyk|bz{g ug] { lgb] {zs / 

sfo{nfO{ ;w} ― 7Ls dfu{df /flv/xg] lgoGqssf] sfo{ klg lhlzsfsf] x'g] ub{5 . 

cf_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt 

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] lhlzcn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf :yfgLo kf7\oqmd 

lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu l;kmfl/; tyf ;'emfj lbg], sfo{sf] cg'udg ug] {, sfo{qmddf nfUg] vr{

183 

cg'df]bg tyf kfl/t ug] { / cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo yk vr{ tyf sfo{ cg'df]bg u/L :yfgLo 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sg sfo{df -ck|ToIf_ ;xeflutf hgfpg] / ;xfos 

jf ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { sfo{ lhlz;sf] xf] . To:t} lhlzcsf] l;kmfl/;df jf 

cfjZos b]lvPdf lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf sfo{sf] /]vb]v ug{ ;S5 . 

O_ lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt 

o; ;ldltn] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{tf, k|of]ustf{ / sfof{Gjogstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . 

o;} u/L cg';Gwfgstf{, kl/dfh{g jf ;'wf/stf{, ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf k[i7kf]ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x 

u/L :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f k|lqmof lg/Gt/ ;~rfng u/fO/fVg Joj:yfkssf] e"ldsf klg 

lgjf{x u5{ . lhNnfsf ;d'bfout / ;d"xut kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ lhNnf txaf6 ;dfwfg 

gx'g] ePdf ;d:of;lxt ;dfwfgsf pkfo If]qLo kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf 

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|df k7fpg] / tL lgsfoaf6 tyf cGo dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 :yfgLo 

:t/sf] kf7oqmd lgdf{0f / ljsf;;DaGwL k|fKt /fo ;'emfj, k[i7kf]if0f tyf 

k|ltlqmof÷lgb] {zgx¿ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ;ldltdf k'¥ofpg] k'nsf] ¿kdf sfd ug] { 

;dGjostf{sf] sfo{ klg lhNnf kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . o;/L 

ul/Psf sfo{sf] ;fdlos jf cfjlws k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt dflyNnf] lgsfodf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ 

klg of] ;ldltn] ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . 

O{_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt -lhlj;_ sf] e"ldsf 

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t / ;ª\ul7t ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] 

sfo{If]qleq ljBfno :yfkgf / vf/]hLnufot ljBfnox¿sf] /]vb]v / cg'udg u/L 

;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug] { sfo{ klg lglxt 5 . ljifout of]hgf th'{dfnufot 

PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df 

ubf{ klg lhlj;n] cfk\mgf ljleGg sfo{If]qcGtu{t efiff / 

;+:s[lt;DaGwL sfo{ klg ub{5 . h;cGtu{t ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ wfld{s dxŒjsf :yfgx¿sf] 

clen]v /fVg] / dd{t ;Def/ u/fO{ ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug] { sfo{ kb{5 . ljleGg efiff, wd{ / 

;+:s[ltsf] ;+ +jw{g ug] { u/fpg] tyf k'/ftflŒjs j:t', efiff, wd{, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f 

;+jw{g Pjd\ k|of]u ug] { u/fpg] sfo{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ afNofj:yfb]lv g} ;hu 

u/fpg'kg] { x'G5 . ctM lhlj;n] lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df 

tyf ah]6 kfl/t u/L :yfgLo 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf klg ah]6 5'6\ofpg ;S5 . cfk\mg} ;lqmotfdf klg o:tf of]hgf k|:t't 

u/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;lsG5 . s[lif, vfg]kfgL, hnljB't\, jg tyf jftfj/0f, l;―rfO, e"Ifo 

lgoGq0f, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, :jf:Yo ;]jf, 3/]n' pBf]u, ko{6g pBf]u cflb If]qdf :yfgLo 

kf7\oqmd ljsf; u/fpg kxn ug{ ' cem pkof]uL sfo{ x'g] 5 . lhlj;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ 

lgDgfg';f/ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M 

-s_ of]hgf lgdf{tf tyf ;+of]hgstf{ 

-v_ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ;dGjostf{ 

-u_ ef}lts, cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ;|f]t Joj:yfks 

-3_ cg'udgstf{

-ª_ d"Nofª\sgstf{ 

lhNnfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;ª\3;+:yfx¿af6 ;|f]t tyf 

;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofP/ lhlj;n] ;dGjostf{sf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x 

ug{ ;S5 . 

p_ lhNnfdf wfld{s, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf 

;d'bfosf ljleGg If]qdf sfo{ ul//x]sf u'7L, wfld{s d7dlGb/, r}To, u'Daf, ljxf/, dl:hb 

cflb ;~rfng ul//x]sf ;d"x tyf ;d'bfox¿n] cfk"m;―u ePsf] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg, 

To;;DaGwL ljifoj:t' :yfgLo kf7\oqmddf /fVg nufpg], ;|f]tJolQmsf] ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿n] 

l;sfpg] cflb u/] klg :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . 

oLafx]s ;fdflhs ;]jfdf sfo{/t ;d'bfo, kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fP/ / 

sfof{Gjodf ;|f]t JolQm pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 . 

pm_ k];fut lzIfs, k|lzIfs tyf ;ª\3;ª\u7gsf] e"ldsf 

lhNnfl:yt lzIf0f k];fdf sfo{/t ;ª\3 ;ª\u7g, k|lzIf0f ;+:yfdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿ tyf 

;+:yfx¿n] klg :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fdf cfof]hs eP/ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f;DaGwL 1fg 

ePsfn] k|fljlws kIfdf ;xof]u u/]/, ljz]if1tf k|bfg u/]/ / ljifout, txut, ;d'bfout 

cflb ;|f]t ;fdu|L pknAw u/fP/ of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ . o; sfo{df lzIff;DaGwL nufot 

cGo If]qdf sfo{/t ;ª\3;ª\u7gn] klg ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ h:tf] :jf:Yo k|lzIf0f 

;+:yfx¿, lgdf{0f dd{t;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿ cflb k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;~rflnt k];fsdL{ tyf 

;+:yfx¿n] klg o; If]qdf ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgefpg ;S5g\ . 

P_ pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf 

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf ljleGg pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . :yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf; 

tyf sfof{Gjogdf pgLx¿n] klg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . kf7\oqmddf sfd;―u ;DalGwt 

ljifoj:t' /fVg ;xof]u ug{, sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf pgLx¿sf pBf]u tyf Joj;fo ;~rfng 

ePsf :yfgdf l;sfpg ;lsg] x'g ;S5 . To;} u/L :yfgL kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf 

sfof{Gjogdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;―u klg ;fem]bf/L u/L ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . 


u_ :yfgLo ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ljifodf cfwf/l/t eO{ gd'gf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ 

. 

3_ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf qmddf ljBfno txsf] e"ldsf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ 

. 

ª_ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f k|lqmof n]Vg'xf];\ . 

5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg 

s_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf l;4fGt / gLltx¿ pNn]v u/L o;n] k'/\ofPsfn ;xof]u n]Vg'xf];\ . 

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gcg';f/ :jfoQ zf;gsf l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M 

c_ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos kg] { clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]t;fwg 

lgIf]k0f ug] { 

184

185 

cf_ :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo hgtfsf nflu ;f]Rg] / hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut ;+oGq / 

sfo{ut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ljsf; ug] { 

O_ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;'lDkPsf sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{sf nflu 

cfjZos kg] { ;|f]t;fwgx¿ ;ª\sng / kl/rfng ug] { clwsf/ ;'Dkg] 

O{_ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lgIf]lkt sfo{ ubf{ nf]stflGqs k|lqmof, kf/bzL{ Jojxf/, hgpQ/bfloTj / 

hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug] {tk{m pGd'v u/fpg] 

p_ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{sf] lglDt :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ cfk\mgf] If]qsf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL 

agfpg k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug] { 

pm_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|bfg ug] { sfo{df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf lghLIf]qnfO{ 

;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug] { 

plNnlvt l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo txdf ag]sf] 

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / To;sf] 

sfof{Gjog, lzIfs lgo'lQm h:tf kIfdf ;d]t clwsf/ k|Tof]hg x'g' :yfgLo :jfoQtfsf 

pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . o;} qmddf z}lIfs ljs]Gb|Ls/0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ljsf; eO{ sfof{Gjogdf 

cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / sfof{GjognfO{ 

lng ;lsG5 . 

v_ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf r'gf}tLx¿ pNn]v u/L o;sf nflu eO/x]sf sfo{x¿ l6kf]6 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M 

� ;+:yfut ;+oGq / ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; gx'g' 

� :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;lqmotfdf sdL 

� k|lta4tfsf] cefj 

� hgzlQmsf] cefj 

� a9\bf] ljZjJofkLs/0f÷cª\u| ]hL efiffk|ltsf] a9\bf] df]x 

� hgrf;f]sf] sdL 

� s]Gb|d'vL k|j[lQ 

� :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ug{ ;Sg] tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] cefj 

� kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL tflndsf] cefj . 

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu eO/x]sf sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 

� ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog x'g' 

� ufp― lzIff of]hgf agfpg] sfo{sf] yfngL

186 

� ;|f]ts]Gb| / ;|f]tJolQmsf] Joj:yf 

� ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f x'g' 

� Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gdf cleefjssf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g' 

� lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3sf] Joj:yf x'g' 

� sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] ;'?jft 

� dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] klg !)–!% k|ltzt ef/ :yfgLo cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t 

x'g'kg] { Joj:yf x'g' 

� uflj;÷gkf / lhlj;sf] lzIff;DaGwL sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g' . 

u_ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf qmddf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ s]s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ < n]Vg'xf];\ . 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf qmddf lgDgfg';f/sf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M 

� ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/ 

� sIff÷tx 

� afndgf]lj1fg 

� ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt 

� afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO:t/ 

� ;|f]t / ;fwg 

3_ z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ s] s;/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ . 

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� 7f];÷jf:tljs j:t' 

� gd'gf 

� lrq, tl:a/ 

� cGo 

ª_ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd eg]sf] s] xf] < n]Vg'xf];\ . 

r_ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu lgwf{l/t cGo If]qx¿ ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . 

5_ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu If]lqo lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf] e"ldsf s]s] x'g ;S5g\ < vf]hL 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

h_ olb tkfO{ + kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{ +n] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f tyf 

sfof{Gjogdf s] s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

187 

;+:s[t lzIff 

;+:s[t efiffnfO{ ;+;f/s} ;j{k|frLg efiff dflgG5 . o;df cfa4 eflifs lrGtg / k|of]u cToGt 

Jojl:yt Pjd\ j}1flgs 5 . ;+:s[taf6 ;+;f/sf cg]sf} ― efiffx¿sf] hGd ePsf] tYo klg efiff 

j}1flgsx¿åf/f k'li6 eO;s]sf] 5 . 

;+:s[t efiff clt k|frLgsfnb]lv cljlR5Gg ¿kn] rlncfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf w]/}h;f] efiffsf] d"n 

;|f]t klg ;+:s[t efiff g} xf] . xfd|f] /fi6«sf] ;Gbe{df t o; b]zsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;sf] ;'?b]lv g} 

;+:s[t efiffsf] ljz]if dxŒj /lxcfPsf] 5 . 

;+;f/sf] ;j{k|frLg u|Gy CUj]b ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;+;f/sf] klxnf] eflifs Jofs/0f 

dfx]Zj/ Jofs/0f klg ;+:s[td} 5 . CUj]bnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfg]/ CSk|fltzfVodf tf]lsPsf] :j/j0f{ 

/ Jo~hgj0f{sf] cfh;Dd klg cª\u| ]hL, g]kfnL, lxGbL nufotsf k|d'v cfw'lgs ef/f]k]nL 

efiffx¿df k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . 

o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} kf}/:To wd{, bz{g, 1fg, lj1fg, efiff, snf, ;flxTo, ;ª\uLt, of]u, Wofg, 

cfo'j] {b, sd{sf08, tGq, jf:t'zf:q, s[lifzf:q Pjd\ Hof}ltifflb ljifosf ;du| Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ 

rf/j]bdfk{mt ;d:t hLjx¿sf] sNof0ffy{ Clifx¿n] k|jflxt u/]sf] k|fdfl0fs tYo kfOG5 . 

To;}n] j]b >'ltzf:qsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ 1fg ToxL >'ltzf:qåf/f k|jflxt 5 . 

j]bsf] ;du| cWoogsf nflu 5Gb, Jofs/0f, sNk, Hof}ltif, lzIff / lg?Qm¿kL if8ª\u -j]bfª\u_ 

hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . Jof;;+lxtfdf j]bfª\uaf/] dxlif{ jlzi7sf] o:tf] egfO 5 M 

5GbM kfbf} zAbzf:q~r jSq+, sNkM, k|f0ff] Hof]ltif+, rIf'ifL r lzIff 3|f0f+ >f]qd'Qm+ lg?Qm+ 

j]b:ofª\ufGofx'Gofx'/]tflg if6\ r .Æ 

dxfd'gL of:s Pjd\ dxfefIffsf/ kt~hnLn] o; dGqnfO{ o;/L :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ M 

rf/cf]6f l;ª\u -gfd– cfVoft–pk;u{–lgkft_, tLg kfpm -Psjrg–låjrg–jx'jrg_, tLg k'?if, 

tLg sfn, b'O{ zL/ -zAbsf¿k–wft'¿k_, ;ft xft -;ft ljelQm_, tLg a4 -zAbdf 

pk;u{÷k|Too, wft'df pk;u{÷k|Too nfu]/ Pjd\ ;df;åf/f zAb lgdf{0f x'g] k|lqmof_ h:tf 

Jofs/0fsf lgodx¿ dxfb]jn] b]jjf0fLsf ¿kdf hLj hLjfTdfsf nflu atfpg'ePsf] xf] . 

plNnlvt ljifoj:t'nfO{ u'?s'n k/Dk/fåf/f lg/Gt/tf lb―b} jt{dfgsf] cfw'lgs lzIff k|0ffnL;Dd 

klg ;+:s[t ljBf ultzLn x'―b} 

cfPsf] 5 . 

-k|ltj]bg, cfwf/e"t lzIff sIff ^ – * sf nflu kf7\oqmd ;+/rgf ljsf;_ 

kf7\oqmd kl/ro 

xfd|f] efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;fdflhs, g}lts Pjd\ df}lns hLjgd"Nosf] k|d'v cfwf/ ;+:s[t jfª\do g} 

xf] . ;fdflhs Pjd\ g}lts hLjgd"Nosf] kfngf / ;+/If0f tyf sltko /fi6«efiffx¿sf] cWoog 

/ ltgdf eflifs ;Lksf] ljsf;sf nflu klg ;+:s[tsf] cWoog–cWofkg cfjZos x'G5 . 

afnaflnsfnfO{ o:t} hLjgf]kof]uL ljljw kIfsf] kl/ro lbO{ c;n / of]Uo gful/s pTkfbg ug] {

188 

p2]Zodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfwf/e"t txcGtu{tsf] sIff ! – * df !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;+:s[t efiff 

ljifosf] kf7\oqmd ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . cfwf/e"t txdf of] ljifo :yfgLo ljifo / dft[efiffsf] 

ljsNksf ¿kdf kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . rl/q lgdf{0f / eflifs bIftfsf] ljsf;df 

Wofg lbg' o; kf7\oqmdsf] df}lnskg xf] . o; txsf] cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt ;Ifdtfx¿ 

xfl;n ug{ ;dy{ x'g] nIo /flvPsf] 5 M 

!= ;+:s[t efiff;flxTosf dfWodaf6 eflifs cleJolQm sf}znsf ljsf; u/L /fi6«efiffx¿sf] 

k|of]u / k|rng a9fpg, 

@= ;+:s[t efiff / /fi6«efiffx¿sf aLr ljBdfg eflifs d"Nox¿ klxrfg ug{, 

#= kBfTds eflifs k/Dk/fsf] cg';/0f ug{, 

$= l;sfO / cleJolQmsf nflu ;/n, z'4 Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s ;+:s[t efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ . 

ljBfno lzIff -;+:s[t wf/_ sf] l:ylt 

s_ @)!) ;fn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnL 

g]kfndf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} ljleGg cf>d, d7, dlGb/ / 3/d} ;+:s[tsf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf 

/x]sf] lyof] . ljqmd;+jt\ !*(& df ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;+:s[tsf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 

b]lvG5 -;'sLlt{bQkGt ;"l/lj/lrt u|GyfjlnM, ;Dkfbs, 8f= :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{, lj= ;+= 

@)^), k[= *@–*%_ . To:t} lj= ;+= @)@$ df ;+:s[t kf7zfnf /x]sf] kfOG5 -gLnb]j kGt, 

jfr:klt kGt k|1f M z/b\rGb| e6\6/fO{_ . lj= ;+= !(@& df gf/fo0flx6Ldf ;+:s[t kf7zfnf 

/x]sf] kfOG5 -cfnf]sM @)$!, gf/fo0flx6L kf7zfnf ;Da4 k|sflzt+ kqd\, lbg]z/fh kGt, 

k[= *#–*%_ . To;kl5 !(#@ ;fndf ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] lbª\nfdf ;+:s[t ljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

ePkl5 ;+:s[t lzIff cfw'lgs ljBfnoLo :j¿kdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;kl5 !(#$ 

;fndf sf7df8f} ―df ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;kl5 kf]v/f, kfNkf, l/8L, u'NdL, 

tf}lnxjf, sn}of, dl6xfgL, hgsk'/, ndh'ª, lvlbd cflb 7fp―x¿df ;+:s[t kf7zfnfx¿ 

v'n]/ ;~rflnt eP . !($# ;fndf tLgwf/f kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf eof] . !(%* ;fndf Ps} 

k6s &% cf]6f efiff kf7zfnfx¿ v'n] . tL kf7zfnfdf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf 

;+:s[tsf] k7gkf7g x'GYof] . kl5 tL efiff kf7zfnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'―b} 

uof] / @)!) 

;fndf ;/sf/L efiff kf7zfnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof @## ;Dd k'Uof] . 

@))$ ;fndf ;+:s[t lzIffsf] ;'wf/sf nflu hot' ;+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng eof] . o;n] ;+:s[t 

lzIffdf cfw'lgs ljifo / cfw'lgs lzIffdf ;+:s[tsf ljifox¿sf] k|j]zsf nflu 9f]sf 

v'Nof] . @))& ;fndf k|hftGq cfPkl5 @))( ;fndf /fhsLo ;+:s[t dxfljBfnosf] 

:yfkgf eof] t/ jf/f0f;]o ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] lgb] {zgdf ToxL―sf] kf7\oqmd / 

k|Zgkqfg';f/ g]kfndf g} k/LIff ;~rfng ug] { Joj:yf eof] . @))* ;fn;Dd klg ;+:s[t 

ljifosf] k/LIff lbg jgf/;df g} hfg'kg] { Joj:yf lyof] . o;cl3 ;Dk"0f{ k"j{dWodf / 

To;b]lv dflysf ;a} k/LIffx¿ lbgsf nflu g]kfnsf] s'g} klg lzIf0f ;+:yfdf ;+:s[t k9]sf 

ljBfyL{x¿n] ef/tsf] jgf/; hfg'kg] { Joj:yf lyof] .

189 

v_ @)!* ;fn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnL 

@)!) ;fndf ul7t g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ag]sf] lzIff of]hgfsf] 

sfof{Gjog x'g] qmddf b]zsf ljleGg efudf ;~rfng eO/x]sf efiff kf7zfnfx¿ aGb eO{ 

ljleGg ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿ dfq af―sL /x] . @))( ;fndf /fhsLo ;+:s[t dxfljBfnosf] 

:yfkgf ePkl5 @)!* ;fn;Dd jf/f0f;]o ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] k|Zgkqcg';f/ g]kfndf g} 

;+:s[t dxfljBfnoåf/f k/LIff ;~rfng ug] { Joj:yf sfod /x\of] / @)!( ;fnb]lv 

pQ/dWodf txb]lvsf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] / k"j{dWodf -P;\= Pn\= ;L=_ txsf] k/LIff 

lzIff dGqfnocGtu{tsf] P;\= Pn\= ;L= af]8{n] lng] Joj:yf ul/of] . 

u_ @)@* ;fn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnL 

@)!* ;fn j}zfvdf /fli6«o lzIff k4ltnfO{ Jojl:yt Pjd\ kl/is[t ug{sf nflu ;jf{ª\uL0f 

/fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g eof] . o; ;ldltn] cfk\mgf] lgisif{ / ;'emfj;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg 

@)!* cfiff9df a'emfof] . pQm k|ltj]bgdf ;+:s[tsf] ;DaGwdf lgDg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't 

ul/Psf] lyof]— 

‖rf}yf] / kf―rf} ― sIffx¿df P]ltxfl;s ljifosf ¿kdf ;+:s[t ljifo /fVg], ju{ lgwf{/0f ubf{ 

Ps 5'§} ;+:s[t P]lR5s ljifo /fVg], ;+:s[t lzIffsf nflu /flvPsf clw/fHosf u'7LnfO{ 

/fli6«os/0f u/L s]Gb|Lo u'7L ;~rfns ;ldlt /fVg], ;+:s[tsf ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] 

Joj:yf ug] { .‗ 

3_ @)$( ;fn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnL 

@)@* ;fndf /fli6«o lzIff k4lt of]hgf nfu' eof] . pQm of]hgfcg';f/ dfWolds 

ljBfnox¿ tLg k|sf/sf x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] M 

!= ;fwf/0f dfWolds ljBfno, 

@= Jofj;flos dfWolds ljBfno / 

#= ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfno 

o;/L oL tLg lsl;dsf ljBfnodWo] ;fwf/0f dfWolds ljBfno / Jofj;flos dfWolds 

ljBfnodf @)!( ;fnb]lv nfu' eOcfPsf] sIff ( / !) df %) k"0ff{ª\ssf] k|f/lDes ;+:s[t 

ljifonfO{ x6fOof] . @* ;fnkl5 dfWolds txaf6 clgjfo{ ;+:s[t ljifo x6fOof] / 

lgDgdfWolds txdf -^ / & df_ #) k"0ff{ª\ssf] g]kfnL ljifoleq} pQL0ff{ª\s km/s gx'g] 

u/L ;+:s[t /flvof] . ;fwf/0f ljBfnodf sIff *, ( / !) df P]lR5s ;d"xcGtu{tsf] efiff 

;d"xdf !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;+:s[t ljifo /flvof] . @)#* ;fnkl5 sIff $ b]lv & ;Dd ;+:s[t 

ljifo /flvof], h;cg';f/ sIff $ / % df %) k"0ff{ª\s / sIff ^ / & df #) k"0ff{ª\ssf] 

;+:s[t /flvof] . ;+:s[t ljBfnotkm{ sIff *, ( / !) df s"n &)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @)) 

k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;+:s[t ljifosf] cWofkg x'g] Joj:yf eof] . @)#! ;fndf sf7df8f} ―sf] jgsfnLdf 

j]b ljBf>d ;+:s[t df= lj= sf] :yfkgf eof] . o; ljBfnodf cWoog ug] { ljBfyL{x¿n] 

k"j{dWodf k/LIff ef/tsf] ;Dk"0ff{gGb ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnoaf6 lbg] ub{y] . @)$) ;fnb]lv 

P;\= Pn\= ;L= af]8{åf/f g} j]b ljBf>d ljBfnosf] k/LIff lng] Joj:yf ul/of] . @)#(

190 

;fndf zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]usf] u7g eof] / o; cfof]un] ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

ug'{kg] 

{ ;'emfj lbof] / To;cg';f/ @)$# ;fndf dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf 

eof] . 

ª_ @)$( b]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnL 

@)$^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgf ePkl5 ul7t /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$( n] 

;fwf/0f lzIfftkm{ ;+:s[tnfO{ sIff ^, & / * df %) k"0ff{ª\s clgjfo{ / sIff ( / !) df 

!)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf /fVg] ;'emfj lbof] . 

o;kl5 @)%% ;fndf pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIffcfof]usf] u7g eof] / o;n] ;+:s[t lzIffsf] 

;DaGwdf lgDg lnlvt ;'emfjx¿ lbof]— 

!= lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t ;+:s[t lzIff x]g] { PsfOsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ;fy} kf7\oqmd ljsf; 

s]Gb|df klg ;+:s[t ;DaGwL kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tssf] lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g cg'udg 

cflbsf nflu 5'§} PsfOsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . 

@= ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnosf lgDg dfWolds sIffx¿df P]lR5s efiffcGtu{t ;fwf/0f 

;+:s[tsf] k7g–kf7g x'g'k5{ . 

#= ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnosf sIffx¿df OR5fwLg ljifosf ¿kdf @)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] 

;+:s[t ljifo /xg'k5{ . 

$= P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] cfo'j] {bsf] kf7\oqmd /fVg'k5{ . yk OR5fwLg 

ljifodf Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf cfo'j] {b, of]u, sd{sf08 cflbdWo] s'g} Ps dfq ;+:s[t 

/xg'k5{ . 

r_ /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k 

xfn k|rlnt ;+:s[t lzIff -;fwf/0f tyf j]b ljBf>d_ nfO{ oyfjt\ sfod /fvL sIff !@ 

;Dd ;~rfng ug] { u/L Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 . k"jL{o jfª\dosf dxŒjk"0f{ Jojxf/f]kof]uL d"No 

/ dfGotfnfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf ;a} wf/df ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . -k|f¿k, k[=;+= iv, @)^#_ 

1fglj1fgsf b[li6n] ;+:s[t jfª\do dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . ;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ kf}/:To bz{gsf 

cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . k"jL{o bz{gdf lga4 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw, dfgj cfr/0f, ;fdflhs 

lgod, g}ltstf, dg / z/L/sf ljsf;h:tf kIfx¿ cfh klg plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . 

klZrdL d'n'sx¿sf ljZjljBfnox¿df klg ;+:s[t lzIffsf] k7gkf7g x'g] u/]sf] / o; 

;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] cj:yfn] klg ;+:s[t lzIffsf] k7gkf7gsf] dxŒj 

k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . ax';ª\Vos g]kfnLsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;+:s[t 

lzIffsf] ulx/f] k|efj 5 . hGdb]lv d[To';Dd ul/g] ;+:sf/x¿df ;+:s[t efiffsf u|Gyx¿sf] 

dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . of] wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, cfk;L ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] dfWod klg ag]sf] 

5 . -k|f¿k, k[=;+= !^, @)^#_ 

5_ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf ;+:s[t ljBf 

lzIffsf] /fli6«o 9f―rfleq k|rlnt ;+:s[t ljBfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/g] 5 . 

-P;P;cf/kL, g]kfnL cg'jfb_

191 

;+:s[tsf ljifoj:t' 

;+:s[t eflifs b[li6n] dfq geO{ 1fg / ;Lksf b[li6n] klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . ljifout b[li6n] j]b, 

cfo'j] {b, of]u, bz{g, Hof]ltif, ;flxTo, snf, Oltxf;, efiffzf:q, gLltzf:q, wd{zf:q, jf:t'lj1fg, 

:yfkTozf:q h:tf ;d[4 1fgsf] e08f/ o;df /x]sf] 5 . ;+:sf/ / cfr/0fsf b[li6n] ;+:s[t Ps 

cfbz{ Pjd\ cu|0fL ljifosf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . o;sf] ;DaGw g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, wd{, 

1fg lj1fg, Oltxf;, snf, ;flxTo cflb ljifo;―u 5 . ctM o; kl/k| ]Iodf ;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ cem 

kl/is[t, k|efjsf/L, Jofks, ;dfhf]kof]uL, ;do;fk]If / ¿lrs/ agfp―b} n}hfg' cfjZos 5 . 

!= eflifs dxŒjsf b[li6n] ;+:s[t efiff 

;+:s[t efiff ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf] ef/f]k]nL zfvfsf] k|d'v efiff xf] . ;+:s[t efiff blIf0f 

Pl;ofdf af]lng] sl/a #%) efiff Pjd\ eflifsfx¿sf] hggL efiff xf] . ljzfn jfª\do, 

;'Jojl:yt Pjd\ j}1flgs Jofs/0f / ;d[4 ;flxTosf b[li6n] klg ;+:s[t efiffsf] ;+;f/s} 

efiffx¿dWo] cu|0fL :yfg /x]sf] 5 . o;}n] eflifs b[li6sf]0fn] ;+:s[t efiffsf] dxŒj /x]sf] 

s'/f k|dfl0ft x'G5 . 

@= 1fgsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ;+:s[t efiff 

;+:s[t efiffdf ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf ljsl;t 1fg–lj1fg, ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;Eotfsf] nueu 

#))) jif{;Ddsf] e08f/ ;'/lIft 5 . o:t} o; efiffleq j]b, cfo'j] {b, of]u, bz{g, Hof]ltif, 

;flxTo, snf, Oltxf;, efiffzf:q, gLltzf:q, wd{zf:q, jf:t'snf, sfdzf:q, d"lt{snf cflb 

1fg–lj1fg, ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;EotfnfO{ ;+jxg u/]sf ljljw ljifox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . 

@=!= j]b 

bz{g, k'/f0f, ;flxTo cflb nf}lss jfª\ \dosf] d"n ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf j]b /x]sf] 5 . j]b rf/cf]6f 

5g\— CUj]b, oh'j] {b, ;fdj]b / cyj{j]b . o;df j]bdf ef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf ljsl;t k|frLg 

Pjd\ k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnLg ;Eotfsf dxŒjk"0f{ tYox¿ ;'/lIft 5g\ . j]bdf k|frLg Oltxf;, 

e"uf]n, ;+:s[lt, ;ª\uLt, ;flxTo, vuf]n, ;dfhzf:q cflb ljifo ;'/lIft /x]sf 5g\ . 

@=@= cfo'j] {b 

cfo'j] {b :jf:Yo lj1fg;―u ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . o;cGtu{t zNotGq, zfnSotGq, 

sfolrlsT;f, e"tljBf, sf}df/e[To, cub tGq, /;fog tGq, afhLs/0f tGq h:tf zfvfx¿ 

5g\ eg] r/s ;+lxtf, ;'>'t ;+lxtf, jfUe6 ;+lxtf cflb k|d'v u|Gyx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfo'j] {bLo 

pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj -;fO8 Okm]S6_ /lxt pkrf/ k4lt dflgG5 . cfo'j] {bLo 

cf}iflwx¿ ;:tf] / ;'ne x'G5g\ . 

@=#= of]u 

of]u zf:q dfgl;s gsf/fTds k|j[lQx¿sf] lg/f]w u/L dgnfO{ ;sf/fTdstftkm{ cu|;/ 

u/fpg] dfWod xf] . of]usf] 1fg / k|of]uåf/f zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s /f]usf] lgbfg x'g'sf 

;fy} hLjgdf pQd ;'v / k/d zflGt k|flKt x'G5 . of]udf d"ntM cf;g, k|f0ffofd / Wofg 

d'Vo ljifosf ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . of]usf] cEof;af6 b':;fWo zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s

192 

/f]ux¿sf] cf}iflwsf] ;]jgljgf g} lgbfg x'g] ePsfn] o;k|ltsf] cfsif{0f ljZjdf g} al9/x]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

@=$= bz{g 

hLjg / hut\;DaGwL ;"Id cWoog ug] { ljifo bz{g xf] . k"jL{o hut\df ljleGg bfz{lgs 

;Dk|bfox¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ / tL ;Dk|bfo;―u ;DalGwt u|Gyx¿ d"n ¿kdf ;+:s[tdf 

n]lvPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] k|d'v ¿kdf j]bfGt, dLdf+;f, Gofo, j}z]lifs, ;f+Vo, of]u, af}4, h}g, 

rfjf{s, dfWj, /fdfg'h, lgDafs{, z}j, zfQm cflb ;Dk|bfox¿ k|l;4 5g\ . kfZrfTo 

bfz{lgsx¿ zf]k]gxfj/, l:kgf]hf, sf06 / slj l6= P;\= Olno6 h:tf s}of}― ljåfg\x¿ klg 

plNnlvt kf}/:To bz{gx¿af6 k|efljt 5g\ . 

@=%= Hof]ltif 

cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] cWoog ug] { ljifo Hof]ltif zf:q xf] . o;cGtu{t l;4fGt, ;+lxtf / 

xf]/f u/L tLgcf]6f zfvf 5g\ . l;4fGt Hof]ltifsf] dfWodaf6 cIff+z, b]zfGt/, lbgdfg 

cflbsf] lgwf{/0f, u|x :ki6Ls/0f, u|x0f 1fg, k~rfª\ulgdf{0f, lbUb]zsfnsf] 1fg ul/G5 . 

o:t} kmlnt Hof]ltifsf] dfWodaf6 ;fOt lgwf{/0f, lrgfsf] cfwf/df kmnfb]z, dfgjLo 

hLjgsf e"t, jt{dfg / eljiot\ tLg} sfn;―u ;DalGwt 36gfx¿sf] kmnfb]z, x:t/]vf / 

ljleGg d'b|fsf] cfwf/df kmnfb]z ug] { sfd klg ul/G5 . 

@=^= ;flxTo 

eflifs ;f}Gbo{sf dfWodaf6 dfgjLo hLjgnfO{ cfgGbdo agfpg] ;fwg ;flxTo xf] . ;+:s[t 

efiffleq cg]sf} ― l;h{gfTds / ;}4flGts ;flxlTos u|Gyx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:s[t ;flxTodf 

ljZj;flxTodf g} pTs[i6 l;h{gf cle1fgzfs'Gtn, pQ//fdrl/t, ls/ftfh'{gLo, 

lzz'kfnjw, g}ifwLorl/t cflb ;flxlTos u|Gyx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:s[t ;flxTodf 5Gb, 

cnª\sf/, /;, Wjlg, /Llt, u'0f, jqmf]lQm, cf}lrTo cflb ;flxlTos l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg 

ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf] k|efj blIf0f Pl;ofsf efiffsf] ;flxTodf k/]sf] kfOG5 . 

@=&= snf 

pkof]uL / nlnt u/L snf b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ . pkof]uL snfcGtu{t jf:t'snf, d"lt{snf / 

lrqsnf /x]sf 5g\ eg] nlnt snfdf clego snf / ;ª\uLt snf 5g\ . jf:t'snfcGtu{t 

u[xlgdf{0f, dlGb/lgdf{0f, o1d08k lgdf{0f cflb;―u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] 

d"lt{snfdf k|:t/d"lt{, wft'd"lt{, sfi7d"lt{;―u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf k|frLg 

dlGb/x¿ /fhejg, Pjd\ ejgx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf ;d]t jf:t'zf:qsf] dfWodaf6 7"nf] ;xof]u 

k'u]sf] 5 . 

@=*= Oltxf; 

ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf] k|frLg Pjd\ k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnLg Oltxf; Pjd\ g]kfnsf] k|frLg Pjd\ 

dfWolds sfnsf] Oltxf;sf clwsf+z ;|f]tx¿ ;+:s[t efiffdf ;'/lIft 5g\ . k'/f0f, 

dxfef/t, /fdfo0f cflb u|Gydf ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf] k|frLg Oltxf;sf] ;flxlTos 

cleJolQm kfOG5 . g]kfndf k|fKt k'/fgf P]ltxfl;s clwsf+z u|Gyx¿ ;+:s[t efiffdf

193 

n]lvPsf 5g\ . lnR5ljsfnLg sl/a $)) cf]6f clen]vx¿ ;+:s[t efiffdf g} n]lvPsf 

5g\ . 

@=(= efiffzf:q 

lzIff, sNk, lg¿Qm, k|fltzfVo, Pjd\ ljleGg Jofs/0f u|Gyx¿df efiffsf] Wjlg, j0f{, ¿k, 

kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo, cy{ cflbsf] ljifodf j}1flgs cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . 

cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf] lgdf{0fdf lzIffu|Gyx¿ / ljleGg k|fltzfVox¿sf] 

k|efj k/]sf] s'/f kNkf;L, kmy{ cflb efiff j}1flgsx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} kfl0flgsf] 

Jofs/0fnfO{ cfw'lgs efiffzf:qLx¿n] k| ]/0ff;|f]t /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . 

@=!)= gLltzf:q 

gLltzf:qcGtu{t d'Vo u/L /fhgLlt, cy{gLlt / rl/qgLlt /x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L /fhgLlt 

tyf cy{gLlt;―u ;DalGwt sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q u|Gy k|l;4 5 . rl/qgLlt;―u ;DalGwt 

lxtf]kb]z, k~rtGq, a[xTsyf cflb u|Gyx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . 

@=!!= wd{zf:q 

lxGb" Pjd\ af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf wd{u|Gyx¿ d'Vo ¿kdf ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf 5g\ . 

To;}n] ;+:s[t efiff g} lxGb' Pjd\ af}4 wd{sf] d'Vo ;|f]t xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, P]g Pjd\ 

sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f Pjd\ ljsf;df ;+:s[tdf lnlvt dg':d[lt, gf/b:d[lt, of1jNSo:d[lt, 

k/fz/:d[lt, wd{l;Gw', lg0f{ol;Gw' cflb u|Gyx¿sf] k|efj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

@=!@= tGqzf:q 

;+:s[t jfª\dodf lga4 tGqzf:qsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf s}of} ― dlGb/, Pjd\ zlQmkL7x¿df 

b]jb]jLsf d"lt{x¿sf] k|lti7fkg ePsf] 5 . ltgsf] lgdf{0fsnf, kj{, pT;j, hfqf, gfr, 

k"hfk4lt cflbdf ;+:s[t jfª\dodf lga4 tGqzf:qsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+:s[tdf 

wg'j] {b, jg:kltlj1fg, kz'kIfLlj1fg, cfrf/zf:q, sfdzf:q, gf6\ozf:q, /Tglj1fg, 

wft'lj1fg cflb ljifox¿sf] 1fge08f/ /x]sf] 5 . 

#= ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ tyf cfrf/sf ¿kdf ;+:s[t 

lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx¿sf hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gt ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ wfld{s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;|f]t ;+:s[t 

efiff g} xf] . g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf rf8kj{x¿ dgfOG5g\ . bz} ―, ltxf/, >Lk~rdL, 

Cliftk{0fL, /fdgjdL, cIfo t[tLof, s'z] cf} ―zL, xl/tflnsf, gfuk"hf, Clifk~rdL, r}qfi6dL, 

hGdfi6dL cflb rf8kj{x¿df ul/g] k"hfcfhfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+:s[tefiffsf] dfWodåf/f g} 

;DkGg ul/G5g\ . ;GWof]kf;g, kf~rfog k"hf, jlnj}Zjb]j cflb lgTosd{x¿ / k'/f0fjfrg, 

xjg, ;Togf/fo0f k"hf, ¿b|L, nfvaQL afNg] sfd, cfsfzbLk, hGdf]T;j, t'n;L k"hf, cflb 

sfDo sd{x¿ klg ;+:s[t efiffsf] dfWodåf/f g} ;DkGg ul/G5g\ . 

plNnlvt sd{x¿sf] cfr/0fn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ k"0f{tf lbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . d'VotM 

dfgl;s zflGt / cfTd;Gt'li6sf nflu oL sd{x¿sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . 

oL sd{x¿sf] cfr/0fn] ;dfhdf Pstf, ;lxi0f'tf, ;b\efj, zflGtdo jftfj/0f / 

ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf Nofpgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . af}4 wdf{jnDaL Pjd\ h}g

194 

wdf{jnDaLx¿sf ljleGg wfld{s cg'i7fg Pjd\ rf8kj{x¿df lxGb' ;+:sf/ k4lt Pjd\ 

;+:s[tsf] k|efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

$= Joj;fosf ¿kdf ;+:s[t 

;+:s[tdf /x]sf] 1fge08f/nfO{ ljleGg Joj;fosf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ dflg;x¿n] hLjgofkg 

u/]sf] kfOG5. o;/L Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]udf cfPsf If]qx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\— 

$=!= sd{sf08 

g]kfndf sd{sf08nfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf lng] dflg;x¿ w]/} 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] hLjgofkgsf] 

nflu k|d'v cfly{s ;|f]t oxL g} /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj;fon] s]jn Joj;foLx¿nfO{ dfq kmfObf 

geO{ ;dfh g} o;af6 pks[t 5 . o;}n] of] ;dfhsf] cfjZostfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . 

ljb]zsf ljleGg lxGb' ;d'bfo /x]sf 7fp―x¿df ;d]t g]kfnL sd{sf08 Joj;foLx¿n] cfk\mgf] 

Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . 

$=@= k'/f0fjfrg Pjd\ k|jrg 

g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg 7fp―x¿df k'/f0fjfrg Pjd\ k|jrgsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] 

cfof]hgf ug] { ul/G5 . o:tf cfof]hgfx¿af6 clh{t cy{/flzaf6 lzIf0f ;+:yf Pjd\ 

lrlsT;fno :yfkgf, af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0f, k'nx¿ lgdf{0f, k':tsfno :yfkgf h:tf ;fdflhs 

ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg x'―b} 

cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿af6 ;fdflhs ;b\efj, 

;lxi0f'tf, zflGtdo jftfj/0f / ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgfsf] clej[l4 ug{df ;xof]u k'u]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

$=#= cfo'j] {b 

clxn] ljZjdf cfo'j] {b;―u ;DalGwt cg]sf} ― lrlsT;f s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfo'j] {b g]kfndf 

Pnf]k]yLsf] j}slNks lrlsT;fk|0ffnLsf ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . g]kfnsf hl8a'6Lx¿sf] ljifodf 

cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L cf}iflw pTkfbg Pjd\ lgof{t u/]df b]zsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 a9\g] 

b]lvG5 . cfh cfo'j] {b pkrf/ k4ltk|lt 8An' Pr\ cf]h:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] Wofg cfslif{t ePsf] 

5 . To;} u/L sltko Pnf]k]yLsf lrlsT;sn] klg j}slNks pkrf/ k4ltsf ¿kdf cfo'j] {b 

pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ ckgfpg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

$=$= Hof]ltif 

g]kfndf Hof]ltif ljifonfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u ug] { dflg;x¿ klg k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . 

$=%= of]u 

g]kfndf of]unfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg w]/} /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg 

of]uk|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfng u/L sof} + JolQmn] cfo cfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf 

ljleGg wfld{s d7x¿ / Wofg s]Gb|x¿df ljleGg :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL dflg;x¿ Wofg Pjd\ 

of]u l;Sg hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . 

$=^= cWoog–cg';Gwfg 

;+:s[tsf] ljleGg 1fgsf If]qx¿df cWoog Pjd\ cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu ljleGg b]zx¿af6 

ljBfyL{ Pjd\ cg';Gwftfx¿ g]kfndf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;af6 g]kfn ;/sf/ /

195 

g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿df sfo{/t hgzlQmn] ;+:s[tnfO{ 

Joj;fosf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

$=&= ;Dkfbg Pjd\ cg'jfb 

;+:s[t 1fge08f/;―u ;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿ g]kfndf k|sflzt x'g] 

u/]sf 5g\ . tL k':ts Pjd\ kqklqsfx¿sf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{af6 ;+:s[t1x¿n] cfo cfh{g 

ul//x]sf 5g\ . 

$=*= snf;fwgf 

g]kfndf zf:qLo ;ª\uLt, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, jf:t'snf h:tf ;+:s[t;―u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ 

Joj;fosf ¿kdf c―ufNg] dflg;x¿ y'k| } 5g\ . 

$=(= tflGqs cg'i7fg 

g]kfndf ljleGg dlGb/x¿df tflGqs k4ltaf6 k"hf, pkf;gf, ;fwgf Pjd\ tGq–dGq, 

emf/km"s h:tf tflGqs cg'i7fg u/]/ cfocfh{g ug] { dflg;x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . 

%= :jf:Yo lj1fgsf ¿kdf ;+:s[t 

dfgjsf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sltko ljifox¿ 

;+:s[tleq /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] cfo'j] {b, of]uzf:q, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, dGqtGq -emf/km's_, 

Hof]ltif -/Tgwf/0f_ cflb k|d'v 5g\ . 

ljZj kl/j]zdf ;+:s[t 

hd{gLdf >'lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ O8f{u]g, k|m]Oau{, xDau{, dfu] {r'{Plau]gh:tf 

:yfgx¿df /x]sf 

ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkg u/fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] :d[lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ af]g, dfa{u{ 

k|m]Oau{h:tf ljZjljBfnox¿n] cWoog–cWofkgsf ljifo agfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} af}4bz{gnfO{ af]g, 

af]s'g, Hof]li7ª\u]g, d'Gv]g, d]Ghh:tf :yfgx¿df /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] k9fO /x]sf 5g\ eg] 

;+:s[t ;flxTosf] Oltxf;nfO{ d]Gh, dfa{u{, d'Gv]gh:tf :yfgdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿n] 

lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . 


;+:s[t jfª\docGtu{tsf ljljw ljifosf cfkm\g} df}lns tyf ljlzi6 lzIf0f ljlwsf] k/Dk/f 

/lxcfPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM u/]/ l;s -Learning by doing_ sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ o; k/Dk/fsf x/]s 

lqmofsnfk k|of]ufTds cEof;df g} s]lGb|t /xG5g\ . o;n] efiff l;sfOsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf 

/x]sf] zAb 1fg tyf k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . o;y{ o; ljifosf] lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{ 

k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf lzIf0f ljlw k|of]udf Nofpg 

;lsG5 M 

-s_ k|bz{g ljlw -v_ 5nkmn ljlw -u_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw 

-3_ cjnf]sg -ª_ JofVofg -r_ b08fGjo ljlw 

-5_ v08fGjo ljlw -h_ kl/of]hgf ljlw cflb .

196 

plNnlvt lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf 

kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M 

s_ >j0f ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� zAbx¿ lzIfsn] k9\g] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'Gg nufpg] 

� syf, lgaGw, hLjgL / kB lzIfsn] k9\g] / cy{ a'e\mg] u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg nufpg] 

� >'ltn]vgsf ¿kdf kf7sf c+zx¿ lzIfsn] eGg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ n]Vg nufpg] 

� k|Zg ;f]Wbf pQ/ lbg'k5{ eGg] 7fgL ;'Gg nufpg] 

� ;'g]sf s'/f c¿nfO{ a'emfpg ;Sg] u/L ;'Gg nufpg] 

� k|;f/0fsf dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t ljifoj:t' a'em]/ ;'Gg nufpg] 

� syfsyg, ;+jfb h:tf ljifoj:t'nfO{ jQmfsf] r]i6f, xfpefp / clegosf] Vofn u/L 

;'Gg nufpg] 

v_ syg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� lqmof gePsf jfSoaf6 ;'? ug] { / qmdzM stf{, sd{ / lqmof ePsf jfSodf af]Ng 

cEof; u/fpg] 

� ;/n / cfkm"n] k|of]u ul/;s]sf zAb k|of]u u/L af]Ng nufpg] 

� k|Zgf]Q/sf ¿kdf af]Ng nufpg] 

� jftf{nfksf ¿kdf af]Ng nufpg] / To:t} cj:yfcg';f/ ;+od Pjd\ lzi6tfk"j{s af]Ng 

nufpg] 

� ts{;ª\ut / k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;+oldt eO{ af]Ng nufpg] 

� ;'g]sf b]v]sf / k9]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ clegofTds tl/sfn] af]Ng nufpg] 

� efif0f, jfbljjfb, k|jrg h:tf sfo{qmddf af]Ng clek| ]l/t ug] { 

u_ k7g ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� zAbx¿nfO{ z'4;―u pRrf/0f u/L k9\g nufpg] 

� lgwf{l/t uB / kB ;:j/ / df}g ¿kdf k9\g nufpg] 

� lgwf{l/t uB / kB JofVof, ljZn]if0f a'―bf 

l6kf]6, efj lj:tf/ / af]wfTds pQ/ lbg 

;Sg] u/L cy{ a'em]/ k9\g nufpg] 

� lj>fdsf] Vofn u/L 5Gbcg';f/ no xfnL lgwf{l/t kBx¿ k9\g nufpg] 

� kfb lj>fd, cw{ lj>fd, k"0f{ lj>fd, k|Zg lrx\g, pb\uf/ lrx\g OToflb lrx\gx¿sf] 

Vofn u/L k9\g nufpg] 

� kl7t ljifosf] tfTko{ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L k9\g nufpg]

197 

3_ n]vg ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� cg'n]vgsf ¿kdf ;kmf / /fd|f] cIf/ n]Vg nufpg] 

� kfb lj>fd, cw{ lj>fd, k"0f{ lj>fd, k|Zg lrx\g, pb\uf/ lrx\gx¿ k|of]u u/L n]Vg 

nufpg] 

� k|;ª\ucg';f/ cg'R5]b 5'6\ofP/ n]Vg nufpg] 

� ;fdfGo, kfl/eflifs, k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] plrt k|of]u u/L n]Vg nufpg], 

� 36gf, b[Zo / lrqsf] j0f{g, lr7L, lgj]bg, k|aGw hLjgL ;+jfb, syf, lgaGw n]Vg 

nufpg] 

� kf7df k|o'Qm ljlzi6 kª\lQmsf] JofVof, efjfy{ jf efjlj:tf/ ug{ nufpg] 

� k9]sf / ;'g]sf ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/f+z n]Vg / a'―bf 

l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg] 

� kl7t Jofs/0fsf cfwf/df cfwf/e"t tŒj a'emL ;+:s[t efiffdf lgwf{l/t k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ 

nufpg] 


cGo ljifo ;/x o; ljifosf] p2]Zocg'¿k ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 

.

nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿ 

s_ ;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg s] s] ug'{knf{ 

< kl/j]z ljZn]if0f u/L ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{xf];\ 

. 

g]kfndf ;+:s[t jfª\dosf] cWoog–cWofkgsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;+:s[lt Pjd\ 

g}lts d"NodfGotfsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ;+:s[t jfª\do g} xf] . ;fy} g]kfndf k|rlnt k|d'v efiffsf] 

hggL klg ;+:s[t efiff g} dflgG5 . o;nfO{ sIff !–* df P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf !)) 

k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;+:s[t ;Da4 ljifosf] kf7\oqmd ljsf; ul/Psf] eP tfklg o;sf] k|efjsf/L 

sfof{Gjog x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . 

d'VotM o; ljifo :yfgLo ljifosf] ljsNksf ¿kdf eGbf efiff ljifosf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L 

dft[efiffsf ljsNksf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ o; ljifonfO{ ;+:s[t efiff dfq geP/ 

sd{sf08, cfo'j] {b, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, Hof]ltif, jf:t'zf:q, gLltzf:q nufotsf ljifosf P]lR5s 

ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . 

;+:s[t ljBf xfl;n ug{ rfxg] 5fqf5fqx¿df cle?lrsf] sdL b]lvg'df k|fof]lus tyf k|fljlws 

ljifo;Da4 Jojxf/f]kof]uL Pjd\ ;dfh;fk]If kf7\oj:t'sf] 5gf]6 x'g g;Sg' klg xf] . sltko 

cWofksx¿n] ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;d]t rf;f] glbPsfn] of] lzIff cfnf]rgfsf] s]Gb|df 

g} /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] cled'vLs/0f, lzIfstflnd h:tf cTofjZos kIfdf 

;d]t ;Da4 lzIfsx¿ kl5 kl//x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] k|frLgtfsf gfddf ;+:s[t jfª\dosf o:t} 

sof} ― of]ubfg pk]lIft x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . cfh xfdLn] o;sf] sf/stTjsf k5fl8 n's]sf] ;fdflhs 

kl/j]znfO{ ddg ug{ ;s]gf} ― eg] ef]ln of] ljBfnfO{ pk]Iff ug] { ] qmd a9\g] b]lvG5 . 

plNnlvt ;Gbe{ / jt{dfg kl/j]z ljZn]if0fnfO{ a'e\mg o;/L lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 M 

{ 

{ 

kl/j]z cg's"ntf k|lts"ntf 

:yfgLo � k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} cfTdljsf; tyf � ;+:s[t efiffdf /x]sf 1fg, lj1fg / 

;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|ljlwsf] dxŒj oy]i6 ¿kdf 

clgjfo{ lzIffsf ¿kdf :yflkt ;dfhsf ;a} hflt, ju{ / 

� ljutsf s]xL bzseGbf jt{dfg ;d'bfonfO{ a'emfpg g;Sg' . 

;dodf ;+:s[tsf] dxŒj a'e\mg] ju{sf] � :yfgLo:t/df ;bfrf/sf] cfjZostf 

cle?lrdf qmdzM j[l4 

af]w u/fpg g;Sg' . 

� g}ltstf, ;bfrf/ / ;sf/fTds � /fHo tyf :yfgLo lgsfon] ;+:s[tdf 

lrGtgsf nflu cfz tyf ljZjf; nufgL sd ug' . 

ul/Psf] lzIff 

� ;+:s[t k7gkf7g ug] sltko ju{df 

ck]lIft 

gx'g' . 

cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; 

198

fli6«o � ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf nflu 5'§} 

ljZjljBfno 

� cyfx 1fg/flz 

� /fhgLlts k|lta4tf 

cGt/{fli6«o � ljZj zflGt, ;d[l4 / Gofo tyf 

cWofTdlt/ pGd'v x'gfn] ljZje/ 

;+:s[t jfª\do lbgfg'lbg nf]slk|o aGg' 

� O6fnL, cd]l/sf, hd{gL, k|mfG;, ef/t, 

rLg h:tf ljsl;t b]znufot ljZjsf 

! ;oeGbf a9L ljZjljBfnodf 

;+:s[tsf] k9fO x'g' 

� ljZj ;+:s[t ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ ;+:s[t 

ljBf;DaGwL ljZje/sf ultljlw, 

1fglj1fg ;DaGwL ljrf/ljdz{ tyf 

;d:of / ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf 

pkfox¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug] { qmdn] 

lg/Gt/tf kfpg' 

199 

� sltko ;DkGg JolQmn] cfk\mgf 

;GtfgnfO{ ;+:s[t k9fpg grfxg' . 

� of]u, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f / 

cfo'j] {bnfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]udf 

Nofpg g;Sg' 

� ;+:s[t ljBfdf /x]sf 1fg, lj1fg / 

k|ljlw kIfsf hfgsf/ JolQm 

;ª\ul7t gx'g' , 

� g]kfnL ;dfhn] cjnDag ub} { cfPsf 

u|x0fLo ljifoj:t', wf/0ff, ;+:sf/ 

h:tf 1fg / ;Lk kIfsf s'/f g]kfnL 

/fli6«o lzIff k4ltn] pk]Iff ug'{ 

. 

� ;+:s[t ljBfsf] gLltlgdf{0fdf 

;+:s[t]t/ zlQm xfjL x'g' . 

� /fli6«o lzIff gLlt lgfw{/0f ubf{ 

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ck]Iff, k/Dk/f, 

d"No, dfGotfeGbf ljb]zL k|efjaf6 

k|efljt eO{ z}lIfs sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f 

ug] { k|j[lQ xfjL x'g' . 

� ;+:s[t ljBfsf] Jojl:yt ;~hfndf 

cfkm"nfO{ ;dflxt ug{ g;Sg' 

� cGt/{fli6«o:t/sf] dfGotfnfO{ 

;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sg' 

� ;d;fdlos ¿kn] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ 

g;Sg' 

� ljb]zdf /x]sf ;Da4 

ljZjljBfno;―u hgzlQm Pjd\ 

z}lIfs sfo{qmd cfbfgk|bfg ug{ 

g;Sg'

;'emfj 

;+:s[t lzIffnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ ug'{ 

;fGble{s b]lvG5 M 

!= ;~hfn, ;Dk{s tyf ;DaGw :yflkt ug'{ 

� /fli6«o, If]qLo Pjd\ :yfgLo ;+:s[t ljBf ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g tyf k|jw{gsf ;+:yfut ;Dks{ 

gLlt th'{df 

ug] { 

� ;Da4 ljb]zL ;ª\3, ;+:yf, ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfno;―u ;xsfo{ ug] { 

� p2]Zo, nIo, k7g—kf7g, k':tsfno cflb ;du| ultljlw ;d]l6Psf] Od]n, j]j ;fO6 

dfkm{t ;"rgf k|jfx ug] { tyf cBfjlws ug] { 

� cGt//fli6«o:t/df eP u/]sf ;+:s[t lzIff;DaGwL sfo{ Pjd\ ultljlwsf] cBfjlws 

hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;~hfn ;+oGqsf] ;~rfng ug] { 

@= /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg] { gLlt 

� ;+:s[t lzIffsf] ;a} wf/nfO{ ;dGjo / Jojl:yt ug{ ;/sf/L txdf 

lg/LIf0ffno÷ljefu÷zfvfsf] Joj:yf ug] { 

� ;gftg hLjg k4lt tyf ;gftg 1fg lj1fgsf :jfjnDaL hLjg k4ltnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L 

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug] { 

� ;+:s[tnfO{ jfª\dosf] clwstd pkof]u ug] { x]t'sf ;fy :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o tyf 

cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;ef, ;Dd]ng tyf uf]i7L ;~rfng ug] { ] . 

� /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udfkm{t kf―r a;] { cNksfnLg, b; a;] { dWosfnLg Pjd\ aL; a;] { 

bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug] { 

� ;+:s[tsf 1fgk|wfg / k|of]uk|wfg ljifox¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f lzIffsf k|s[lt ldNbf 

kf7\ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ug] { 

#= z}lIfs gLlt / ;+/rgf 

� ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf] ;+u7gfTds :j¿k tyf ;~rfng gLlt lgwf{/0f u/L 

jt{dfgsf ;+/rgfnfO{ zf:qLotf / dfGotfdf c;/ gkg]{ u/L k'gM;+/rgf ug] { { 

� lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+/rgfTds cf}lrTo;DaGwL k|rf/fTds cleofg ;~rfng ug] { 

� plNnlvt efjgfcg'¿k kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / hgzlQm ljsf; ug] { . 

v_ ljleGg cfof]u tyf sfo{zfnfx¿n] ;+:s[t lzIff;Da4 ;d:ofx¿sf] ;f/ lvrL ;d:of 

;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{xf];\ 

. 

c_ ljleGg cfof]usf b[li6df ;+:s[t ljBfsf ;d:ofx¿ 

;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt, @)!* 

200

201 

s_ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfoL cfo;|f]t;DaGwL Joj:yf gx'g' . 

v_ lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ ;+:s[t ljBfsf] Joj:yf gx'g' . 

u_ ;+:s[t ljBfdf cfw'lgs ljifox¿ klg ;dfj]z gul/g' . 

3_ ;dsIftf;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf gx'g' . 

/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf, @)@*–#@ 

s_ ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnodf ;+:s[t efiffsf] cWoog cWofkgdf hf]8 glbOg' . 

v_ ;+:s[tsf] pRr lzIffsf nflu 5'6\6} ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yf gx'g' . 

u_ /fli6«o lzIffsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ;+:s[t ljBfsf] ljsf; gx'g' . 

/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$( 

;+:s[t ljBfsf] gLlt :ki6 gx'―bf 

o;sf] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+:s[t dfWolds 

ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof sd 5 . ;+:s[ttkm{ cfslif{t ug] { pkfox¿sf] sdLn] 5 . ;+:s[t pRr 

lzIffdf ljBfyL{ ;|f]tsf] Go"gtf 5 . ;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg'¿k Psflt/ hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg 

sd 5 . csf{lt/ pTkflbt hgzlQmsf lgldQ /f]huf/Lsf] lglZrttf 5}g . k/:k/ lj/f]wfef; 

v8f x'g', ;+:s[tdf cfwfl/t k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos ljifox¿sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug] { 

sfo{qmdsf] th'{df 

/ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjljBfno Pjd\ dfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] 

kf7\oqmddf k/:k/ tfnd]n 5}g . ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof Hofb} sd 5 . ePsf 

dfWolds ljBfnox¿dWo] klg sltko ;'b[9 / ;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rflnt 5}gg\ . clgjfo{ 

;+:s[tdf klg efiff l;sfpgdf eGbf ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg ug'{kg] 

{ vfnsf kf7\oqmd tyf 

kf7\ok':tsx¿ 5g\ . lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf 5}g . cfly{s ;|f]tx¿ sdL 5 . z}lIfs / 

ef}lts ljsf;sf nflu oy]i7 k|of; ul/Psf] 5}g . hUuf hldgx¿ ePsf ljBfnox¿df klg 

ef}lts ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ;~rfngsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf 5}g . pko'Qm cfo;|f]tsf] k|aGw 5}g . 

ljBfnox¿df ljifout lzIfsx¿sf] sdL 5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf lglDt 5fqfjf;x¿sf] plrt k|aGw 

5}g . ;+:s[tdf /x]sf] 1fg k|fKt ug{ rfxg] ljb]zLx¿nfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ cj;/ k|bfg 

ug] { sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng 5}gg\ . ;+:s[tlgi7 k|fljlws 1fgsf] k7gkf7gsf] tyf ljsf; ug] { 

;d'lrt Joj:yf 5}g . cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o 

cfjZostfcg'¿k kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5}g . ljZjljBfnosf] l:ylt ;'b[9 5}g . z}lIfs Pjd\ 

k|fl1s kIfsf] t'ngfdf k|zf;lgs Pjd\ Joj:yfkg kIfdf a9L nufgL ug] { kl/kf6L ljsl;t x'―b} 

hfg' / cfGtl/s ;|f]t lgs} sdhf]/ x'g' cflb . 

pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)%% 

s_ k|rf/k|;f/ gx'g', 

v_ ljBfno txdf Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsfl/tf gx'g', 

u_ g]=;+=lj=df ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g gx'g', 

3_ hgzlQm / k|lzIf0fsf] sdL x'g', 

ª_ pQ/dWodf txnfO{ pRr dfWolds lzIfftkm{ lj:yfkg gug'{, 

r_ ck]lIft g]t[Tj / ;dGjosf] sdL x'g',

202 

5_ bftfx¿af6 k|fKt ;Dkbfsf] ;b'kof]u gx'g', 

h_ k|frLg snfsf}znsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sdL x'g', 

em_ Jofj;flos ljifodf sd k|fyldstf lbg', 

`_ ;+:s[t ljBfnosf] ;~rfngdf hg;xeflutf lg?T;flxt x'g' . 

cf_ ljleGg txdf ul/Psf 5nkmn, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, cGtlqm{of cflbaf6 clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf 

;d:ofx¿ 

s_ ljBfno lzIffsf] pk]lIft wf/sf ¿kdf lrq0f ul/g', 

v_ ;+:s[tsf] dxŒj ga'em]/ sltkoaf6 pk]Iff / lj/f]w ug] { k|j[lQ xfjL x'g', 

u_ ljZjljBfno lzIffn] k|efjsf/L g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg', 

3_ ;fwg ;|f]tsf] sdL x'g', 

ª_ o; ljBfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gsf nflu ;ª\ul7t hgzlQm gnfUg,' 

r_ ;+:s[t lzIffdf /x]sf cyfx 1fg, lj1fg, of]u, bz{gsf] k|rf/k|;f/ x'g g;Sg', 

5_ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;+:s[t lzIffsf] dxŒj a'emfpg g;Sg', 

h_ ljZjdf /x]sf ;+:s[t ljBf k7gkf7g x'g] ljZjljBfno;―u ;DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf 

pTkflbt hgzlQmnfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg' 

u_ df}h'bf kf7\oqmddf lglb{i6 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ cfwf/df dfgL sIff lzIf0fnfO{ 

afns]lGb|t agfpg ug'{kg] 

{ pkfox¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . 

3_ lzIf0fl;sfOdf d"Nof+sgsf] s] s:tf] :yfg /xg] u/]sf] 5 < ;+:s[tsf] sIff lzIf0fsf qmddf 

kfO{ +n] lg0f{ofTds / lgdf{0ffTds dWo] s'g ljlw k|efjsf/L kfpg'eof] < sf/0f ;lxt 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

ª_ jt{dfg ljBfno lzIffdf ;+:s[t lzIffsf] cfjZostf lsg 5 < sf/0f;lxt ljZn]0f 

ug'{xf];\ 

. 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ 

!= g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)!! sf] k|ltj]bg 

@= ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)!* sf] k|ltj]bg 

#= /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf, @)@* sf] k|ltj]bg . 

$= /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)$( sf] k|ltj]bg 

%= pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)%% sf] k|ltj]bg 

^= ;+:s[t jf+do;Da4 ljleGg u|Gy tyf k|ltj]bgx¿ 

&= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf, @))(-@)!% . 

*= /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k, @)^# . 

(= cfwf/e"t tx sIff ! b]lv * ;Ddsf kf7\oqmdx¿

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 


s_ P]lR5s ;+:s[t lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf x'g] zf:qLo lzIf0f ljlw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

;+:s[t lzIf0fsf qmddf cfudg ljlw, lgudg ljlw, kf7\ok':ts ljlw, cGtof] {u ljlw, ¿k ljlw, 

;x ljlw, kof{o ljlw, pRrf/0f -kf7_ ljlw nufotsf ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ lgudg 

ljlwdf klxnf ljifoj:t' s07 ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . To;kl5 To;sf] cy{, pbfx/0f / b[i6fGt atfOG5 . 

;+:s[t efiffdf o;nfO{ l;4fGt ljlw cyjf ;"q ljlw klg elgG5 . ;fy} kf7\ok':ts ljlw klg 

s07 ug] { k|lqmof g} ePsfn] o;n] klg lgudg ljlws} k|lqmof cjnDag ub{5 . oL ljlwx¿ 

afns]lGb|t lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ ;fGble{s dflg―b}gg\ . 

cfudg ljlwdf klxnf w]/} pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/G5 . To;kl5 dfq lgod k|:t't ul/G5 . o;y{ 

pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]kl5 lzIffyL{df lh1f;f pTkGg u/fPkl5 lgod k|:t't ul/g] o; ljlwnfO{ a9L 

pkof]uL dflgPsf] 5 . ;fy} uB, kB tyf efifftŒj lzIf0fsf qmddf Jofs/0fsf lgod lzIf0f 

ul/g] ljlwnfO{ cGtof] {u ljlw elgG5 . o; ljlwsf 5'6\6} Jofs/0f u|Gy cWoog ck]lIft x'Gg . 

o; ljlwnfO{ cg'jfb ljlw klg elgG5 . o;sf0f P]lR5s ;+:s[t kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ubf{ o; 

ljlwsf cltl/Qm ¿kljlw / ;xljlwnfO{ klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ¿kljlwdf zAb ¿kfjnLsf] 

cEof;åf/f ;fdfGo jfSo /rgf l;sfOG5 . ;fy} cWoogsf qmddf cfPsf zAbx¿sf] Jo'TklQ 

l;sfOg] k|lqmofnfO{ ;x ljlw elgG5 . oL b'j} ljlwnfO{ efiff lzIf0f ckl/xfo{ tŒj dflgG5 . kf7 

ljlwn] k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn, JofVofg nufotsf ljlwnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 . 

pko'{Qm 

ljlwsf cltl/Qm lgDgfg';f/sf k|frLg t/ cfw'lgs ljlwdf klg ;dflji6 ljlwsf] k|of]u 

ug'{ 

;fGble{s b]lvG5 M 

s= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw 

of] ljlw ;a} ljlwsf] cª\usf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Da4 ljifodf k|Zgf]Q/dfkm{t\ 

lh1f;f pb\af]wg u/L pQ/ lzIf0f ug] { / n]vfEof;df Nofpg] k|lqmof g} k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw xf] . 

P]lR5s ;+:s[t efiff;Da4 ljifo ePsfn] o;sf] lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf k|Zgf]Q/ pko'Qm 

ljlw dflgG5 . o;n] zAb, jfSo cflbsf] ;xL k|of]unfO{ k| ]l/t ug'{sf 

;fy} zAb e08f/ 

a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5 . 

v= 5nkmn ljlw 

5nkmnn] klg zAb, jfSo cflbsf] ;xL k|of]unfO{ k| ]l/t ug'{sf 

;fy} zAb e08f/ a9fpg 

;xof]u ub{5 . P]lR5s ;+:s[t lzIf0fsf qmddf of] ljlwn] k|Zgf]Q hlQs} dxŒj /fVb5 . 

u= q'l6;+zf]wg ljlw 

o; ljlwdf k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ lzIffyL{n] u/]sf sdhf]/Lx¿sf] tTsfn ;+zf]wg 

ug{ nufO{ k'gM k|of]u ug{ nufOG5 . o;n] efiffsf] z'4 k|of]unfO{ 6]jf lbG5 . 

203

v_ P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;'gfO / af]nfO ;Lk;―u 

;DalGwt kf―r kf―r lqmofsnfk n]Vg'xf];\ . 

P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf kIfdf Wofg 

;fGble{s x'G5 M 

s= ;'gfO ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� zAbx¿ lzIfsn] k9\g] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'Gg nufpg] 

� syf, lgaGw, hLjgL / kB lzIfsn] k9\g] / cy{ a'e\mg] u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg nufpg] 

� >'ltn]vgsf ¿kdf kf7sf c+zx¿ lzIfsn] eGg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ n]Vg nufpg] 

� k|Zg ;f]Wbf pQ/ lbg'k5{ eGg] 7fgL ;'Gg nufpg] 

� ;'g]sf s'/f c¿nfO{ a'emfpg ;Sg] u/L ;'Gg nufpg] 

� k|;f/0fsf dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t ljifoj:t' a'em]/ ;'Gg nufpg] 

v= af]nfO ;Lk;―u ;Da4 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� lqmof gePsf jfSoaf6 ;'? ug] { / qmdzM stf{, sd{ / lqmof ePsf jfSodf af]Ng 

cEof; u/fpg] 

� ;/n / cfkm"n] k|of]u ul/;s]sf zAb k|of]u u/L af]Ng nufpg] 

� k|Zgf]Q/sf ¿kdf af]Ng nufpg] 

� jftf{nfksf ¿kdf af]Ng nufpg] / To:t} cj:yfcg';f/ ;+od Pjd\ lzi6tfk"j{s af]Ng 

nufpg] 

� ts{;ª\ut / k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;+oldt eO{ af]Ng nufpg] 

u_ P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ul/g] k9fO ;Lk;―u ;DalGwt bzcf]6f 

lqmofsnfk n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3_ P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ug'{kg] 

{ n]vfO ;Lk;―u ;DalGwt bzcf]6f 

lqmofsnfk n]Vg'xf];\ . 

ª_ P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] txut ;Ifdtf n]vL To;;―u ;DalGwt PsPscf]6f l;sfO pknlAw n]Vg'xf];\ . 

r_ P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] sIff & nflu ck]lIft bzcf]6f l;sfO pknlAw n]Vg'xf];\ . 

5_ P]lR5s ;+:s[tsf] s'g} Ps ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL b}lgs kf7of]hgf agfpg''xf];\ 

. 

204

205 

dft[efiff 

g]kfn ax'eflifs b]z xf] . o; b]zdf (@ efiff k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;y{ ;a} efiffefifL ;Da4 

;d'bfosf] eflifs xs / clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{ } ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ljBfno txb]lv g} 

dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfndf 

af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«efiff x'g\ egL tf]lslbPsf] 5 . To;}u/L k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf 

Joj:yf ePcg';f/ cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] 5 egL 

dft[efiffnfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt lbOPsf] 5 . oxL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf tyf 

/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k / ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf h:tf b:tfj]hn] JoJo:yf u/] cg';f/ 

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug] { 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k 

� sIff !–# df afnaflnsfx¿n] cfk\mgf] dft[efiffdf l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt ug] { 5g\ . 

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf 

� cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] k|f/lDes txsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf 

k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]u/L ;Ifd agfOg] 5 . 

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] dft[efiff lzIf0fsf nflu k|fljlws / cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpg] 5 . 

ljZj lzIff ;ª\3åf/f ;g\ @))) df 8sf/df ;a} /fi6«n] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a}sf nflu lzIff 

sfo{qmdsf] nIo k"/f ug] { p2]Zo /fv]cg'¿k g]kfnn] klg pQm sfo{qmdk|lt k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 

5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIox¿df ljZjJofkL¿kdf cfwf/e"t lzIff k|fKt ug] { nIo /x]sfn] 

;f]cg'¿k cfjlws of]hgfx¿df ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ qmlds ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ub} { 

n}hfg] / tbg'¿k ;+:yfut, Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ ef}lts cfwf/x¿df ;'wf/ ug] { gLlt /x]sf] 5 . 

o;sf nflu ljBfno lzÔfsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ pQm p2]Zo;―u ;dlGjt u/L ljleGg txdf ePsf 

cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn, cg';Gwfg / ljz]if1sf ljrf/sf cfwf/df ljBfno txsf kf7\oqmdnfO{ 

/fi6«sf] cfjZostf / ;do;fk]Ô x'g] u/L sfof{Gjog ub} { nluPsf] 5 . ctM lzI0f l;sfOnfO{ 

;xh agfO ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ klg dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg clgjfo{ dflgG5 . pQm 

;Gbe{s} cfwf/df ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd cGtu{t k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff $–%_, 

@)^% / cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd sIff ^–* -k/LIf0f_ @)^* n] dft[efiffnfO{ lgDgfg';f/n] 

Jojl:yt ug{ ] of]hgf agfPsf] kfOG5 M 

s_ ljBfnodf k7gkf7g x'g] dft[efiffsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ ax';ª\Vos ljBfyL{n] af]Ng] dft[efiff 5gf]6 

ug'{kg] 

{ 5 . - k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd sIff $–%_, 

v_ ljBfnodf k7gkf7g x'g] dft[efiffsf] 5gf]6 kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf 

sfof{Gjog :yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{df ljBfno jf ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;+:yf cfk} ―mn] ug] { 5 . 

- cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd sIff ^–* -k/LIf0f_ @)^* _

206 

u_ dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u / lhNnf 

kf7\oqmd ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;dGjodf ljBfnoaf6} lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . lhNnfe/ Pp6} 

vfnsf] ljifo ldNbf] b]lvPdf lhNnf:t/df / ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/df dfq ldNg] ljifo ePdf 

;|f]ts]Gb|:t/Lo ¿kdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . 

- k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff $–%_ / cfwf/e"t lzIff 

kf7\oqmd sIff ^–* -k/LIf0f_ @)^* _ 

kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf cfwf/ 

s_ dft[efiffsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ ax';ª\Vos ljBfyL{n] af]Ng] dft[efiff 5gf]6 u/L To;sf cfwf/df 

kf7\oqmd tof/ ug'{kg] 

{ 5 . 

v_ dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u / lhNnf kf7\oqmd ;ldltsf] 

;dGjodf ljBfnoaf6 g} lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . 

u_ kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k"0ff{ª\s tyf kf7\oef/nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfGg'kb{5 . 

- dft[efiffsf] gd'gf kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts ljsf; lgb] {lzsf, sIff !– %, @)^$ _ 

lzÔfsf] dfWod 

ljBfnodf lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiff, cª\u| ]hL efiff jf b'j} efiff x'g ;Sg] 5 . t/ b]xfosf] 

cj:yfdf ljBfnodf lzIffsf] dfWod lgDgadf]lhd x'g ;Sg] 5 M 

� cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;lsg] 5 . 

plNnlvt Joj:yf cg';f/ ljBfno lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] sfof{Gjog lgDgfg';f/n] ePsf] kfOG5 M 

s_ dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiff 

v_ ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff 

s_ dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiff 

dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L Jojl:yt ug{ ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog 

lgb] {lzsf, @)^^ ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5 . o;n] cfwf/e"t lzIff sIff !–# df 

g]kfnL, cª\u| ]hL / cGo efiff ljifo afx]ssf ;a} ljifosf lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff :yfgLo 

dft[efiff x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ sIff $–% df g]kfnL, cª\u| ]hL / cGo efiff ljifo afx]ssf 

;a} ljifosf lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dfWod efiff :yfgLo dft[efiff / ;/sf/L sfddfhsf] efiff jf 

;Dks{ efiff x'g] 5 egL Jojl:yt u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

v_ ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff 

cfwf/e"t tx sIff !–* df :yfgLo ljifosf] ;6\6fdf !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] :yfgLo dft[efiffnfO{ 

ljifosf ¿kdf klg lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

x/]s efiffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ efiffut 1fg, ;Lk tyf bIftfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . 

o;y{ k|To]s efiffdf ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfOsf 1fg, ;Lk / bIftf /xg' cfjZos 5 .

207 

o;y{ o;sf] kf7\oqmd ljdf{0fsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ljifout kf7\oqmd ;+/rgf /xg' cTofjZos 

5 M 

kf7\oqmdsf] ;+rgfut :j¿k 

� kl/ro 

� txut ;Ifdtf 

� sIffut l;sfO pknlAw 

s_ ;'gfO 

v_ af]nfO 

u_ k9fO 

3_ n]vfO 

� ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd tflnsf 

� lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk 

� d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof

208 

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw 

P]ltxfl;s kIf 

g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;nfO{ kms{ ]/ x]bf{ Jofj;flos lzIffsf nflu @)@* ;fnsf] lzIff 

of]hgfnfO{ ;a}n] ;Demg] ub{5g\ . pQm lzIff of]hgfsf] lgDgdfWolds txsf nflu to ul/Psf 

p2]Zox¿df k"j{Jofj;flos lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ljifoaf6 >dk|lt OHht ug{ ] 

efjgf / >dk|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg] k|of; x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 

To;}u/L dfWolds txsf] lzIffnfO{ ;fwf/0f, Jofj;flos / ;+:s[t u/L tLg k|sf/sf ljBfnosf 

¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 

gLltut cEof; 

gof―― 

lzIff of]hgf @)@* n] to u/]sf] lzIff of]hgfsf cfwf/df k];f tyf ljifo If]qdf cfwfl/t 

ljifoj:t' k7gkf7gsf] yfngL ul/of] . lj=;+= @)@* b]lv @)#@ ;fn;Dd ljleGg r/0fdf u/L 

of] kf7\oqmd cg';f/ ljBfnox¿df k7gkf7g yfngL ul/of] . lj;+ @)#@ ;fn;Dddf b]zsf ;a} 

ljBfnox¿df lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds txsf nflu /flvPsf] k"j{Jofj;flos lzIff tyf 

tf]lsPsf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] k7gkf7g ul/of] . 

cg'ej 

o;/L lzIffnfO{ >d tyf k];f;―u hf]8\g] / >dk|ltsf] ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; u/L :j/f]huf/ 

tyf Joj;fosf nflu clek| ]l/t ug{ ] egL ul/Psf] k7gkf7g Joj:yfsf] pknlAw ;f]r] h:tf] k|fKt 

x'g ;s]g . lsgls kf7\oqmd ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf nfgsf nflu cfwf/ g} tof/L gu/L 

ul/Psf] cg'ej ul/of] . o;/L /flvPsf gof― ljifoj:t'sf] k7gkf7g ug{ ] lzIfsn] o;sf] 

dd{cg';f/ ljBfyL{df ;~rf/ ug{ g;s]sf] cg'ej ul/of] . lzIfsx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd tyf 

kf7\ok':tssf] lzIf0fl;sfOsf tf}/tl/sfdf cled'vLs/0f tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf g} gu/L 

PSsf;L k7gkf7g ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 cfwf/e"t tof/L gul/sg nfu" ubf{sf] tLtf] 

cg'ej ul/Psf] lyof] . 

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw 

lzIffn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] ljsf; u/L b}lgs hLjgnfO{ ;'vL Pjd\ :t/Lo agfpg 

;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 . o; lzIffn] /fi6« ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg :jfjnDaL / cyf] {kfh{g ug{ ] 

:j/f]huf/L tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu k];f Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g of]Uo gful/s tof/ kfb{5 . 

ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mgf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLob]lv /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o k];faf/]df Joj;fosf] 

hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L ?lr, Ifdtf / cj;/nfO{ k|of]u u/L eljiosf] of]hgf agfpg ;Sg] 

x'g'kb{5 . o; lzIffn] ;a} lsl;dsf sfdk|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f / >dk|lt ;Ddfg ug] { 

efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg dbt ub{5 . ;fy} sfdsf] ;+;f/;―u kl/lrt x'g] tyf sfdsf nflu 

cfjZos ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos -Soft Skills_ ;Lk ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . jt{dfgdf 

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] ;xL pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg' clt cfjZos 5 . o;y{

209 

sfd;―u kl/lrt tyf sfdk|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf ljsf; ug{ ljBfyL{x¿df 1fg, ;Lk / 

clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpg] p2]Zon] k];f, Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIff ljifonfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] 

cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^, & / *_ df clgjfo{ ljifosf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . 

k];fut lzIffdf :yfgLo txdf k/Dk/fb]lv xfn;Dd / pRr txdf xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf 

k];fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . Joj;fo cled'vLs/0fdf Joj;fosf] hfgsf/L / k|of]ufTds 

sfo{df a9L hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos ;Lk -Soft Skills_ l;sfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . 

To:t} k|ljlw lzIffdf k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] hu]gf{ ub} { cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm 

pTkfbg ug] { p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . lzIffnfO{ sfd;―u hf]8]/ n}hfg'kg] { cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsfn] 

o; ljifonfO{ %)∞ ;}WbflGts / %)∞ k|of]ufTds ef/, ;fKtflxs % kf7\oef/ / jflif{s !&% 

3G6L k9fO x'g]u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

o; ljifocGtu{t lgDglnlvt ljifo If]q ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . 

1= k];fut lzIff 

2= Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f 

3= k|ljlw lzIff 

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw ljifosf] txut ;Ifdtfx¿ 

cfwf/e"t txsf] k];f, Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] cWoog kZrft\ ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt 

s'/fx¿df ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

1= j[lQ ljsf;sf ;Defljt If]qx¿:f―u kl/lrt eO{ cfk\mgf] ?lr, Ifdtf / cj;/sf cfwf/df 

eljiodf pko'Qm x'g] If]q 5gf]6 u/L sfof{Gojg ug{, 

2= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o >dahf/sf] cWoog ug{, 

3= hLjgf]kof]uL ;fdfGo Jofj;flos ;Lkx¿ (soft skills) xfl;n u/L k|bz{g ug{, 

4= sfdk|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /fvL ;a} lsl;dsf >dk|lt rfv, ;defj / ;Ddfg ug] { tyf 

;+nUg x'g] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{, 

5= :yfgLo:t/df ;Defjgf ePsf Joj;fo ;~rfngdf cled'vLs[t eO{ ;~rfngsf nflu 

of]hgfsf] ;fdfGo 9f―rf (Scheme) agfpg, 

6= lzIffnfO{ sfd (Education for work) ;―u hf]8]/ n}hfg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{, 

7= Jofjxfl/s k|of]udf cfpg] pks/0fx¿sf] ;xL / ;'/lIft tj/n] k|of]u ug{, 

8= k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf af/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L ;+/If0f ug{, 

9= cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ pkof]u ug{ . 

sIffut l;sfO pknlAwx¿ 

sIff * cfwf/e"t txsf] k];f, Joj;fo tyf k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] cWoogkZrft\ ljBfyL{x¿ 

lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M 

k];fut lzIff 

1= dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo k];fx¿ (Professional) sf] hfgsf/L lng,

210 

2= k];f / lzIffsf] ;DaGw atfpg, 

3= dWod tyf pRr:t/Lo ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ / sfo{qmdx¿sf] kl/ro 

lbg, 

4= ?lr, Ifdtf / cj;/sf cfwf/df eljiodf pko'Qm If]q 5gf]6sf] of]hgf agfpg, 

5= cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf /f]huf/L;DaGwL ;"rgf k|flKtsf ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg u/L hfgsf/L k|:t't 

ug{, 

6= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ / r'gf}tL klxrfg ug{ tyf cfjZos cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L xfl;n 

ug{ . 

Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f 

1= lg0f{o ug] { { / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug] { ;Lk tyf Jofj;flos ;Lk k|bz{g ug{, 

2= of]hgf Joj:yfkg ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{, 

3= ax'/fli6«o sDkgLsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg, 

4= pBdzLn lzIffsf] kl/ro lbg, 

5= :yfgLo :t/df ;fgf Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] of]hgfsf] vfsf agfpg, 

6= ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg, 

7= ahf/ tyf pBdzLntfsf] ;DaGw atfpg, 

8= ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] kl/ro lbg . 

-tnsf] -s_ b]lv -`_ dWo]af6 s'g} kf“r dfq cWofkg u/fpg] _ 

s_ t/sf/L v]tL 

v_ kmnk"mn v]tL 

u_ ;'Vvf t/sf/L tyf kmnk"mn 

3_ vfB ;fdu|L tof/L 

ª_ k"mn v]tL 

r_ h8La'6L 

5_ kz'kG5Lsf] :ofxf/ / x]/rfx 

h_ l;Nksnf 

em_ df6f]sf] sfd 

`_ l;nfO a'gfO 

k| |ljlw 

] 

1= :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlwsf] dxŒj atfpg / To;sf] vf]hL ug{, 

2= 3/fo;L ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿sf] ;'/lIft tj/n] k|of]u ug{, 

3= P=l6=Pd=, k\mofS;, kmf]6f]skL, dlN6d]l8ofsf] ;fdfGo k|of]u ug{ tl/sf atfpg tyf k|of]u 

ug{, 

4= OG6/g]6nfO{ k9fOsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ] tl/sf atfpg tyf k|of]u ug{, 

5= ;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]usf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ kfngf ug{,

211 

6= j}slNks pmhf{ -;f}o{ pmhf{_ ;fgf hnljB't\ -k]lN6s ;]6_ sf] sfo{ / l;4fGt atfpg . 

kf7\oqmdn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof 

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] l;sfOpknlAw d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ;}4flGts k/LIff / 

k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;}4flGts kIfsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu sIffdf 

ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljifout 5nkmndf ;xeflutf, u[xsfo{, k|Zgf]Q/, k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfkx¿df 

;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfksf clen]vx¿ / ljleGg lsl;dsf k/LIffx¿ cflbsf] k|of]u 

ug{ 'k5{ . o; ljifodf %) k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;}4flGts k/LIff / %) k"0ff{ª\ssf] k|of]fufTds k/LIff x'g] 

5 . sIff ^ / & df $)∞ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg / ^)∞ cfjlws k/LIffåf/f ljBfyL{sf] 

n]vfhf]vf ul/g] 5 . sIff * sf] d"Nofª\sg lhNnf:t/Lo ¿kdf kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ 

kf/]sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf adf]lhd x'g] 5 . 

%) k"0ff{ª\ssf] ;}4flGts k/LIffsf nflu cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M 

qm=;+= ljifo If]q cª\sef/ 

! k];fut lzIff !%=) 

@ Joj;fo cled'vLs/0f @%=) 

# k|ljlw !)=) 

hDdf %)=)) 

To;} u/L k|of]ufTds kIfsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf cfwf/x¿ lng'kb{5 M 

� ;f]wvf]h u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt 

� k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]v 

� ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u 

� n3' kl/of]hgf sfo{ -of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f_ 

� df}lvs k/LIff 

%) k"0ff{ª\ssf] k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf nflu cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M 

qm=;+= ljj/0f cª\sef/ 

!= ;f]wvf]h u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt !) 

@= k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]v % 

#= ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u @) 

$= n3' kl/of]hgf sfo{ -of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f_ !) 

%= df}lvs k/LIff % 

hDdff %) 

b|i6Jo M ;}4flGts k/LIffsf] pQL0ff{ª\s @) / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] pQL0ff{ª\s @) x'g] 5 .

212

213 

sfo{ynf]df g/d ;Lk -soft skills_ 

sfo{ynf]df ljz]if1tfsf] k|;+zf eO/xG5 . ljifoj:t' / sfdsf] ljz]if1tfsf] cnfjf JolQmdf c¿ 

klg s]xL s'/f x'G5 h;n] JolQmnfO{ cem d"Nojfg agfPsf] x'G5, rrf{df NofPsf] x'G5 / 

;DalGwt c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . p;df ePsf soft skills sf sf/0f ljifoj:t'sf] 

ljz]if1tf / k|fljlws bIftfdf d"No yk x'g uO{ ;'gdf ;'uGw eg] h:tf] x'g hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf 

nflu Pp6f ;kmn Joj:yfksaf6 p;sf] ljz]if1tf / k|fljlws ;Lk lemsL lbof] eg] soft skills 

;lxtsf] JolQm af―sL /xG5 . soft skills klg lemsL lbof] eg] Ps JolQm dfq af―sL /xG5 . 

soft skills sf] kl/efiff 

soft skills eg]sf] w]/} k|sf/sf Jofj;flos ;Lk -business skills _ x'g\ . oL ;Lkx¿ ;fdfGotof 

tnsf tLg ju{df k5{g\ M 

� Interaction with co-workers /others 

� Pofessionalism and/or work ethics 

� Critical thinking or problem solving 

h'g;'s} Joj;fosf] h'g;'s} txdf /x]/ sfd ug] { ePklg oL ;Lkx¿sf] b/sf/ x/]s JolQmnfO{ 

kb{5 . To;}n] cfhef]nL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] kf7\oqmdsf] Ps cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 

soft skill ljsf; ug] { cj;/ k|bfg ub{5g\ . 

1= Interaction with co-workers 

o; ju{sf ;Lkx¿df cfk\mgf ;dsIfL, ;xof]uL, ;'k/Lj]Ifs, ;]jfu|fxLx¿;―u k|efjsf/L 

9ª\un] cGtlq{mof ug] { ;Lkx¿ kb{5g\ . 

s_ ;~hfn lgdf{0f -Networking_ 

o;df c¿ dflg;;―u alnof] ;';DaGw ljsf; ug'{ 

xf] . pBddf htftt} ;Dks{ lgdf{0f 

ug{ ;~hfn agfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . cfk"mn] ghfg]sf] g;s]sf] s'/f sf]af6 ;xof]u lnP/ 

ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg' . hfgsf/L x'g' Joj;fodf lgs} 7"nf] zlQmsf ¿kdf 

lnOG5 . 

v_ ;~rf/ -Communicatin_ 

c¿;―u k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg' h;leq df}lvs, lnlvt / 

;fª\s]lts -nonverbal_ kb{5g\ . 

u_ ;d"xsfo{÷;xsfo{ -teamwork/collaboration_ 

;d"x 9f―rfdf ;kmntfk"j{s sfo{ ug] { Ifdtf h;df ;d"x ;b:osf] e"ldsfsf] ;d]t dxŒj 

/x]sf] x'G5 . o;df JolQmn] ;d"x nIonfO{ JolQmut nIoeGbf dfly /fv]sf] x'G5 . 

3_ ;dfg'e"lt k|bz{g -Demonstrating Empathy_ 

o;df cfk\mgf efjgf c¿;―u af―8\g ;Sg] / c¿sf ;+j]ux¿nfO{ -emotions_ a'e\mg 

;Sg] Ifdtf kb{5g\ .

214 

2= Profesionalism and work ehtics 

d'Votof o; cGtu{t sfdsf] 9f―rf cg'¿k pko'Qm 9ª\un] n'uf nfpg', ;dolgi7tf, 

;xsdL{, u|fxs, ;]jfu|fxLx¿;―u gd| / ;Ddfgk"j{s af]Ng' kb{5g\ . 

s_ pRr g}lts cfbz{ -integrity_ 

;To / OdfGbf/k"0f{ Jojxf/ . o:tf soft skill x¿ sDkgL, Joj;fo jf k|lti7fgn] 

cleJoQm u/]sf d"No;―u ldNb5g\ . 

v_ pTs[i6tf -Optimism_ 

o:tf] dflg; ;b}j pTs[i6 k|ltkmnsf nflu k|oTg u5{ / sl7gfOdf k/]sfnfO{ 

;sf/fTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub{5 . 

u_ pT;fx÷pTk| ]/0ff -Emthusiasm/ Motivation_ 

;b}j ;dlk{t, e/y]u ug] { -supportive_, ljrf/df k|lta4, sfdsf nflu ;+:yfut nIo 

cfTd;ft x'g]h:tf ;Lkx¿, nIosf] k|flKttk{m ;b}j Jo:t / cv08 ¿kdf nflu kg{ 

;Sg] . 

3= ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO / ;d:of ;dfwfg -Crittical thinking and problem solving_ 

o; cGtu{t l:yltnfO{ ;dfnf]rgfTds 9ª\un] ljin]if0f ug] { tyf sfo{ynf]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg 

ug] { ;Lk kb{5g\ . ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L tYosf cfwf/df sfo{ynf]sf Joj;fosf ;d:of 

;dfwfg ug] { IfdtfnfO{ pDbf] -talent_ dflgG5 . pko'Qm ;dodf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ 

/ 

s;/L ;dfwfg eof] eGg] s'/f ts{k"0f{ / Jojl:yt ¿kdf JofVof j0f{g ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk . 

4= g/d ;Lk / s8f ;Lk -Soft skills and hard skills_ 

Soft skills and hard skills sf] leGgtfnfO{ a'e\mg b]xfosf] k|:t'lt cWoog u/f} ― M 

s_ Hard skills M tL ;Lkx¿ h;nfO{ ;lhn} cjnf]sg ug{ / kl/df0f v'6\ofpg -quantify_ 

;lsG5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf x]bf{ hard skill l;sfpg klg ;lhnf] 5 . sIffsf]7fdf jf 

On the job 9f―rfdf l;sfpg ;lsG5 . ;dfGotof hard skills leq To:tf bIftfx¿ 

k5{g\ h'g sfuhsf kfgf;―u ;DalGwt eO{ ug] { sfo{, sfd ug] { cf}hf/ jf d]l;g;―u 

;DalGwt eO{ ug] { sfo{, ljb]zL efiff k|of]u ug] { sfo{, personal commputer k|of]u ug] { 

sfo{ cflb;―u ;DalGwt 5 . 

v_ Soft skills M soft skills nfO{ slxn]sfxL― dfgj ;Lk -people skill_ eg]sf] klg 

kfOG5 . soft skills sf] kl/df0f v'6\ofpg ufx|f] 5 . logLx¿nfO{ intangible klg eGg] 

ul/Psf] 5 Pp6f ;xsdL{sf] soft skill p;sf] c¿;―u sfd ubf{sf] avt k|efjsfl/tfdf 

cfpg] k|fs[lts ;fdflhs Ifdtfdf emlNsG5 . 

soft skill / JolQmut ljj/0f -Resume_M k|fljlws 1fg ;Lksf] ;fy;fy} soft skill sf] 

ljj/0f ePsf] JolQmut ljj/0fnfO{ /f]huf/bftf sDkgLx¿n] a9L dxŒj lsg lbG5g\ eGg] 

s'/f oxf―;Ddsf] 5nkmnaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . pDd]bjf/n] klg cGo pDd]bjf/eGbf cfk"mnfO{ leGg 

b]vfpg] ;"qdf cfk\mgf] soft skill pNn]v u5{g\ .

215 

pbfx/0f 

Hard skill soft skills 

Financial planning and Analysis Problem solving 

Accounting Application design Critical Thinking 

Operational Budgeting Interpersonal skills 

Long term planning Team work/ collaboration 

Capital Budgeting Graining and development 

5= soft skills sf] cf}lrTo 

olb xfdL;―u sfd ug] { k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk 5 t/ soft skills sdhf]/ 5 eg] xfdL ;kmn x'g 

;Sb}gf} ― . k|fljlws 1fg ;Lksf] cfk\mg} dxŒj 5 . k|fljlws ;Lkn] dfq} ;kmntf ;'lglZrt 

x―'+b}g 

. k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk / soft skills sf b'O{ lkn/n] ;kmntf ;'lglZrt u5{g\ . 

k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk 

;kmntf 

soft skills 

xfdL slt l;kfn' 9ª\un] cfk\mgf] sfd u5f} { eGg] s'/fn] w]/} dfg] /fV5 t/ Tof] sfd xfdL 

;xof]uL jf ;]jfu|fxL jf u|fxs;―u xfd|f] ;~rf/, ;DaGw / Jojxf/ s:tf] /xG5 eGg] s'/fn] 

emg} dfg] /fV5 . 

s_ k|df0fkq dfq xfl;n u/]/ k'Ub}g < xfdLn] s'g} k];f jf k|fljlws ;Lksf] cWoog u/]/ 

k|df0fkq xfl;n u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . Tof] k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk cg';f/sf] sfd klg ug{ 

;Sg] x'g'k5{ . ;fy} cfk\mgf] 1fg ;LknfO{ up to date ug] { ljlw, tflnd, cWoog, 

cg';Gwfg, ;]ldgf/ cflb klg rflxG5 . t/ soft skills vf]O t < k|fljlws bIftf t eof] 

t/ ck|fljlws Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu s] ub} { x'g'x'G5 < eGg ;lsG5 . 

cfk\mgf nflu cfk} ―mn] cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug{ soft skills rflxG5 . tkfO{ ―n] cfh{g ug'{ePsf] 

k|fljlw 1fg ;Lksf] s] sfd ha c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ tkfO{ ― s] sfddf bIf x'g'x'G5 eGg] 

yfxf 5}g eg] < lzIFfsf] ;f/ g} cj;/ xf] . cj;/nfO{ kmnfpg k'mnfpg -cultivate_ 

soft skill h?/L k5{ . 

v_ Soft skills n] j[lQ ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . cfk\mgf] sfd hlt;'s} d]xgtk"j{s u/]/ 

k|ltkmn lgsfn] klg o; af/]df ;DalGwt x'g] c¿ dflg;x¿;―u cfbfgk|bfg, JofVof, 

j0f{g, k|ltj]bg lbg], k|bz{g ug] { ug'{ 

ePsf] 5}g eg], c¿n] tkfO{ ―+nfO{ 

cIfd

216 

-incompetent_ 7flg/x]sf x'G5g\ . cfk"mk|lt c¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj -impression_ kfg{ 

soft skills rflxG5 . clgdfq tkfO{ +n] ― wGojfb, :ofaf;L, a9L cj;/, yk lhDd]jf/L 

kfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . 

u_ soft skills n] k];fsf] pGgtLdf dbt u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f a; rfnsnfO{ 

lncf}― . p;n] tflnd lnP/ a; rnfpg ;Sg] eP/ nfO;]G; kfof] . p;nfO{ sfd vf]Hg 

ca soft skills rflxG5 . sfd kfPkl5 klg /fd|/L a; rnfP/ dfq k'Ub}g . p;n] uf8L 

;fx', sG8S6/, ofqL, 6«flkms k'ln;, c¿ uf8L rnfpg] 8«fOe/x¿, xf]6nx¿b]lv lnP/ 

af6f]df 9f6 /fv]/ /sd c;'Ng] ;Ddsf dflg;;―u Jojxf/ ug'{kg] 

{ x'5 . oL Jojxf/df 

kl/kSj eO{ pqg nfO;]G;n] sfd ub} {g soft skills ljsf; ug'{k5{ 

. soft skills hlt 

ljsf; x'―+b} 

hfG5, 8«fOleª k];fdf v/f] plqb} hfG5 . 

;a} k|sf/sf s8f ;Lk cfh{g u/]sf JolQmx¿sf nflu cfk\mgf] k];f / Joj;fodf 

;kmntf xfl;n ug{ lgDglnlvt ^ k|sf/sf g/d ;Lkx¿ cfjZos kb{5 M 

cGt/ JolQmut ;Lkx¿ -Interpersonal skills) , ;fd'lxs nufj -Team spirit), 

;fdflhs rds (Social grace) , Joj;flos Jojxf/ - Business etiquette), ;Demf}tf 

ug{ ] ;Lk -Negotiation skills) / Jojxf/ ;Da4 :jefj jf u'0fx¿ -k|j[lQ, pTk| ]/0ff 

tyf ;do Joj:yfkg _ (Behavioural traits such as attitude, motivation and time 

management) 

xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf k];f Joj;fox¿ 

-k|:t'lt, 5nkmn, k];f / Joj;fo juL{s/0f, ;"rLdf cGo :yfgLo k];f, Joj;fo yk ug] { 

k|of]hgfy{ _ 

1= cGgv]tL M ds}, wfg, ux'―+, 

sf]bf], kmfk/ cflb 

2= t/sf/L v]tL M cfn', uf]ne]8f, aGbf, sfpnL, ;fu, l;dL, eG6f af]8L, :s';, km;L{, Rofp 

cflb 

3= kmnk"mn v]tL M ;'Gtnf, :ofp, cDaf, e"O―s6x/, Pef]sf8f], cgf/, cª\u'/, h'gf/, s]/f, d]jf 

cflb 

4= k"mnv]tL, k"mn g;{/L 

5= kz'kfng M ufO{, e} ―;L, xf―;, s'v'/f, afv|f, e] +8f, rf} +/L, vRr8, aª\u'/, df5f, df}/L cflb 

6= gub] v]tL M pv', cb'jf, a];f/, cn} ―rL, lrof, skmL, tf]/L, cflb 

7= h8La'6L v]tL M k|zf]wg, ljqmL ljt/0f, cfo'j] {b lrlsT;f ;]jf -t'n;L, lr/fOtf], u'hf] { _ 

8= kmnfd, l;nfj/, tfdf cflbsf ef―8fs'―8f 

/ cf}hf/ lgdf{0f tyf dd{t 

9= emf]nf, :jL6/ nufot nufpg] n'uf / ;hfj6 ;fdu|L a'Gg] xf]h]/L 

10= ;fOsn, df]6/ ;fOsn cflb ;jf/L ;fwg dd{t ;Def/ 

11= k'/f]lxTofO{ 

― sd{sf08, afrs, ;+:s[t ;flxTo÷1fg÷lzIffsf] cg';Gwfg 

12= df6fsf ef8fs'8f, cfsif{s d"lt{ / ;hfj6sf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f

217 

13= ljleGg wft'sf -;'g rf―bL, kmnfd, lkQn, tfdf_ u/uxgf, d"lt{, ;hfj6sf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f 

14= lgdf{0f M 8G8L ld:qL, uf/f], ld:qL, Knf:6l/ª dfa{n 6fon, lu|n lgdf{0f, k]l/; / wall 

putty, /ª/f]ug, KnlDaª cflb 

15= sfk] {G6«L -e\mofn9f]sf, kmlg{r/, sf7sf cfsif{s d"tL{, a'§fbf/ ;hfj6 ;fdu|L _ 

16= e]08/, df]afOn vfhf 3/ 

17= kqsfl/tf, M FM sfo{qmd ;~rfng, /]l8of] sfo{qmd 

18= b"w ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg, ljqmL ljt/0f 

19= kfgL, lah'nL, kmf]g, :s'n lkm cflb lan e'QmfgL Joj;fo 

20= k;n ;~rfng M ls/fgf, kmfd] {;L kmnk"mn÷h';, kmlgr/, ef8f, sk8f, km]G;L, :6];g/L cflb 

21= ;~rfng M :s'n, sn]h, tflnd÷k|lzIf0f s]Gb| M l;nfO a'gfO, 8«fOleª, lzIf0f sports, 

club, cyber, Gym house, Dofgkfj/, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, k/fdz{ cflb 

22= Consultancy, gl;{ª xf]d, 

23= of]u, Wofg, k|f0ffofdsf] k|lzIf0f 

24= h'Qf rKkn lgdf{0f, emf]nf lgdf{0f 

25= a'l6s, km];g l8hfOg, km]la|s k]lG6ª 

26= /]l8of], l6=eL, df]afOn, kmf]g cflb dd{t 

27= xf]6n, nh, /]:6'/]G6 ;~rfng 

28= n]vg M pkGof;, cfVofg, sfJo, syf, uLt, sljtf, n]v, lgaGw, kf7\ok':ts cflb 

29= uLt, ;ª\uLt, afbg, g[To, clego 

30= afa{/, Ao'l6l;og, lkm6g]; ;]G6/ 

31= ;]jf÷gf]s/L M lzIf0f, k|x/L, ;]gf, lghfdtL, 8fS6/, jlsn, kqsf/, OlGhlgo/, g;{, kfOn6, 

8«fOe/, l/S;f rfns, Po/ xf]:6]; cflb 

32= s'6fgL, lk;fgL dLn ;~rfng 

33= efiff lzIf0f÷k|lzIf0f, s]Gb| ;~rfng M cª\u| ]hL, sf]l/og, c/aL, hd{g, hfkfgL, rfOlgh 

34= ;fdlhs ;]jf, NGO ;~rfng 

35= s's, ;]km, j]6/ . 

k];f -Career_ 

k];fsf] cjwf/0ff ;dfh lj1fgdf w]/} klxn]b]lv k|of]u x'+b} 

cfPsf] xf] . k];fnfO{ JolQm jf ;d"xsf] 

lrgf/L‘cl:tTj jf pgLx¿ a:g] :yfg ljz]ifsf] ;daGw;―u hf]8]/ x]/]sf] kfOG5 . 

k];f hfgsf/L -Career informatin_ 

� lzIffsf] bz{g, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd cWoogdf cfwfl/t tyf JolQm / ;d"bfosf] ?lr clg 

cfjZostf;―u d]n vfg] x'g'k5{ .

218 

� cWoogdf cfwfl/t cfjZostf cg's'nsf] eof] eg] z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ JolQm / ;dfh 

b'j}sf nflu pTkfbs x'G5g\ . 

� k];f / >dahf/;DaGwL hfgsf/Ln] cy{k"0f{ / pkof]uL lzIff jf tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ clt 

cfjZos ;fwgsf] sfo{ u5{ . 

� k];f / >d ahf/;DaGwL Jojl:yt ;"rgf k4ltn] -I_ JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] k];f ljsf;;DaGwL 

cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;"rgf k|bfg u5{ -II_ >dahf/sf] hfgsf/L lzIffsf of]hgfsf/x¿nfO{ 

hgzlQm cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug] { z}lIfs of]hgf th'{df 

ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . /fli6«o :t/df 

:yflkt >dahf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|n] o:tf] ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . 

k];f lzIff lsg rflxof] < 

� @)@* ;fndf lzIffsf] /fli6«o of]hgf aGbfv]/L g]kfndf k];f ;"rgf / k];f dfu{lgb] {zgsf] 

cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] lyof] . 

� y'k| } cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;fGble{s / e/kbf] { k];f / >dahf/;DaGwL ;"rgf k4ltsf] 

cfjZostf cf} ―NofPsf 5g\ . 

� o:tf] ;"rgf k4ltsf] Joj:yf gx'―bf 

lzIff / tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ >dahf/;―u d]n vfO/x]sf 

5}gg\ . 

� g]kfnL o'jfx¿ k];f hfgsf/L / dfu{lgb] {zgaf6 ljd'v ePsf 5g\ . ghfgLsg / yfxf 

gkfOsg s'g 5fGg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ ;lsGg . o:tf] cj:yfdf k];f of]hgf / 5gf]6 eg]sf] 

g]kfnL o'jfx¿sf] ;+hf]u jf efUosf] v]n ePsf] 5 . 

� nfdf] ;dob]lv k];f ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] ePtf klg g]kfnsf] lzIFf If]qn] 

ljBfyL{, o'jf jf o:tf] ;"rgf cfjZos kg] {nfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . 

k];f of]hgf k|lqmof -Career planning proceess_

219 

k];f of]hgfsf cª\ux¿ -Components of career planning_ 

s_ ;+:yfut of]hgf 

� eljiosf cfjZostfx¿ 

� k];fut z[ª\vnfsf r/0fx¿ 

� JolQmsf] ;Defjgf -potentials_ sf] vf]hL -assessment_ 

� ;+:yfut cfjZostf / JolQmut cfjZostfsf] ldnfg 

� ;dGjo / k];f Joj:yfsf] k/LIf0f -audit_ 

v_ JolQmut of]hgf 

� :j–r]tgf, Ifdtf / ?lr 

� nIo, lhGbuL / sfdsf] of]hgf 

� nIo xfl;n ug{of]hgf th'{df 

� ljsNkx¿ M ;ª\u7gleq / aflx/ 

� k];f ljsf; z[ª\vnf -career ladders_ ;ª\u7g leq / aflx/ 

;ª\u7gdf k];fsf] of]hgf -Career planning in organization_ 

� ;ª\u7gn] sfdbf/af6 pRr u'0f:t/;lxtsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ck]Iff u5{ . 

� sfdbf/x¿ ;sf/fTds k|j[lQsf / ;+:yfk|lt nflu kg] { -loyality_ xf]pg eGg] rfxG5g\ . 

� sfdbf/sf JolQmut p2]Zo / ;ª\u7gsf p2]ZoaLrsf] tfnd]nn] HofldtLo pT;fx k}bf 

u5{ . 

� cfk\mgf] Ifdtf / cj;/sf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/ / ;r]t eO;s]kl5 ;ª\u7gdf JolQmn] 

cfk\mgf] ljsf; af6f] /f]Hb5g\ .

220 

k];f ljsf; -Career Development_ 

� Pp6f k|efjk"0f{ k];f ljsf; sfo{qmdn] JolQm / ;ª\u7g b'j}sf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg 

ug'{k5{ 

. 

� b'j}sf cfjZostfnfO{ p2]Zodf kl/0ft ug'{kb{5 

. 

� k];f ljsf;sf] of]hgf u/L hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmd rnfpg'k5{ . 

� k];fof]hgf / ljsf; -Career planning and development_ . 

� ;ª\u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tf / sfo{s'zntf j[l4 ug{ ;~rfng ul/g] cf}krlf/s sfo{qmd 

o;df k5{g\ . of] dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; zfvf jf ljefusf] lhDd]jf/Ldf k5{ . JolQmsf 

cfsfª\Iff -aspiration_ / k|lta4sf] uxg e"ldsf /xG5 .

221 

k];f ;d"xLs/0f -Career clusters_ 

s_ s[lif, vfB / k|fs[lts ;|f]t 

pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, ljt/0f, nufgL, s[lif k}bfjf/sf] ljsf; / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljsf; . 

v_ cfsL{6]Sr/ / lgdf{0f 

l8hfOg ug] {, Joj:yfkgf ug] {, lgdf{0f ug] { lgdf{0f If]q ;+/If0f ug] { 

u_ snf, >Job[Zo k|ljlw / ;~rf/ 

l;h{gf ug] { -creativty_ k|;f/ -exibiting_, ;Dkfbg ug] { -performing_, ldl8of ;fdu|L 

k|sfzg 

3_ Joj;fo -business_, Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g ;ª\u7g ug'{, 

lgb] {zg ug'{, 

d"Nofª\sg ug'{ 

pTkfbgzLn Joj;flos ;~rfng;―u ;DalGwt 

ª_ lzIff / tflnd 

lzIff k|bfg, tflnd / l;sfO ;xof]u ;]jfx¿ 

r_ nufgL -Finance_ 

nufgL of]hgf / nufgL, a} ―s Joj:yfkg, ladf, Joj;fo nufgL 

5_ ;/sf/ / hgk|zf;g 

;/sf/L sfo{x¿ s]Gb|, /fHo, lhNnf / :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng -hª\uL, k|x/L, 

lghfdtL, ;+:yfg cflb_ 

h_ :jf:Yo lj1fg 

lgbfgfTds, pkrf/fTds, /f]syfdd"ns ;]jf, :jf:Yo ;"rgf, afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL 

cg';Gwfg / ljsf; . 

em_ Hospitality and Tourism 

-ko{6g / cfltYotf /]:6'/]G6 / vfgf ;]jfx¿, nh ;]jf, dgf]/~hg sfo{snfk, 6«fen 

6« ]lsª cflb . 

`_ dfgj ;]jf 

dflg; / kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jf . 

6_ ;"rgf k|ljlw 

l8hfOg, ;kf]6{, xf8{j]o/ Joj:yfkg dlN6ldl8of / system integration 

7_ sfg'g / ;'/Iff 

sfg'gL ;]jf k|bfg, hg;'/Iff, /IffTds ;]jf . 

8_ lgdf{0f -Manufacturing_ 

j:t'x¿sf] cf+lzs pTkfbg jf clGtd pTkfbgsf nflu k|zf]wg sfo{ 

9_ Marketing sales and service 

;ª\u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ahf/ sfo{snfk, oftfoft, ljt/0f, 9'jfgL, ;/;fdfg / 

dflg;sf] cfjthfjt ;~rfng, ;8sdfu{, cfsfz dfu{, hndfu{, /]ndfu{ ;~rfng .

222 

k];fsf] 5gf]6 -Choosing a career_ 

k];f 5gf]6sf] klxnf] r/0f cfTdd"Nofª\sg xf] . :j–d"Nofª\sgn] lgDglnlvt kIfdf ;xof]u 

k'¥ofp―5 M 

� s] ug{ dg k5{ < -interest_ 

� s] k|fs[lts Ifdtf 5 < -aptitude_ 

� s] ug{ l;kfn' x''g'x'G5 

< -ability_ 

� tkfO{ +sf ― nflu s] dxŒjk"0f{ 5 < -Value_ 

cfTd ljsf;sf nflu Jojl:yt pkfud 

� cfk"mnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug] {, xfnsf] sfd / eljiodf rfx]sf] sfd ljZn]if0f ug] { . 

� xfnsf] cfk\mgf] IfdtfnfO{ Vofn ug] { / eljiodf xfl;n ug] { nIo n]Vg] . 

� nIo;Dd k'Ug] ljsf;fTds ky n]Vg] . 

� ug'{kg] 

{ sfdsf cª\ux¿nfO{ tfTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ldnfpg] . 

� k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df sfdsf cª\ux¿ xfl;n ug] { qmd :yflkt ug] { . 

� ;Defljt afwf / hf]lvdx¿ ;"rLa4 ug] { . 

� ltlyldlt ;lxtsf] ;doa4 sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug] { 

� k'gM ljrf/ u/L nIo÷p2]Zox¿nfO{ k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ 

. -Resonable, achievable, 

measurable, timely, eP gePsf] lglb{i6 ug] {_ 

pBdL lzIff -Enterprise Education_ 

� s]xL uxgtf, s]xL hl6ntf, s]xL hf]lvd;lxtsf] Pp6f sfd -mission_ g} pBd xf] . 

� Pp6f Jofj;flos ;+:yf, Jojl:yt lqmofsnfk dfk{mt\ nfe -profit_ tk{m pGd'v ePsf] . 

� Pp6f pBd 7"nf] Joj;flos 3/fgf jf ;ª\u7g x'g ;Sg] . b'O{ ljBfyL{ ldn]/ hf8f] ljbfsf] 

;dodf ljBfno 5]psf] c;'/lIft emf8L kmf―+8\g] 

/ bfp/f a]Rg] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ub} {5g\ eg] of] 

klg Pp6f pBd xf] . 

� Jojf;flos ;Lksf] cnfjf, sfdsf nflu lzIffn] pBdzLntf / g/d ;Lk jf ljsfp ;Lk 

-employability_ nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\5 . 

� pBdL lzIffsf] p2]Zo lgwf{l/t txsf] lzIFf k"/f u/]sfx¿ cfk\mg} pBd ;'? ug{ ;Sg] xf]pmg\ 

eGg] xf] . 

pBdzLntf -Enterpreneurship_ 

� pBdzLntf eg]sf] klxrfg ug] {, l;h{gf ug] { cj;/ 5f]k]/ sfd ug] {, k|jt{g ug] {, lg0f{o / 

sfof{/Desf] plrt ;+of]hg ug] { xf] .

223 

� To;}n] pBdL l;sfO eg]sf] cj;/sf] klxrfg u/L ;fdflhs ¿kdf cGtlq{mof ub} { pBd 

-venture_ sf] k|f/De, ;ª\u7g / Joj:yfkg ug'{ 

xf] . 

� pBdzLntfsf] snf cEof;, Joj;flos cg'ej / ef]ufOaf6 l;lsG5 . z}lIfs jftfj/0fdf 

oyfy{ cg'ej lng ;lsGg, af/]df hfGg ;lsG5 . 

� ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf pBdzLntf sxf― s;/L Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifo :yfgLo 

¿kdf cleefjsn] lng] lg0f{o xf] . 

� pBdzLntf lzIff g]kfnsf u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf a9L ;Dej b]lvG5 lsgls oL 7fp―x¿df 

Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] sd ;Defjgf /xG5 . 

pBdL lzIff -Enterprise Education_ sf cjwf/0ff 

pBdL lzIff To:tf] l;sfO xf] h;n] afnaflnsfx¿df To:tf ;Lkx¿, ;Ifdtfx¿, a'emfOx¿ 

Tfyf 36gfx¿ ljsf; ug{lt/ lgb{ ]lzt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ gj lrGts, l;h{gzLn, cu|;/ tyf 

;fd'bflos Pjd\ JolQmut Joj:yfkgdf ;kmn agfpg'sf ;fy} pgLx¿n] ug{ ] sfo{n] cfk"mnfO{ 

Joj;fo / sfo{ cj;/x¿ k|lt pGd'v u/fpg ;Sb5g\ . 

ljBfnodf cfwfl/t pBd 

� ljBfnodf cfwfl/t pBd k|efjsf/L z}lIfs ;fwg x'g\ h;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfnoaf6} 

sfdsf] b'lgof―;―u uf―l;g tof/ u5{ . 

� cfwf/e"t txb]lv g} afnsnfO{ pBdzLntfsf] kf7 ;'? ug{ ;lsG5 . cfh af6f]df ds} kf]Ng] 

afns cf}krfl/s / pBdL lzIffsf] ;fyn] ef]nL g];gn k'm8 sDkgLsf] d'Vo sfo{sfl/0fL 

-CEO_ x'g ;S5 . 

� ljBfnodf cfwfl/t pBd df]8]n pkfudn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0ftk{m pGd'v 

u/L pTkfbsTj a[l4, gof― k|jt{g, u|fxs ;]jf ;'b[9 ub} { k|lt:kwf{Tds wf/ ;Ddsf] 

;r]tgfTds cg'ej k|bfg u5{ .

gd'gf k|Zg 

!= k];f,Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf] jt{dfg kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt 

o;sf] k7gkf7gaf6 ljBfyL{df kfg{ vf]h]sf] k|efjnfO{ ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ 

. 

@= ljBfnodf pBdL lzIffk|ltsf] cfTdljZjf; / ;sf/fTds wf/0ff ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff kf7\oqmdsf l;sfOpknlAw tyf lzIf0fl;sfOsf cfwf/df 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

#= k];f ;d"xLs/0f -Career clusters_ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] pbfx/0f lbO{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

$= k];f of]hgf k|lqmof -Career planning proceess_ sf r/0fx¿nfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ 

. 

%= g/d / s8f ;Lk eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < ‖s8f ;Lkdfq ePsf] JolQm cfk\mgf] Joj;fodf ;kmn x'g 

;Sb}g .‗ of] egfO{nfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ 

. 

^= cfk\mgf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf Joj;fox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ 

. tkfO{ ―sf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] 

ljBfnodf k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlwdf 5gf]6 u/L cWofkg ug{ ;lsg] Joj;fosf ljifoj:t'x¿ 

s'gs'g x'g ;S5g\ < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 

&= sIff ^—* k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifosf] kf7\oqmdn] ;"rLa4 u/]sf Joj;fox¿sf] ;"rL 

pNn]v ub{ } tLdWo] tkfO{ ―sf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ljBfnodf k7gkf7gsf nflu cfjZos kg{ ] 

kf―rcf]6f Joj;fox¿ 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ 

. tL Joj;fox¿ 5gf]6 ul/g'sf k5fl8 /x]sf sf/0fx¿ klg 


. 

gd'gf pQ/ 

k|Zg g+ %= 

g/d / s8f ;Lk eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < ‖s8f ;Lkdfq ePsf] JolQm cfk\mgf] Joj;fodf ;kmn x'g 

;Sb}g .” of] egfO{nfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ 

. 

224 

k|fljlws 1fg 

;Lk 

;kmntf 

xfdL slt l;kfn' 9ª\un] cfk\mgf] sfd u5f} ― eGg] s'/fn] w]/} dfg] /fV5 t/ Tof] sfd xfdL 

;xof]uL jf ;]jfu|fxL jf u|fxs;―u xfd|f] ;~rf/, ;DaGw Jojxf/ s:tf] /xG5 eGg] s'/fn] emg} 

dfg] /fV5 . 

cfk\mgf nflu cfk} ―m+ cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug{ soft skills rflxG5 . tkfO{ ―n] cfh{g ug'{ePsf] 

k|fljlw 

1fg ;Lksf] s] sfd ha c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ tkfO{ ― s] sfddf bIf x'g'x'G5 eGg] yfxf lbg ;Sg' 

kb{5 . o;sf nflu Soft skills n] ;xof]u u5{ . cfk\mgf] sfd hlt;'s} d]xgtk"j{s u/]/ k|ltkmn 

lgsfn] klg o; af/]df ;DalGwt x'g] c¿ dflg;x¿;―u cfbfgk|bfg, JofVof, j0f{g, k|ltj]bg lbg], 

k|bz{g ug] { ug'{ePsf] 

5}g eg], c¿n] tkfO{ ―+nfO{ cIfd -incompetent_ 7flg/x]sf x'G5g\ . cfk"mk|lt 

soft skills

225 

c¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj -impression_ kfg{ soft skills rflxG5 . clgdfq tkfO{ ―+n] wGojfb, 

:ofaf;L, a9L cj;/, yk lhDd]jf/L kfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . 

soft skills n] k];fsf] pGgltdf dbt u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f a; rfnsnfO{ lncf} + . p;n] 

tflnd lnP/ a; rnfpg ;Sg] eP/ nfO;]G; kfof] . p;nfO{ sfd vf]Hg ca soft skills 

rflxG5 . sfd kfPkl5 klg /fd|/L a; rnfP/ dfq k'Ub}g . p;n] uf8L ;fx', sG8S6/ ofqL, 

6«flkms k'ln;, c¿ uf8L rnfpg] 8«fOe/x¿, xf]6nx¿b]lv lnP/ af6f]df 9f6 /fv]/ /sd c;'Ng] 

;Ddsf dflg;;―u Jojxf/ ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . oL Jojxf/df kl/kSj eO{ pqg nfO;]G;n] sfd ub} {g 

soft skills ljsf; ug'{k5{ 

. soft skills hlt ljsf; x'―+b} 

hfG5, 8«fOleª k];fdf v/f] plq+b} hfG5 . 

s'g} klg Joj;fo ;'? ug{sf nflu tof/ kfl/g] p2]Zo, of]hgf, sfo{ k|lqmof ;a}sf] dfgl;s 

lrGtg / clen]vLs/0f sfo{sf] ;xL klxrfg / kl/rfngsf] ;Lk g} g/d ;Lk xf] . soft skills 

eg]sf] w]/} k|sf/sf Jofj;flos -business skills_ ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . oL ;Lkx¿ ;fdfGotof 

Pscsf{k|ltsf] cGtlqm{of, Jofj;flostf tyf sfo{k|ltsf] Odfgbfl/tf Pjd\ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg 

cyjf ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g\ . 

h'g;'s} Joj;fosf] h'g;'s} txdf /x]/ sfd ug] { ePklg oL ;Lkx¿sf] cfjZostf x/]s 

JolQmnfO{ hLjgdf kb{5 . To;}n] cfhef]nL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] kf7\oqmdsf] Ps cleGg cª\usf] 

¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ soft skills ljsf; ug] { cj;/ k|bfg ub{5g\ . h;df ;~hfn lgdf{0f 

-Networking_, ;~rf/ -Communicatin_, l6dsfo{÷;xsfo{ -teamwork/collaboration_, 

;dfg'e"lt k|bz{g -Demonstrating Empathy_ h:tf ;Lkx¿df cEof; u/fpg ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . 

o;sf ;fy} Jofj;flos Odfgbfl/tfsf ;jfndf pRr g}lts cfbz{ -integrity_, pTs[i6tf 

-Optimism_ pT;fx÷pTk| ]/0ff h:tf kIfx¿ /x]sf] x'G5g\ . 

g/d ;Lk / s8f ;Lk -Soft skills and hard skills_ 

Soft skills and hard skills sf ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 M 

Hard skills M tL ;Lkx¿ h;nfO{ ;lhn} cjnf]sg ug{ / kl/df0f v'6\ofpg -quantify_ 

;lsG5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf x]bf{ hard skill l;sfpg klg ;lhnf] 5 . sIff sf]7fdf jf On the 

job 9f―rfdf l;sfpg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof hard skills leq To:tf bIftfx¿ k5{g\ h'g sfuhsf 

kfgf;―u ;DalGwt eO{ ug] { sfo{, sfd ug] { cf}―hf/ jf d]l;g;―u ;DalGwt eO{ ug] { sfo{, ljb]zL 

efiff k|of]u ug] { sfo{, personal commputer k|of]u ug] { sfo{ cflb;―u ;DalGwt 5 . 

lzIf0fl;sfOsf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] of] s8f ;Lk n] Psychomotor domain nfO{ 

d'Vo ¿kdf cl3 a9fp―5 . 

Soft skills M soft skills nfO{ slxn]sfxL― dfgj ;Lk -people skill_ eg]sf] klg kfOG5 . soft 

skills sf] kl/df0f v'6\ofpg ufx|f] 5 . logLx¿nfO{ intangible klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 Pp6f 

;xsdL{sf] soft skill p;sf] c¿;―u sfd ubf{sf] avt k|efjsfl/tfdf cfpg] k|fs[lts ;fdflhs 

Ifdtfdf emlNsG5 . 

To;}sf/0f æaf]Ng]sf] lk7f] ljS5 gaf]Ng]sf] rfdn klg laSb}g .Æ eGg] xfd|f] k/Dk/fut egfOdf 

tYo / jf:tljstf b]lvG5 lsgls s'g} klg pTkfbg ul/Psf] ;fdu|L hlt;'s} :t/Lo eP klg Tof]

226 

pTkfbgsf] :t/Lotfsf] ;DaGwdf c¿nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]df dfq c¿df 

Tof] pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfk|lt ljZjf; / cfsif{0f l;h{gf x'g hfG5 h;sf] kmn:j¿k pTkflbt 

;]jf jf ;fdu|LnfO{ pkef]Qmfn] :jLsfg{ ] / d"No r'sfpg tof/ x'g] x'G5g\ . o;/L c¿nfO{ k|efj 

kfg{ ;Sg] ;Lk g} g/d ;Lk xf] . 

To;}n] olb xfdL;―u sfd ug] { k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk 5 t/ soft skills sdhf]/ 5 eg] xfdL ;kmn 

x'g ;Sb}gf} ― . k|fljlws 1fg ;Lksf] cfk\mg} dxŒj 5 . k|fljlws ;Lkn] pTkfbg ul/g] ;]jf / 

;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ef}lts :j¿knfO{ /fd|f] agfpg ;S5 t/ Tof] slt xb;Dd sfd nfUg] / 

/fd|f] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg To;sf] af/]df ;~rf/, k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ 

cfjZos x'G5 . 

o;f] ug{ ;s]df dfq u|fxs ju{df To;k|ltsf] dxŒj tyf pkof]usf] /fd|f] ;~rf/ x'g hfG5 . 

o;af6 To; pTkfbgsf] d"No k|fKt x'G5 . of] sfo{sf nflu g/d ;Lk geO x'―+b}g 

. To;}n] 

k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk / soft skills sf b'O{ lkn/n] ;kmntf ;'lglZrt u5{g\ .

227 

cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]h 

b"/ tyf v'nfsf] kl/ro 

b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] cy{ a'e\mgsf nflu o;nfO{ lgoldt lzIff k|0ffnL;―u bf―h]/ x]g'{ 

pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fdfGotof lgoldt lzIff k|0ffnLdf egf{sf nflu k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;t{x¿ x'G5g\ . 

sIff ;~rfng tf]lsPsf] ;dodf x'G5 . kf7\qmd / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL lgwf{l/t x'G5 . o; 

k|0ffnLdf l;Sg] / l;sfpg] JolQmx¿ cfdg] ;fdg] -Pp6} :yfg / ;dodf_ /x]sf x'G5g\ . b"/ 

lzIff k4lt ;+/rgfTds tyf lgb] {lzt x'G5 . lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lglZrt dfWodaf6 

lglZrt ;dodf lzIff xfl;n ug] { k|lqmof b"/ lzIff xf] . o; k4ltdf b"/ lzIff l;Sg] / l;sfpg] 

JolQmx¿ ;fdfGotof cfdg] ;fdg] x'―b}gg\ 

. pgLx¿ km/skm/s b"/L cyf{t\ :yfg -e"uf]n_ / ;do 

-time zone_ df /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;do / b"/L afx]ssf cGo kIfx¿ b"/ lzIff k4ltdf lgoldt 

lzIff k|0ffnLsf] h:t} x'G5 . b"/ lzIffdf k|ljlw -h:t}M kqfrf/, Od]n, 6]lnkmf]g, >Jo tyf 

>Job[Zo;ef cflb_ sf] k|of]un] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] JolQmx¿nfO{ ;ldkdf NofP/ lzIf0f l;sfO 

k|lqmofsf] ;~rfng ul/G5 . 

v'nf l;sfO eGgfn] :jcWoog cyf{t\ :jlzIf0f k|lqmof eGg] a'lemG5 . v'nf l;sfOdf a9L 

nrstf x'G5 . l;sf?n] s'g} s'/f l;Sgsf nflu s], s;/L, sxf―, slxn] l;Sg] eGg] af/]df 

cfk\mgf] wf/0ff /fv]/ cfk"mnfO{ kfos kg] { / ;xh x'g] u/L sfo{qmddf egf{ x'g ;S5g\ . v'nf 

l;sfOdf egf{ x'gsf nflu k"j{lgwf{l/t ;t{x¿nfO{ w]/} dxŒj lbO―b}g . To;}n] cf}krfl/s gLlt 

lgod jf aGwgdf g/xL ;Lldt k"jf{wf/x¿sf cfwf/df cfk"m a;]sf] :yfg jf sfd ul//x]sf] 

:yfgaf6 cfk\mgf] ultcg';f/ lzIff cfh{g ug] { k4lt v'nf lzIff xf] . o; k4ltaf6 lzIff cfh{g 

ubf{ l;sf?nfO{ w]/} cj;/x¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . of] pd]/sf] lx;fan] v'nf, ;dosf] lx;fan] v'nf, 

lzIf0f ljlwsf] lx;fan] v'nf, :yfgsf] lx;fan] v'nf / l;sf?sf] ultsf] lx;fan] v'nf x'g] 

ePsfn] of] Pp6f lzIff xfl;n ug] { j}slNks k4lt xf] . t/ o;sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ lzIff 

k|bfg ug{ sl7gfO x'g] ePsfn] cfhef]nL b"/ lzIff k4ltdfk{mt\ v'nf lzIff ;~rfng x'―b} 

cfPsf] 

5 . 

b"/ l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L / nlIft ;d"xsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug] { clek|fon] ljsf; ePsf] 

b"/ lzIff k4ltdf ;d]t lxhf]cfh Jofks ¿kdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . b"/ lzIffdf l;Sg] / l;sfpg] 

kIfsf] ;do / e"uf]nsf] lx;fan] 5'§f5'§} x'g] / v'nf l;sfOdf w]/} nrstf x'g] ePsfn] 

u'0f:t/sf] k|Zg p7\g] ePsfn] lxhf]cfh v'nf l;sfOsf] nrstfnfO{ s]xL Go'gLs/0f u/L o;nfO{ 

b"/ lzIffsf d"No / dfGotf sfod} /fvL lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof ;~rfng ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o; 

gof― k4ltnfO{ v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO cyf{t\ cf]l8Pn k|0ffnL elgG5 . To;}n] lxhf]cfh b"/ lzIff / 

v'nf l;sfOsf] ax;nfO{ cGTo u/L v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfO eGg yflnPsf] 5 . 

lxhf]cfh v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOdf sfo{qmdsf ;~rfns÷;xhstf{ / l;sf?x¿ cfdg] ;fdg] 

ga;]klg sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 k/:k/df glhs cfO{ cGtlqm{of ug] { k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; 

eO;s]sf] 5 . o;/L ;xhstf{ / ljBfyL{x¿ cfdg] ;fdg] ga:g] t/ klg cfdg] ;fdg] a;] h:t} 

u/L Ps cfk; / k/:k/df s'/fsfgL tyf cGtlqm{of ug] { cb[Zo sIffnfO{ sfNklgs sIffsf]7f

228 

-Virtual classroom) elgG5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] sIff ;~rfng ug] { ljBfnonfO{ sfNklgs ljBfno 

-Vitrual School_ / ljZjljBfnonfO{ sfNklgs ljZjljBfno -Virtual University_ elgG5 . 

o:tf vfn] ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;―u} lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 . 

l;Sg] / l;sfpg] k|lqmof o'u o'u b]lv rlncfPsf] xf] . t/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;―u} o;df km/skg 

cfp―b}5 . l;Sg] / l;sfpg] tl/sfdf lxhf] eGbf cfh / cfh eGbf ef]nL km/skg cfp―b}5 . 

lxhf]sf lbgx¿df u'? / r]nf Ps} 7fpdf a;]/ l;Sg] l;sfpg] k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] hxf― 

sIffsf]7f l;sfOsf] k|d'v ynf] x'g] / lzIfs af]Ng] / ljBfyL{ ;'Gg] sfo{df cEo:t /xGy] . lzIf0f 

l;sfOsf] of] cfdg] ;fdg] k4ltnfO{ lgoldt lzIff cyf{t\ cf}krfl/s lzIff k4ltsf] gfdn] 

kl/eflift ul/of] . cfh klg lzIf0f l;sfOsf] k|d'v tl/sf of] g} dflgG5 . t/ ;dosf] 

kl/jt{g;―u} dflg;x¿sf] Jo:ttf a9g yfNof], cf}krfl/s lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ l;sf?;Dd k'Ug 

g;Sg] l:ylt cfof] To;}n] lzIf0f l;sfOdf j}slNks ljlw / k4ltx¿ vf]Hg yflnof] h;n] b"/ 

b/fhdf /x]sf l;sf?x¿nfO{ l;Sg] / l;sfpg] JolQmx¿nfO{ k|ljlwdfk{mt ;ldkdf NofP/ lzIf0f 

l;sfO k|lqmofsf] ;~rfng u/L cfk\mgf] k];f / Joj;fonfO{ sfod} /fvL k];fut Ifdtfsf] 

clej[l4 ug] { k|0ffnLsf] vf]hL ul/of] hxf― af]nfO / ;'gfO k4ltnfO{ ;'gfO / n]vfO k4ltn] 

lj:yfkg uof] { . of] gof― k4ltnfO{ b"/ lzIff elgof] . b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLdf b"/L / lzIf0f l;sfO 

k|lqmof afx]ssf cGo tf}/tl/sfx¿ lgoldt lzIff k|0ffnLdf h:t} c―uflnof] . t/ Toltn] dfq 

l;sf?sf ;d:ofx¿ ;d]6g g;s]sf] x'gfn] ljBfyL{ egf{ k|lqmof, egf{sf ;t{x¿, cWoogsf] 

;do, :yfg, d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof cflbdf nrstf ckgfO b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cem v's'nf] 

agfOof] o;/L v's'nf] kfl/Psf] k|0ffnLsf] gfdfs/0f v'nf l;sfO sfod ul/of] . o;/L lgoldt 

lzIff k|0ffnL b"/ lzIff x'―b} 

v'nf lzIfflt/ ¿kfGt/0f x'g] qmd hf/L 5 . 

OG6/g]6 nufotsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; o; If]qsf nflu j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5 . lxhf]sf lbgdf 

@)÷#) hgf ljBfyL{ k9fpg Pp6f lzIfs clgjfo{ x'GYof] eg] cfh OG6/g]6 / 6]nLlehgsf] 

k|of]u u/L k"/} ljZje/Ldf Pp6} lzIfsn] k9fpg ;Sg] cj:yf ePsf] 5 . b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf 

l;sfOsf] If]qdf cfPsf] of] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lgoldt lzIff k|0ffnLsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t b"/ 

lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof ;~rfngsf] Pp6f cleGg cª\u agfPsf] cj:yf 5 . 

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;―u} b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLn] 7"nf] km8\sf] df/]sf] x'gfn] k|ljlwdf cl3 a9]sf 

/ kl5 k/]sfx¿sf] l;Sg] l;sfpg] tf}/tl/sfdf 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . l;Sg], l;sfpg] tf}/tl/sfdf 

hlt;'s} cGt/ eP tfklg Ps} k6s w]/} JolQmx¿nfO{ k|lzlIft ug{ ;lsg], ;do / :yfgsf] 

3]/fleq ;Lldt geOsg l;sf?sf] OR5fcg';f/ l;Sg kfpg] ljz]iftf ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ b"/ 

l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] nf]slk|otf j[l4 ePsf] xf] . b"/ b/f/df a;]/ klg k];f, k9fO / sfo{ Ifdtf 

ljsf;nfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] ax';ª\Vos 

dflg;x¿sf] e'msfa o; k|0ffnLlt/ a9]sf] xf] . lgoldt lzIff x'―b} 

v'nf lzIff;Dd cfO{k'Ubf 

lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf cfPsf] of] km/skgnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

{ 

qm= ljj/0f km/skg 

;= 

lgoldt lzIff b"/ lzIff v'nf lzIff 

! kf7\oqmd k"j{ lgwf{l/t / tf]lsP k"j{ lgwf{l/t / tf]lsP l;sf?sf] dfu / 

adf]lhd x'G5 . adf]lhd x'G5 . cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug] 

u/L lgdf{0f ul/G5 . 

@ sfo{qmd lglZrt / Pp6} ;dodf l;sf?sf] dfucg';f/ l;sf?sf] dfucg';f/ 

;~rfngsf] x'G5 . 

km/skm/s ;dodf km/skm/s ;dodf 

;do 

x'G5 . 

x'g ;S5 . 

# b"/L÷:yfg lglZrt x'G5 . km/skm/s x'G5 . km/skm/s x'G5 . 

$ egf{sf] ;t{ sfo{qmddf egf{ x'gsf sfo{qmddf egf{ x'gsf sfo{qmddf egf{ x'gsf 

nflu pd]/, tyf klxn] nflu pd]/, tyf klxn] nflu s'g} klg k"j{ 

pQL0f{ u/]sf] tx tyf pQL0f{ u/]sf] tx tyf lgwf{l/t ;t{x¿ nfu" 

sIff h:tf k"j{ lgwf{l/t sIff h:tf k"j{ lgwf{l/t x'―b}gg\ 

. 

;t{ nfu" x'G5g\ . ;t{ nfu" x'G5g\ . 

% k|ljlwsf] lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df l;Sg] / l;sfpg] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] 

k|of]u k|ljlw ->Jo, >Job[Zo, JolQmx¿nfO{ ;ldkdf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;ldkdf 

OG6/g]6, dlN6ldl8of Nofpg / lzIf0f ug{ Nofpg / lzIf0f ug{ 

cflb_ sf] k|of]u l;ldt k|ljlwsf] k|of]u Jofks k|ljlwsf] k|of]u 

dfqfdf ul/G5 . ¿kdf ul/G5 . ul/G5 . t/ k|ljlwsf] 

5gf]6df l;sf?nfO{ 

^ cWoog 

dxŒj lbOG5 . 

cWoog ;fdu|L b"/ tyf cWoog ;fdu|L ;lhnf / cWoog ;fdu|L ;lhnf 

;fdu|L v'nf lzIffsf] bf―hf]df w]/} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . 

s]lx hl6n / ;Lldt 

k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . 

/ w]/} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . 

& lzIffyL{ cfdg] ;fdg] k4ltsf] ;Lldt dfqfdf cfdg] l;sf?sf] 

;xfotf x'G5 . 

;fdg] k4lt / Jofks cfjZostfg';f/ cfdg] 

k|0ffnL 

dfqfdf b"/ k4ltsf] ;fdg] k4lt / b"/ 

x'G5 . 

k4ltsf] x'G5 . 

* d"Nofª\sg k"j{ lgwf{l/t / tf]lsP k"j{ lgwf{l/t / tf]lsP k"j{ lgwf{l/t / tf]lsP 

k|0ffnL adf]lhd x'G5 . adf]lhd x'G5 . l;sf?sf] adf]lhd x'G5 . 

d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{If]qdf l;sf?sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] 

/x]/ klg ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{If]qdf /x]/ klg 

ug{ ;lsG5 . 

229

230 

b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj 

;a} JolQmx¿ lgoldt ;+/rgfsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df uP/ cWoog ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . b'u{d :yfgdf 

a;f]af; ug] {x¿, ef}uf]lns b"/Lsf] sf/0fn], cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn], cWoog / 

k];fnfO{ ;―u;―u} n}hfg rfxg]x¿, sfo{If]qdf g} a;]/ k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ rfxg]x¿, 

lgwf{l/t pd]/df ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfno txsf] lzIff cfh{g ug{ gkfPsfx¿, ljjfxsf] 

sf/0fn] lzIff cfh{g ug{ gkfPsfx¿, hLjgofkgsf nflu s'g} k];f ;dfNg' k/]sf] sf/0fn] 

lzIff cfh{g ug{ gkfPsfx¿sf nflu b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] ljz]if dxŒj /fVb5 . 

lsgeg] b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] nlIft ju{ eg]sf] g} plNnlvt sf/0fx¿n] d"n 

k|jfxLs/0f x'g af6 jl~rtx¿sf nflu xf] . z}lIfs of]Uotf j[l4 ug] { / l;sf?nfO{ sfo{ynf]df g} 

a;]/ lzIff cfh{g ug] { cj;/ k|bfg ug] {, tyf lg/Gt/ k];fut ljsf;sf nflu tflnd k|bfg ug] { 

sfo{df b"/ l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u xfd|f] h:tf] cNkljsl;t b]zb]lv cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, a]nfot, 

c:6« ]lnof h:tf ljsl;t b]zx¿df hf]8bf/ ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|f/Dedf of] k|lqmof 

pRr lzIff k|bfg ug] { sfo{df k|of]u ul/Psf] eP tfklg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw lzIffsf] 

ljsf;;―u} of] k|lqmof ljZjljBfno txsf] lzIff k|bfg ug] { sfo{af6 ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf 

;l//x]sf] 5 . 

lzIffsf] kx'―r lj:tf/ ug{ b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . pRr 

lzIffdf b"/ lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ;g\ !(&! df a]nfotsf] v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfkl5 ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . ljBfno txsf] lzIff ;g\ !(!$ df c:6« ]lnofaf6 ePsf] eP tfklg ;g\ !(() df 

yfONofG8sf] hf]lD6gdf ePsf] ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ljZj ;Dd]ngkl5 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ 

@)!% ;DDdf ;a}sf nflu k|fylds txsf] lzIff k|bfg ug] { nIo lgoldt lzIff k|0ffnLaf6 dfq 

;Dej gx'g] b]lvPkl5 pQm nIo xfl;n ug{ ljz]if ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljBfno txdf b"/ 

lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] lj:tf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] dxŒj / 

cfjZostf ;ª\If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf5g\ M 

1= sfo{qmddf egf{ x'gsf nflu k"j{lgwf{l/t ;t{x¿ gx'g', pd]/sf] xb gx'g], sfo{ynf]df a;]/ 

cfk\mgf] ultcg';f/ l;sf?n] l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg' o; k|0ffnLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . 

2= lzIffsf] kx'―r 

gk'u]sfx¿;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu o; k|0ffnLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . 

3= lzIffsf] d"nwf/af6 aflx/ /x]sfx¿sf nflu d'nk|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu of] k|0ffnL pkof]uL 

7xl/Psf] 5 . 

4= o; k|0ffnLdf l;sf?sf] ?lr, OR5f / rfxgfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg] ePsf] x'gfn] of] k|0ffnL 

nf]slk|o aGb} uPsf] 5 . 

5= o; k|0ffnLsf] nlIft ;d'bfo lk5l8Psf] ju{, b'u{d 7fp―df a;f]af; ug] {x¿, 3/ 5f8\g 

g;Sg]x¿, ljBfno jf sn]hdf lgoldt pkl:yt x'g g;Sg]x¿, k];fut ljsf; ug{ 

rfxg]x¿, k];f Joj;fo / cWoognfO{ ;―u;u} n}hfg rfxg]x¿ cflb h:tf JolQmx¿ ePsfn] 

o; k|0ffnLn] lzIff cfh{g ug] { cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . 

6= o; k|0ffnLaf6 lzIff k|bfg ubf{ Ps}k6s 7"nf] ;d'bfonfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

231 

7= o; k|0ffnL ldl8ofsf] k|of]u x'g] ePsfn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ k|f/lDes cj:yfdf vr{ w]/} 

nfUg] eP tfklg cGttf]uTjf Go"g vr{df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . 

8= o; k|0ffnLdfk{mt\ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ yf]/} hgzlQmn] w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . 

9= o; k|0ffnLsf] nlIft ju{ k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfo x'g] ePsfn] pQm ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L lgdf{0f 

ul/Psf cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿ lgoldt ;+/rgfdf cWoog ug{ rfxg]x¿sf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL 

x'G5g\ . 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffM cjwf/0ff, :j¿k / sfo{qmd 

cf}krfl/s ljBfno k4ltsf] cfw'lgs k/Dk/f k|f/De x'g'eGbf klxnf lzIff lng] lbg] k4lt k|foM 

Ps} :j¿ksf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k"jL{ k/Dk/fdf d7, u'Daf, ljxf/, cf>d, dlGb/ jf db/;f lzIff 

lng] lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfgLo k/Dk/f b]lvG5 eg] kfZrfTo hutdf rr{x¿af6 of] e"ldsf lgjf{x 

ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf k/Dk/fut lzIffnodf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿df 

Ps¿ktf geP/ ;+:yflkR5] cnucnu x'g] ub{y] eg] ltgLx¿sf] lgwf{/0f lzIff lng] JolQmsf] 

:t/, cfjZostf, ;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{cg';f/ lzIff lbg] JolQm wfld{s g]tf, u'¿, kl08t, k'hf/L 

h:tf JolQmx¿n] g} ub{y] . l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg jf k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] lgwf{/0f klg pgLx¿ g} 

ub{y] h'g cfjlws, cf}krfl/s lglb{i6 dfkb08df geP/ k|foM lg/Gt/, lzIff k|bfos JolQmsf] 

:jljj]sLo k|lqmofdf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf x'g] ub{Yof] . o; kl/kf6Ldf lzIff cf}krfl/s jf 

cgf}krfl/s egL lje]b jf ljefhg lyPg . 

o; lsl;dsf] k/Dk/fut k4ltdf k|foM vf;ju{sf] dfq kx'―r 

k'Ug], JolQmsf] ju{sf cfwf/df 

lzIffsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f x'g] / lzIffnox¿sf] lj:tf/ wfld{s ;+:yfx¿sf] OR5fdf dfq x'g] x'gfn] 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'―rleq 

;dfg lsl;dn] k'Ug ;s]g . o; cj:yfdf cfk\mgf gful/snfO{ Ps} 

lsl;dsf] lzIffsf] k|aGw ug] { bfloTj /fHon] g} lng'kg] { eof] . /fHosf tk{maf6 lzIffsf] k|aGw 

ug'{kg] 

{ ePkl5 lzIf0f ;+:yf lkR5] cnucnu :j¿ksf kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L, lzIfs / lzIf0f 

k|aGw ug'{eGbf 

Ps} :j¿ksf k|aGw ug{ /fHonfO{ ;xh x'g] eof] . lglZrt cjlwsf] l;sfOkl5 

lzIffyL{x¿df x'g'kg] { z}lIfs:t/ ;dfg kfg{ ;dfg lsl;dsf] d"Nofª\sg kl/kf6L klg /fHosf] 

tk{maf6} lgwf{/0f ul/of] / l;sfpg] JolQm lzIfssf] of]Uotf klg lglZrt ul/of] . lzIf0f:ynsf] 

k|aGw klg /fHosf tk{maf6 x'g yfNof] . o;/L l;sfpg] JolQmsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / tbg'¿k 

k|aGw, kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L, d"Nofª\sg kl/kf6L /fHosf tk{maf6 lglZrt ug] { kl/kf6Laf6 

cf}krfl/s ljBfno k4ltsf] ljsf; eof] h'g /fHoe/ k|foM ;dfg, Ps} :j¿ksf], ;dfg:t/sf] / 

Pp6} 9f―rfsf] x'g k'Uof] . /fHon] g} o;/L cfk\mgf] cf}krfl/s ultljlw / sfo{sf ¿kdf lzIffnfO{ 

lgoGq0fdf lng yfn]kl5 o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] gfdfs/0f ug{ yflnof] . 

o;/L lzIff /fHosf] d"n Joj;fosf ¿kdf :yflkt ePklg /fHosf tk{maf6 :yflkt lzIf0f ;+:yf 

/ ltgsf] z}lIfs kl/kf6Lleq ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf, To:tf lzIf0f ;+:yf :yfkgfk"j{ b]lv g} s'g} 

klg lzIffaf6 jl~rt /x]sf, :yflkt z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf cg's"n x'g g;sL aflxl/Psf 

km/s lsl;dsf l;sfO cfjZostf /x]sf JolQm tyf ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L lzIff lng] lbg] sfo{ 

/fHoaf6 :yflkt ljBfnoeGbf aflx/ klg k/Dk/fut ¿kdf / /fHos} k|of;af6 ljBfno

232 

lzIffsf] ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ rln/x\of] . o;/L ljBfno lzIff ;+/rgfleq Ps¿ksf] / o;sf] 

;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ ;d"xsf] cfjZostf, ;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{cg';f/sf] / k/Dk/fut :j¿ksf] u/L 

b'O{ lsl;dsf] lzIff lng] lbg] kl/kf6L :yflkt x'―b} 

hf―bf ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgfleq lbOg]nfO{ 

cf}krfl/s / ;f]eGbf aflx/ lbOg]nfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff egL gfdfs/0f ug{ yflnof] . o; 

v08df oxL cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pbu\d, cfjZostf, dxŒj, cjwf/0ff / :j¿k, g]kfnsf 

;Gbe{df o;sf] sfo{qmdx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;ª\lIfKtdf lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pb\ud 

cf}krfl/s lzIff k4ltsf] :yflkt k/Dk/f nfdf] ePsf d'n'sx¿df ljsl;t k|ljlwåf/f kl/jlt{t 

pTkfbg ;DaGw / hLjgk4ltsf nflu cfjZos kg] { gjLg 1fg ;Lk cfh{g ug{, klxn] k|fKt 

u/]sf] lzIffnfO{ cBfjlws u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg / ljsl;t x'―b} 

uPsf gjLg 1fg ;Lkdf 

kx'―r 

/fVg cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnL ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 eg] cf}krfl/s lzIff l9nf] ;'¿cft 

ePsf], ;a} If]q / ju{;Dd ;dtfd"ns kx'―r 

/ lj:tf/ sdL, / k|fylds lzIffdf k|j]z u/]/ ;f] 

k"/f gu/L aflxl/Psf ;d"x JofKt /x]sf] xfd|f h:tf d'n'sx¿df cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, ;fIff]Q/, 

ljBfno lzIffsf] j}slNks cj;/ lbg cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] x'G5 . o;sf 

cltl/Qm k];f, Joj;fo;DaGwL 1fg ;Lk cfh{g k"/f ug{ / To;nfO{ cBfjlws agfpg, ljsl;t 

gjLg k|ljlwn] l;h{gf u/]sf] gof― cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ / :yfgLo 1fg ;Lk / k|ljlwnfO{ 

lg/Gt/tf, k|j4{g / ljsf; ug{ klg cgf}krfl/s lzIff TolQs} cfjZostf kg] { b]lvG5 

;fdflhs lje]b sd u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug'{ 

/fHosf] bfloTj x'g cfp―5 . of] 

bfloTj k"/f ug{ lzIffnfO{ ;zQm dfWodsf ¿kdf lnOg] x'―bf 

cfk\mgf gful/ssf nflu lzIffsf 

ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . vf;u/L ck]Iffs[t l9nf] u/L cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] 

;+/rgf :yfkgf ePsf], :yflkt ;+/rgf klg pko'Qm ;dodf pknAw gePsf], o:tf ;+/rgfsf] 

lj:tf/ / ljsf;sf] sdLn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf lzIff k|fKt ug] { / 

ug{ g;Sg]aLr ;fdflhs lje]b a9\b} hfG5 h;n] ubf{ cf}krfl/s lzIff ju{e]b l;h{gf ug] { / 

To;nfO{ ;~rfng ug] { dfWod klg aGg k'Ub5 . o; l:yltdf ;dfg jf c;dfg eP/ klg cj;/ 

k|fKt ug{ ;dfg x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug] { p2]Zon] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cj;/ ck|fKt ju{nfO{ pko'Qm 

1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw k|bfg ub} { ;fdflhs d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ / hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ 

ljBfnoLo lzIffsf] ;dfgfGt/ cGo j}slNks lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;nfO{ 

cgf}krfl/s lzIff eGg] ul/G5 / cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k"/s, ;dfgfGt/ / cf}krfl/s lzIff 

k|j]zsf] dfWod klg aGg k'Ub5 . o:tf] lzIffsf] dfWod, :j¿k, ;+/rgf lzIff lng] ;xefuLsf] 

cfjZostf, l:ylt / /fHo jf k|bfossf] p2]Zocg';f/ klg x'g] ub{5 . 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj 

Psflt/ lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ kl5 ePsf sf/0fn] To; l:ylt;Ddsf JolQmnfO{ lzIffsf] 

kx'―r 

pknAw u/fpg'kg] { csf] {lt/ pknAw z}lIfs ;+/rgf cfjZostfg'¿k pko'Qm, ;'ud gx'gfn] 

cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cj;/ g} k|fKt gug] { / cj;/ k|fKt u/]/ klg Go"gtd 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf

233 

xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfb]lv cltl/Qm z}lIfs cj;/ k|bfg u/L 

/fi6« lgdf{0f, Jofkf/, Joj;fo, ;f+:s[lts cfbfgk|bfg, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s 

ljsf;df ;xeflutf / d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf nflu cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;/L 

x]bf{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xeflutf xfl;n ug{, ;xdlt ljsf; ug{ tyf JolQmsf clwsf/ 

:yflkt ug{ klg cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfjZostf kg{ hfG5 . Lind and John Ston (1991) sf] 

ljrf/df cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfjZostf lgDgfg';f/sf sf/0fn] kg{ hfg] b]lvG5 M 

a) changed power relations and class contradictions and that led to the bourgeoisie in 

power to demand a more efficient social and ideological control of the masses; 

b) changed relation of prediction whereby societal condition led to increasing 

requirement for widespread use of literacy and universal skills; 

c) demand for democracy and equal rights, such as to education, by the emerging 

working class and liberal reforms; 

d) Economic development which created pressure on the society for the wise use and 

mobilization of scores resources. 

dfly pNn]lvt ljrf/x¿sf cfwf/df cf}krfl/s lzIff cfjZostf kg] { sf/0fx¿ lgDg a'―bfdf 

pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� k|ljlwdf cfPsf] gjLg k|ljlwsf sf/0f pTkfbg ;DaGw ablnPsf] 5 h;n] ;fIf/tf ;Lksf] 

dfu Jofks agfPsf] 5 h'g ;Lk / 1fg ljgf hLjg lgjf{x / hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ sl7g x'―b} 

uPsf] 5 . 

� ;fIf/tf ;Lk ljgf cfd hgtfnfO{ /fHosf ljrf/, p2]Zo;―u kl/lrt u/fO{ /fHosf 

ultljlwdf ;xefuL / ;dflxt u/fpg sl7g x'G5 . 

� /fHosf ultljlw / zf;g ;~rfngdf ;xeflutfsf nflu cfdhgtfsf tk{maf6 bafa a9\b} 

uPsf] 5 . cfdhgtfnfO{ /fHo ;~rfngdf ;xefuL u/fpg cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf / lzIff 

ckl/xfo{ ag]sf] 5 . 

� pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ ;Lldt x'―b} 

uPsf sf/0f hLjg lgjf{x / cfocfh{gsf nflu 

pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u a'l4dtfk"j{s ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . o:tf] ;Lk / ;fdYo{ ;fIf/tf tyf 

lzIffaf6 dfq k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . 

� ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] tLj| ljsf;n] cGt/f{li6«o cGt/If]qLo / cGt/b]zLo k/lge{/tf 

a9]sf] 5 h;df ;dflxt x'g gof― 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g xfl;n ug{ 

;fIf/tf tyf cfwf/e"t lzIff / lg/Gt/ lzIff ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . 

� ;dfg clwsf/, nf]stflGqs ;dfh, ;dGofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fIf/tf ;Lk / cfwf/e"t lzIff 

;zQm dfWod x'g\ . 

� ljZjJofkLs/0f / cf}Bf]uLs/0f / k|ljlwsf] tLj| ljsf; / lj:tf/n] k/Dk/fut k];f / 

Joj;fo lj:yflkt x'―b}5g\ 

. k/Dk/fut k];f / Joj;fodf lge{/ JolQmx¿n] cfocfh{g /

234 

hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu gof― k];f / Joj;fo ckgfpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . gof― k];f / Joj;fo 

ckgfpg gof― ;Lk, 1fg / bIftf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 h'g ;fIf/tf tyf lzIffaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . 

� ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / cEof; kl/jlt{t / ;fdflhs ;DaGw kl/jlt{t x'G5g\ . tL Jojxf/, 

cEof; / ;DaGwdf cfk"mnfO{ :yflkt ug{ lzIff / ;fIf/tf ;Lk ckl/xfo{ x'G5g\ . 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff 

;xefuLx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'¿k, ;fdflhs kl/j]z, /fHo jf k|bfosx¿sf] p2]Zo cg'¿k 

lglZrt ;Lk, 1fg / Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ljBfnoLo lzIffsf] ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ ;~rflnt 

lzIffnfO{ ;fdfGotof cgf}krfl/s lzIff egL lrGg] lrgfpg] ul/G5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] 

P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 

s_ cfwf/e"t lzIff -!($^–!(^)_ 

u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ k9fO n]vfOsf ;fy} s[lif tyf kz'kfng, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO, lzz' 

x]/rfx, jrt tyf C0f, ;xsf/L h:tf ljifodf 1fg, ;Lk ljsf; ug{ ;s]df u|fdL0f k5f}6]kg, 

/f]u, ef]s, dxfdf/Laf6 5'6sf/f lbg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]rsf;fy !($^ lt/ cgf}krfl/s lzIff 

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yflnof] . ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf nflu o:tf] lzIff ckl/xfo{ 7flgPsf]n] 

o;nfO{ ;fd'bflos lzIff eGg] ul/of] . o:tf] lzIffsf ;xefuL, cf}krfl/s ljBfno lzIff k|fKt 

gu/]sf k|foM lg/If/ x'g] x'gfn] / sIff # ;/xsf] k9fO n]vfO ;Lk ljsf; ug] { p2]Zon] 

;~rflnt x'g] x'―bf 

o;}nfO{ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, cfwf/e"t lzIffsf sfo{qmdn] kl/lrt eP . 

cfwf/e"t lzIffsf dfWodaf6 ;fd'bflos ljsf; k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ljsf; 

ultljlw ;~rfng ug'{k"j{ 

cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf jf lzIffsf sfo{qmd lrGtg clxn] oBflk ljBdfg 

b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIffs} lrGtgsf] pkh dfGg ;lsG5 / oxL sf/0fn] 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff jf ;fd'bflos lzIff eg]/ lrGg] ul/G5 . 

v_ sfo{d"ns cgf}krfl/s lzIff -!(^)–!(^%_ 

!(^) eGbf k5fl8 k9fO n]vfOsf cltl/Qm cfwf/e"t ul0ftLo ;Lk ;dfj]z u/L l;sfpg] 

o:tf ;Lkdf cfwfl/tdf lglZrt k];f Joj;fo;―u ;DalGwt sfo{d"ns ;Lk 1fg ;dfj]z u/L 

lzIff lbg yflnPkl5 o:tf] lzIffnfO{ sfo{d"ns lzIff jf sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf gfd lbOof] . k9fO 

n]vfO / ul0ftLo ;Lksf dfWodn] JolQmdf sfo{d"ns ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 h'g ;Lk 

l;s]sf JolQm sfo{d"ns ;Lkdf ;+nUg x'G5g\ / cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] 

dfGotf o:tf] lzIffsf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL dfGotf cg'¿k cfhklg sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf sfo{ 

;~rfng x'―b} 

cfPsf] 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k|f/Dedf k9fO n]vfO / ul0ftLo 

;Lk l;sfOG5 / oL ;Lk l;ls;s]kl5 pgLx¿n] rfx]sf] k];f;―u ;DalGwt k|fljlws ;Lk l;Sg 

pGd'v u/fOG5 . o:tf sfo{qmdsf] clGtd tYo k9fO n]vfO / ul0ftLo ;Lk l;sfO geP/ 

JolQmnfO{ tTsfn cfod"ns Joj:ffodf ;+nUg x'g cfjZos kg] { s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, pTkfbg;―u 

;DalGwt 1fg ;Lk l;sfpg' klg x'g] ub{5 .

235 

u_ ;+r]tLs/0f lzIff -!(&) kZrft_ 

a|flhlnog lzIffljb\ kfpnf] k|m]/]sf] lrGtgdf cfwfl/t o; lsl;dsf] lzIffsf] k|d'v p2]Zo 

eg]sf] JolQmnfO{ cIf/ k9\g, n]Vg l;sfpg' geP/, ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs, cfly{s, 

/fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts lj;ª\ult, ljs[lt, zf]if0f, pTkL8g a'e\mg / kf7\o;fdu|Ldf lglxt o:tf 

cGt/lj/f]w klxNofpg / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; ug'{ 

x'g] ub{5 . k7gkf7gsf nflu 

lj1åf/f lgld{t kf7\o;fdu|L eGbf ;xefuLx¿n] cg'ej u/]sf, ef]u]sf / b}lgs hLjgsf 

;d:of;―u ;DalGwt zAbfjnLx¿ 5gf]6 u/L ;+jfb / 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 ;d:ofsf sf/0f 

a'e\mg] / ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxNofpg] lzIf0f l;sfO s]lGb|t ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . 5nkmnsf nflu 

5gf]6 ePsf d'Vo zAbfjnL (key word) ;―u ;DalGwt lrqnfO{ 5nkmnsf] dfWod agfp―b} 

;+jfbsf k|lqmofåf/f ;xefuLnfO{ lgisif{df k'Ug ;xof]u ug'{ 

o; lsl;dsf] ;fIf/tfsf] ultljlw 

x'g] ub{5 . o; lrGtgsf] k|efj t];|f] ljZjdf ;~rflnt ;fIf/tf sfo{qmddf dfq k/]g k|f}9 

lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu l;4fGtsf ¿kdf :yflkg x'g k'Uof] . g]kfndf ;~rflnt ljBdfg ;fIf/tf 

nufot cgf}krfl/s lzIff;―u ;DalGwt k|foM ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿ o;} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eO{ lgld{t 

ePsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} lzIfsn] k9fpg] ljBfyL{n] lzIfsn] k9fPsf] ;'Gg] . lstfasf tYox¿ 

l;Sg] jf 3f]Sg] lzIf0f l;sfO kl/kf6LnfO{ Banking concept egL cfnf]rgf ;d]t ub{5 h;nfO{ 

w]/yf]/ ;a}lt/ :jLsfl/Psf] klg 5 . oxL k4ltsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;fIf/tfnfO{ cfhef]ln ;a}lt/ 

;fdflhs hfu/0f, ¿kfGt/0f / zf]if0f pTkL8g lj¿4sf] cleofgsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug] { 

ul/G5 . 

pko'Qm{ tLg :j¿kdf ;~rflnt lzIff ljBfno lzIffsf cltl/Qm JolQmsf] hLjge/ rln/xg] 

x'―bf 

hLjgko{Gt lzIff (Lifelong education) sf ¿kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff lrlgG5 eg] h'g;'s} 

;d"xsf nflu pko'Qm eO{ k|f}9x¿aLr nf]slk|o x'g] x'―bf 

o;nfO{ hgd'vL lzIff (Populat 

education) klg eGg] ul/G5 / o;sf ;xefuL k|foM k|f}9 x'g] x'―bf 

k|f}9 lzIff klg eGg] ul/Psf] 

5 . o;/L cfwf/e"t lzIff, ;fIf/tf lzIff, sfo{d"ns lzIff jf sfo{d"ns k|f}9 lzIff, nf]s lzIff 

h:tf ljljlw :j¿ksf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]6g] 5ftf cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff :yflkt 

x'―b} 

cfPsf] kfOG5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff lgDgfg';f/ a'―bfdf 

k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;+oGqaflx/ / cltl/Qm ;~rflnt 

� Ps¿k / lglZrt (Rigid and uniform) geO{ nlrnf], :yfgLo kl/j]z cg's"n / 

ljljwtfk"0f{ 

� cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kl/k"/s, j}slNks, cltl/Qm, ;dsIf / JolQmsf] hLjgko{Gt rln/xg] . 

� 1fgkIfsf cltl/Qm ;Lk, ;dembf/L, ljZn]if0f Ifdtf ljsf; / ;+r]tLs/0f 

(conscientazation) nfO{ hf]8 lbg] 

� gful/s :ki6Ls/0f, ;fdflhs ;dtf / ;dGoflostf :yfkgfnfO{ ;fWo jf nIo agfpg] 

� lszf]/lszf]/L k|f}9;Dd / cf}krfl/s lzIff ck|fKt b]lv k|fKt ;d]tsf nflu ;fGble{s .

236 

cgf}krfl/s lzIff / ;fIf/tf 

cl3Nnf v08x¿df cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf cjwf/0ff cfjZostf / :j¿ksf ;Gbe{df ;fIf/tfsf 

;DaGwdf ;d]t 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿ k|foM lg/If/ x'g] 

o:tf] sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] p2]Zo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] dft[efiffdf jf /fi6«efiffdf cIf/ 

lrgfO k9\g n]Vg / ul0ftsf Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ;Lk ;d]t l;sfP/ ;fIf/ u/fpg] ePsfn] 

cgf}krfl/s lzIff / :ffIf/tfnfO{ kof{ojfrL cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf 7fGg] u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . o;} 

u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ k|f}9 lzIff klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;xefuL / sfo{qmdsf] 

lglZrt p2]Zosf cfwf/df oL b'O{aLr ;dfgtf b]lvg vf]h] klg b'j} Pp6} xf]Ogg\ . dfly elgPe} ―m 

cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;fIf/tf, sfo{d"ns k|f}9 lzIff, ljBfno lzIffsf] j}slNks / ;dfgfGt/ 

lzIff, k];fut tyf Jofj;flos tflnd, cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kl/k"/s lzIff ;a}sf] 5ftf 

cjwf/0ff xf] eg] ;fIf/tf cgf}krfl/s lzIff cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] Pp6f sfo{qmd jf 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] Pp6f :j¿k dfq xf] . 

;fIf/tf 

;fIf/tfnfO{ k|foM dft[efiff jf /fi6«efiffdf n]lvPsf cª\s cIf/ lrGg], k9\g], n]Vg] / b}lgs 

hLjgdf cfOkg] { ;fdfGo ul0ftLo ;Lk l;Sg] dfWodsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ ul/G5 h'g 

;fIf/tfsf] k/Dk/fut / ;ª\s'lrt ;f]r dfq xf] . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdsf ;xefuL k|foM lg/If/ x'g] 

x'―bf 

pgLx¿df k9fO n]vfO / ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t ;fdfGo ;Lk ljsf; ug] { Wo]o x'―bf 

;fIf/tfnfO{ 

k9fO n]vfO / ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t ;Lksf ¿kdf dfq a'e\mg' :jfefljs klg b]lvG5 . t/ ;fIf/tf 

eGgfn] Jofks If]q ;d]6\g] Pp6f ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . ;fIf/tfnfO{ 

;fdfGotof k9fO n]vfO, sfo{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtg u/L rf/ cfofdaf6 

lrgfpg] ul/Psf]n] ltgsf] 5f]6f] lrgf/L oxf― /flvPsf] 5 . 

s_ ;fIf/tf k9fO n]vfOsf] ;Lksf] ¿kdf (Literacy as technical skill) 

;fIf/tf ljljw kf6f jf cfofdx¿dWo] dft[efiff jf /fi6«efiffdf n]lvPsf cIf/, cª\s lrGg], 

k9\g], n]Vg], a'e\mg] / cfk\mgf] Jojxf/df cfOkg] { lx;fa;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf Pp6f 

cEof; xf] . To;}n] ;fIf/tfnfO{ k9fO n]vfO / ul0ft (Reading, writing and arithmetic) 

;DaGwL ;Lksf ¿kdf a'e\mg] ul/G5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;fIf/tfn] JolQmsf] ;ª\1fTds ljsf;sf 

nflu ;xof]u ub{5 . dft[efiff jf /fi6«efiffdf n]lvPsf zAb jfSo / ;fdfGo kf7\of+z (text) 

k9\g ;Sg] JolQmn] o:tf txaf6 ;"rgf, tYo, u|x0f ug{ / n]Voefiffsf dfWodaf6 cleJolQm 

;Lkklg ;fdYo{ klg a9fp―5 . dflg;sf b}lgs hLjgdf o:tf ;Lkx¿sf] pkof]u lg/Gt/ 

eO/xg'kg] { x'gfn] k9fO n]vfO;DaGwL ;LknfO{ ;fIf/tfsf] Pp6f ;Lksf] ¿kdf a'e\mg'kg] { x'G5 . 

-v_ ;fIf/tf sfo{sf ¿kdf (Literacy as tasks) 

;fIf/tfsf] of] b[li6n] ;fdfGo k9fO n]vfO / ul0ftLo ;Lk xfl;n ug'{nfO{ 

dfq ;fIf/tf 

elgb}g a¿ tL ;Lksf] pkof]u b}lgs Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf ljljw kIfdf sxf― / s;/L x'G5 / 

To;sf] pkof]u u/]/ JolQmsf] sfo{Ifdtf j[l4 / ;'wf/ ug{ sfof{Tds kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbg] ub{5 . of] 

b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ftsf ;Lksf] pkof]u u/]/ JolQmsf] sfof{Tds Ifdtf ;'wf/

237 

ug'{, 

k];f Joj;fosf 1fg ;Lk l;Sg', b}lgs sfo{x¿ l56f] 5l/tf] / pGgt tl/sfn] ug{ ;Sg] 

x'g'nfO{ ;fIf/tf leq ;d]6\g ;lsg] x'―bf 

o;nfO{ sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf eGg] ul/Psf] xf] . 

o; lsl;dsf] ;fIf/tfdf lglZrt k];f Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g] JolQmnfO{ cfjZos kg] { ;Lk 

ljsf;sf nflu ljifoj:t' / To;sf nflu ;DalGwt k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ftLo ;Lkx¿ PsLs[t 

u/L k7gkf7g ul/g5 . t/ k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ftLo ;LkeGbf k];f;―u ;DalGwt Jofj;flos 

;Lkdf ;fIf/ u/fpg] p2]Zo /flvG5 . o:tf] ;fIf/tfsf] p2]Zo JolQmnfO{ k|ToIf cfocfh{g x'g] 

/f]huf/ tyf Joj;fo ;+nUg x'g cfjZos kg] { ;Lk / 1fg l;sfpg' x'g] ub{5 . 

u_ ;fIf/tf ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtgsf ¿kdf 

;fIf/tf;DaGwL of] b[li6sf]0fn] k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ftLo ;Lk l;Sg] jf Jofj;flos ;Lksf 

cltl/Qm JolQmdf ljZn]if0ffTds ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; u/L ;dfh kl/jt{gsf k|lqmoftk{m pGd'v 

u/fpg'nfO{ ;fIf/tf dflgG5 . lzIfsn] k9fpg], l;sfpg], l;sf¿n] k9\g] lnlvt tYo, zAb / 

jfSo k9\g], 3f]Sg], n]Vg] h:tf k/Dk/fut z}lIfs k|lqmof ljkl/t o:tf] ;fIf/tfn] bf]xf]/f] ;+jfb, 

5nkmn, ax;sf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, cfly{s ;d:of, pTkL8g, zf]if0f 

a'e\mg / tbg'¿k ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ klxNofpg] ;fdYo{sf] ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . 

3_ ;fIf/tf ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf ¿kdf 

;fIf/tfsf] of] cfofdn] JolQm ;fIf/ x'g' eg]sf] cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfhsf /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng, 

k/Dk/f, d"NodfGotf a'e\mg] / tbg'¿k kf7\o;fdu|LnfO{ Jojxf/df ;'wf/sf nflu pkof]udf 

Nofpg] ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; xf] eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . o; b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ k9\g n]Vg hfGg' eg]sf] 

To;sf] k|of]u ;dfhdf s;/L, lsg / sltv]/ x'G5 eGg] hfGg' klg xf] . k9fO n]vfO hfg]/ klg 

;fdflhs hLjgdf To;sf] pkof]u ;xL gePdf ;fIf/ dfGg ;lsg] x'―b}g 

. To;}n] ;fIf/tf 

;fdflhs Jojxf/df pkof]u / ;'wf/sf nflu x'g' cfjZos 7flgG5 . 

g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s lzIff 

g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cf}krfl/s yfngL /f0ffsfndf uf]/vf etL{df l;kfxL x'g hfg 

rfxg] JolQmx¿nfO{ cª\u| ]hL k9\g / n]Vg l;sfpg yfn]kl5 ePsf] dflgG5 . o;sf ;fy} s[lif 

pTkfbg, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO, cfocfh{g h:tf ljifodf u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ r]tgf hufpg] 

p2]Zon] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng k|f/De ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k @))$ 

;fnb]lv cfwf/ lzIfs s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;+:yfut k|f/De ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . @)!! sf] g]kfndf lzIff gfds 

k|ltj]bgn] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ hf]8 lbPkl5 @)!# ;fnb]lv of]hgfa4 ¿kdf k|f}9 

;fIf/tfsf ¿kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . 

k|f/Dedf k9fO, n]vfO / cfwf/e"t ul0ftLo ;Lk l;sfpg] p2]Zon] ;~rflnt ;fIf/tf sfo{qmddf 

:jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, s[lif, jg ;+/If0f, ;xsf/L, cfocfh{g h:tf ljifodf 1fg tyf ;Lk ;d]t 

;dfj]z u/L @)@@ ;fnb]lv sfo{d"ns agfpg] k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

;fIf/tf lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/;―u @)#& ;fndf lzIff dGqfnodf k|f}9 lzIff zfvf :yfkgf 

ePkl5 o;sf kf7\o;fdu|L, k9fpg] lzIfssf] tof/L nufot cGo ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] .

238 

oxL qmddf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf lglDt ;]tL lzIff kl/of]hgfn] @)#* ;fn k5fl8 b]lv ;fljssf] 

k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf cltl/Qm lszf]/L tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L r]nLa]6L lzIff sfo{qmd 

sfof{Gjog x'g yfNof] h;sf] ljsl;t ¿k cfhef]ln ;~rflnt dlxnf lzIff k|yd / låtLonfO{ 

dfGg ;lsG5 . o;} u/L k|fylds pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sIff !–# ;/xsf] lzIff lbg] 

p2]Zon] lzIff ;bg k|yd / låtLo ;~rfng ug{ yfn]kl5 k|f}9x¿sf cltl/Qm 

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] cfk\mgf nlIft ;d"xleq ;d]6\g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . 

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] Jofkstf, sfo{qmdsf :j¿kdf b]vfk/]sf ljljwtf / 

lj:tf/;―u} ;fljssf] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf kl/jt{g u/L @)%^ ;fnb]lv cgf}krfl/s lzIff 

s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] h;n] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ub} { cfPsf] 

5 eg] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljsf;, hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu tflnd klg 

;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] 5 . 

cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, @)^# cGtu{t cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| dfk{mt xfn cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, 

;fIf/f]Q/, j}slNks tyf v'nf ljBfno / lg/Gt/ lzIffsf nflu cfocfh{g sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng 

x'―b} 

cfPsf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L o;k|sf/ 5 M 

s_ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf 

!% jif{eGbf dflysf pd]/ ;d"xsf k|f}9x¿nfO{ k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ft;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 

;fIf/tf ;Lk;―u} :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO, ;'/Iff, jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, kl/jf/ Joj:yfkg, s[lif 

pTkfbg, cfocfh{g, gful/s r]tgfsf ljifodf sfo{d"ns ;Lk / ;Gb]z lbO{ ;fIf/ agfpg 

cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf / dlxnf lzIff k|yd u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf sfo{qmd @)^$ ;fn;Dd 


cfPsf lyP . lbgsf] b'O{ 306fsf b/n] xKtfdf ^ lbg k7gkf7g u/L ^ dlxgf;Dd 

;~rfng x'g] cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tfdf ;xefuL dlxnf / k'?if b'j} x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 

lyof] eg] dlxnf lzIff k|yddf dlxnfdfq ;xefuL x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . o;}u/L dlxnf lzIffsf] 

kf7\o;fdu|Ldf dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo tyf x]/rfx, l;nfO, a'gfO, n}ª\lus lx+;f, k|hgg :jf:Yo 

h:tf ljifoj:t' ;dflji6 ul/Psf lyP . /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofg nfu" ePkl5 @)^% ;fnb]lv oL 

b'j} sfo{qmdsf] ;§f # dlxgf cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd dfq sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 

5 . 

v_ ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmd 

o; cGtu{t # dlxgfsf] k|f}9 ;fIf/f]Q/ / ^ dlxgfsf] dlxnf lzIff bf];|f] u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf 

sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/]sf dlxnf jf k'?if b'j}sf nflu # 

dlxgf cjlwsf nflu ;~rfng x'g] k|f}9 ;fIf/f]Q/ xf] eg] cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/]sf 

dlxnfsf nflu dfq ^ dlxgf cjlw;Dd ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmd dlxnf lzIff bf];|f] xf] . oL b'j} 

sfo{qmd klxn] l;s]sf ;fIf/tf tyf sfo{d"ns ;Lksf] l6sfp, lg/Gt/tf / yk lj:tf/ ug] { 

p2]Zon] ;~rfng ul/G5 .

239 

u_ j}slNks tyf v'nf ljBfno lzIff sfo{qmd 

o; cGtu{t k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmd, cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd / 

lgDgdfWolds v'nf ljBfno sfo{qmd kb{5g\ . 

c_ k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmdM ljleGg ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf sf/0f 3/a:tLaf6 

ljBfno 6f9f eO{ ljBfnosf] kx'―r 

gk'Ug] ^–* jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/j:tLdf 

g} sIff !–# ;Ddsf] lzIffsf] kx'―r 

k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng 

x'―b} 

cfPsf] 5 . glhssf] s'g} Ps ljBfnonfO{ dft[ ljBfno dfgL To;} ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf 

sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf ldnfOG5 / # sIff kZrft\ ;DalGwt dft[ 

ljBfnodf g} pgLx¿ egf{ x'G5g\ . 

cf_ cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd M ljleGg sf/0fn] pko'Qm pd]/df ljBfnodf egf{ 

eO{ k|fylds lzIffaf6 jl~rt jf k|fylds ljBfno lzIff k"/f gu/L lar}df k9fO 5f]8]sf *–!$ 

jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds sIff !–% ;Ddsf] lzIff lbg] p2]Zon] of] sfo{qmd 


cfPsf] 5 . sIff !–% sf] kf―rjif{sf] cf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmdnfO{ tLg 

jif{df k"/f x'g] u/L ;3g kf7\oqmd / To;sf cfwf/df lgld{t kf7\ok':tssf cfwf/df lbgsf] @ 

306f, xKtfdf ^ lbgsf b/n] # jif{;Dd jftfj/0fnfO{ cg's"n kg] { :yfg / ;dodf sIff 

;~rfng ul/G5 / # jif{ k"/f ePkl5 pgLx¿ sIff % sf] cGTodf lnOg] jflif{s k/LIffdf 

;xefuL x'g kfp―5g\ . 

O_ lgDgdfWolds txsf] v'nf ljBfno sfo{qmd M sIff % ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf t/ 

ljleGg sf/0fn] lgDgdfWolds txsf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g;s]sf !$ jif{eGbf dfly pd]/ 

;d"xsf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ sIff ^–* ;Ddsf] lzIff lbg] p2]Zon] of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'―b} 

cfPsf] 5 . sIff ^–* sf] tLgjif{sf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ b'O{ jif{df k"/f ug] { u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 

kf7\oqmd / To;sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf kf7\ok':tssf cfwf/df k|ltlbg @ 306f xKtfdf ^ 

lbg u/L @ jif{;Dd lgDgdfWolds txsf sIff ;~rflnt ljBfnodf g} k7gkf7g x'G5 / sIff 

* sf] cGTodf ;~rflnt lhNnf:t/Lo k/LIffdf cGo ljBfyL{ ;/x ;xefuL x'g'kg] { x'G5 . 

3_ cfocfh{g sfo{qmd 

cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf / ;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff k"/f u/]sf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf 

gj;fIf/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfocfh{gdf ;+nUg u/fO{ hLjg:t/ p7fpg] p2]Zon] of] sfo{qmd 

;~rfng ul/b}― cfPsf] 5 . of] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g ( hgf dlxnfx¿ ldnL ;d"x u7g u/L 

;d"xdf ug{ rfx]sf] :yfgLo k];f Joj;fodf 5gf]6 ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . ;d"xn] ug{ rfx]sf] k];f 

Joj;fo 5gf]6 u/L k|:tfj u/]kl5 To:tf ;d"xsf gfpdf k];f Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu aLp 

k" ―hL :j¿k Psk6s b;xhf/ ¿k}of― pknAw u/fOG5 h;df ;d"xsf tk{maf6 klg /sd hDdf 

x'G5 . o;/L hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 ;d"xn] cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] k];f Joj;fo ;~rfng ug] { / To;af6 

cflh{t /sdaf6 lgoldt art ug] { ub{5g\ . art x'g] /sd ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ C0f lbg] 

ub{5g\ . /f]h]sf] k];f Joj;fo ;~rfng;DaGwL ;Lk ljsf; tflnd klg k|bfg ul/G5 . o:tf] 

sfo{qmdaf6 cfk"mn] hfg]sf] k];f Joj;fo ckgfpg, lgoldt cfocfh{g ug{, lgoldt art ug{

240 

dbt k'Ub5 eg] ;fd"lxs k];f Joj;fo / jrt tyf C0f kl/rfng;DaGwL ;Lk ljsf; klg x'g 

k'Ub5 . 

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf If]qdf ck]lIft pknlAwx¿ 

� ;fIf/ / gj;fIf/x¿nfO{ ;zQmLs[t x'g] / pGgt hLjgofkgsf nflu ;3fp k'Ug] tfls{s 

ljsNk;lxtsf] ;"rgf tyf ;Lkdf kx'―r 

k'u]sf] 

� pGgt k4ltdf Ifdtf;lxtsf] ;+:yfut l;sfOsf] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 

� !)%) cf]6f ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;~rfng ePsf] 

� ;fIf/tf / lg/Gt/ lzIff dfk{mt sl/a ;ftnfv o'jf tyf k|f}9x¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;Lk 

xfl;n u/]sf] 

� :yfgLo efiffsf l;sfO sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf] 

plNnlvt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ to u/]sf gLltx¿ 

� k|f}9 ;fIf/tf;DaGwL nIo xfl;n ug{ ljBdfg cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLltn] @)^# n] cjnDag 

u/]sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo txsf] ;zQmLs/0f, /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;―usf] 

;fe]mbfl/tf / ;xsfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf 

� /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:t/df ;fe]mbfl/tf / ;xsfo{sf jt{dfg cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljBdfg 

;fIf/tf, ;fIf/f]Q/ nufotsf cGo j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmdx¿sf] lj:tf/ / ltgsf] ;'b[9 

ljsf; 

� :yfgLo :t/df cgf}krfl/s lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog 

plNnlvt gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;+oGq / /0fgLltx¿ 

� ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| / ;|f]ts]Gb| / oL b'O{aLrsf] sfo{d"ns ;dGjo 

� /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf eft[ ;ª\u7g, k];fut ;d"x / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaLrsf] ;~hfn 

lgdf{0f / ;dGjo 

� :yfgLo tx uflj;, gkfsf j8fb]lv lhNnftx;Ddsf] e/kbf] { ;"rgf e08f/ (Data Bank) / 

To;sf] k|jfx 

� cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu uflj;÷gkf / lhNnf:t/;Ddsf] lhDd]jf/ ;+oGq nIo;lxtsf] 

lhDd]jf/L ls6fg / logsf] Ifdtf ljsf; 

� :yfgLo lgsfodf of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog 

� :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf j[l4, k|fljlws ;xof]u / cg'udgsf nflu pko'Qm lgsfo 

1= >Jo tyf >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro / o;sf] k|of]u 

lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfdg] ;fdg] a;]/ ul/g] 

5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf]

241 

qmddf ckgfOg] lqmofsnfkx¿df k|of]u, k|bz{g, cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/n] dfq lgwf{l/t 

l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'―b}g . Psflt/ ;a} ljifoj:t'x¿sf] af/]df k|of]u tyf 

k|bz{g u/]/ b]vfpg ;Dej x'―b}g 

eg] csf] {lt/ sltko ljifoj:t'x¿ h:t}M af9L klx/f], cfunfuL, 

e"sDk, Hjfnfd'vL, On]S6«f]g ljGof;, sf]if leq x'g] lqmofsnfkx¿, k[YjL / o;sf] agfj6, ;"o{, 

rGb|df u|x, tf/f tyf tf/fd08n, ;dfh kl/jt{g ug] { qmflGtx¿ cflbsf af/]df l;sf?nfO{ 

wf/0ff :ki6 ug{sf nflu u/]/ l;Sg] u/L lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej x'―b}g 

. 

o:tf] cj:yfdf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{sf nflu 36gf 36]sf] 

a]nf s}b ul/Psf b[Zox¿ pkof]uL x'G5g\ . To;f] ug{ ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf Plgd];g k|of]u u/L 

lgdf{0f ul/Psf rn b[Zox¿ pkof]uL x'G5g\ . 

;fdfGotof ;'Gg ;lsg] ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ >Jo ;fdu|L elgG5 eg] ;'Gg / x]g{ ;lsg] ;fdu|LnfO{ 

>Job[Zo ;fdu|L elgG5 . Ps}k6s w]/} >f]tf;Dd k'Ug' k/]sf] v08df >Jo tyf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L 

Hofb} g} pkof]uL dflgG5g\ . lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] /]l8of] kf7x¿ ljsf; 

u/L /]l8of] tyf PkmPdaf6 k|;f/0f ubf{ Ps} k6s 7"nf] ;d'bfo;Dd k'Ug ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;}u/L 

>Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f u/L 6]nLlehgaf6 k|;f/0f ug] { xf] eg] b]ze/L dfq xf]Og ;Dk"0f{ 

ljZje/L g} Ps}k6s k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{df 

OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug] { qmd lbgfg'lbg a9L /x]sf] 5 . lzIf0f l;sfOdf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]un] pQm 

sfo{nfO{ hLjGt agfp―5 . plNnlvt sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf >Jo tyf 

>Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u Hofb} g} pkof]uL / ;fGble{s aGb} uPsf] 5 . 8]n -Dale_ n] ;g\ !(^) 

sf] bzsdf nfdf] ;do;Dd cWoog u/L lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf >Jo tyf >Job[Zo 

;fdu|Lsf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf Pp6f gd'gf agfPsf 5g\ . sl7g ljifoj:t' a'e\mg / ;Demgsf 

nflu of] df]8n Hofb} g} pkof]uL dflgG5 . 8]nn] agfPsf] pQm df]8n oxf― k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

Fig : Dale's Cone of Experience (Source: http://www.teacherworld.com/potdale.html) 

lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf >Jo tyf >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]lutf plNnlvt lrqn] k|:6 

kfb{5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ul/g] ax'pkof]uL s]xL >Jo tyf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L / 

logLx¿sf] k|of]usf] af/]df oxf― ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 

s_ >Jo Sof;]6 

>Jo Sof;]6df cufl8 hfg], k5fl8 hfg] / /f]Sg] ;'ljwf x'G5 . o;df kf7\oj:t'nfO{ 

;/nLs[t u/L gf6sLo 9ª\udf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . Wjlg k|efj (Sound effect) / jf:tljs 

Wjlgsf] k|of]un] >Jo Sof;]6nfO{ hLjGt agfp―5 . ;dLs/0f, >Jo, tflnsf / Plgd];g ul/Psf 

lrqx¿sf] lj1fg k|ljlw lzIf0fdf 7"nf] dxŒj x'G5, h'g >Jo Sof;]6af6 a'e\mg sl7g x'G5 . of] 

242 

20 % of what they hear 

50 % of what 

they hear and 

see 

70 % of 

what they 

say and 

write 

90 % of 

what 

they do 

People generally remember 

10 % of what they read 

30 % of what 

they see 

Learning outcomes 

Define Describe 

List Explain 

Demonstrate 

Apply 

Practice 

Analyze 

Design 

Create 

Evaluate

243 

kIf >Jo Sof;]6sf] sdhf]/ eP tfklg Ps k6s ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; u/] kl5 cfk'mnfO{ rflxPsf] 

;ª\Vofdf hlxn] klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 of] g} o;sf] ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . 

v_ b[Zo Sof;]6 

b[Zo Sof;]6df >Jo / b[Zo b'j} x'g] ePsfn] of] dfWod 5fkf dfWodeGbf w]/} g} zlQmzfnL 

/ pkof]uL dflgG5 . kf7\oj:t'nfO{ gf6sLs/0f k|bz{g / Plgd];g u/]/ ;lhn};―u k|:t't ug{ 

;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] s[:6 / cd"t{ ljifoj:t' lzIf0f ug{sf nflu b[Zo Sof;]6 w]/} g} pkof]uL 

dflgG5 . k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfk, k|fs[lts 36gfqmd k|fs[lts k|sf]k h:t} e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], 

Hjfnfd'vL, ;fdflhs qmflGtsf b[Zox¿, pBf]u wGbfsf] k|bz{g cflb b[Zo Sof;]6df s}b u/L 

lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ubf{ kf7\j:t' a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . 

u_ /]l8of] kf7 k|;f/0f 

b"/ b/fhdf /x]sf nfvf} ;|f]tf;Dd Ps}rf]6L k'Ug ;lsg] ePsfn] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf 

/]l8of] kf7 k|;f/0fsf] ljz]if dxŒj 5 . kf7\oj:t'nfO{ gf6sLs/0f / JofVofTds 9ª\un] k|;f/0f 

ug{ ;Sg' /]l8of]sf] ljz]iftf xf] . lj1, ljz]if1 tyf ljleGg tx / tKsfsf JolQmx¿;―u lnOPsf] 

cGt/jftf{ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] /]l8of] kf7sf] k|;f/0f pkof]uL dflgG5 . 

t/ /]l8of] kf7 k|;f/0fsf] ;do, /]l8of] kf7 k|;f/0fdf l;sf?n] cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ cl3kl5 ug{ 

gkfpg], Pp6f kf7 ;'Gg 5'6]df csf] { kf7 a'e\mg sl7g x'g], k|;f/0f vr{ dxª\uf] x'g] /]l8of] 

kf7x¿ k|:6 g;'lgg], /]l8of] kf7df af]Ng] snfsf/sf af]nLsf] ult s;}sf] Hofb} l56f] x'g] 

ePsfn] l;sf?nfO{ l6kf]6 ug{ ;d:of x'g] h:tf] Jofjwfgx¿ cfp―5g\ . lxhf]cfh /]l8of] kf7 

k|;f/0fsf] sfo{ PkmPdaf6 ug] { qmd a9L /x]sf] 5 . k|;f/0f d"No dxª\uf] x'g], >Jo kf7 k|;f/0f 

:ki6 g;'lgg] nufotsf ;d:of lbglbg} a9\b} uPsf] Pkm=Pd= k|;f/0fn] qmdzM xn ug{ yfn]sf] 

5 . 

3_ 6]lnlehg 

6]lnlehg k|;f/0fdf >Jo / >Job[Zo Sof;]6 b'j}sf] ;'ljwf x'g] ePsfn] of] dfWod w]/} g} 

pkof]uL dflgG5 . National Geography, Discovery Channel / Animal Planet h:tf 

6]lnlehg Rofgnaf6 k|;f/0f ul/g] ;fdu|Lx¿ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf nflu Hofb} g} 

pkof]uL / e/kbf{ dflgG5g\ . lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{n] lj1fgsf k|lqmof / lqmofsnfkx¿ cfk\mg} 

cf―vfn] k|ToIf x]/]/ l;Sg tyf cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg] ePsf] x'gfn] 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f k|efjsf/L 

7flgP tfklg k|;f/0f ;do, 6]lnlehgsf] pknAwtf k|;f/0fdf b]lvg] ;d:of, ljB't cflbsf] 

sf/0fn] ;a} vfn] / ;a} If]qsf ;|f]tfx¿nfO{ 6]lnlehg kf7 k|;f/0fn] ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . t/ klg 

k|fs[lts ¿kdf 36]sf ljleGg 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/g] o:tf >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿n] 

ljBfyL{nfO{ sl7g ljifoj:t' a'e\mg / :d/0f ug{sf nflu Hofb} g} k|efjsf/L x'g] s'/f cg';Gwfgn] 

b]vfPsf] 5 . 

ª_ >Jo 5fkf (Audio Vision) 

>Jo Sof;]6 / d'lb|t kf7\oj:t'nfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug] { u/L 

lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kf7\oj:tnfO{ >Jo 5fkf (Audio Vision) elgG5 . >Jo / d'lb|t ;fdu|L

244 

Kofs]hsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ af―l9g] ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] OR5fcg';f/ 

pQm ;fdu|LnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] ;fdu|Ldf ljBfyL{n] Sof;]6 ;'Gg] / 5fkf ;fdu|Ldf 

pNn]v ul/Psf lqmofsnfk Pskl5 csf] { qmdzM ug] { Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . 

r_ b[Zo 5fkf 

lel8of] Sof;]6 / d'lb|t ;fdu|LnfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 

;fdu|LnfO{ b[Zo 5fkf (Video Print) ;fdu|L elgG5 . b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] Sof;]6 / d'lb|t ;fdu|L 

Kofs]hsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . l;sf?n] $–% ldg]6 Sof;]6 x]/]/ d'lb|t ;fdu|Ldf pNn]v 

ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . l;sf?nfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s l;Sg oL ;fdu|Lx¿ pkof]uL 

x'G5g\ . b[Zo Sof;]6df x]b} { d'lb|t ;fdu|Ldf lbOPsf] lgb] {zgcg';f/ lqmofsnfkx¿ ubf{ ljBfyL{n] 

;fdfGo ljifoj:t' b]lv lj1fg / k|ljlwsf hl6n ;d:of / l;4fGtx¿ ;d]t ;lhn};―u a'e\mg 

;Sg] ePsfn] o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu Hofb} k|efjsf/L dflgG5g\ . 

5_ dlN6ldl8of 

dlN6ldl8of eGgfn] Ps eGbf a9L ldl8ofsf] k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lzIf0f l;sfO 

;fdu|L eGg] a'e\mg' kb{5 . dlN6ldl8ofdf d'lb|t, Wjlg, Plgd];g u|flkmS; Ps};fy /flvPsf] x'G5 . 

Pp6} l;8Ldf y'k| } kf7\oj:t' ;d]6\g ;lsg], Pskl5 csf] { lqmofsnfk ug'{kg] 

{, Plgd];gsf] sf/0fn] 

k|of]ufTds / cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ hLjGt x'g] ePsfn] dlG6ldl8of l;8L k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL 

eP tfklg ;L=8L x]g{sf nflu sDKo'6/sf] cfjZostf kg] { ePsfn] ;a} 7fp― / :t/sf l;sf?sf 

nflu of] ;fdu|Ldf kx'―r 

;lhnf] eg] 5}g . 

h_ OG6/g]6 

lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos kg] { d'lb|t, >Jo, >Job[Zo tyf rnb[Zo -animation_ h:tf 

kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ ljleGg j]e;fO6df /ffv]/ OG6/g]6 dfk{mt kf7\o;fdu|L lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] 

sfo{:yn tyf 3/;Dd If0fe/d} k'¥ofpg ;lsg] of] k|ljlw cToGt cfw'lgs / e/kbf] { 5 . 

OG6/g]6df w]/} k|sf/sf ;'ljwfx¿ x'G5g\ . OG6/g]6df pk/f]Qm kf7\o;fdu|L, :jfWoog ;fdu|L / 

;|f]t;fdu|Lsf cltl/Qm Od]n, Rofl6ª, >Job[Zo ;ef ;~rfng ug] { ;d]t ;'ljwf /x]sf] x'G5 . 

Od]naf6 kf7\o;fdu|L cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf cltl/Qm lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{ lbg] / ljBfyL{n] 

u[xsfo{ u/]/ d"Nofª\sg tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu lzIfsnfO{ k7fpg] ;'ljwf /x]sf] x'G5 . Od]n 

tyf km];a's v]n]sf] a]nf cfk\mgf] ;fyL tyf lzIfs;―u k|ToIf n]v]/ s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . 

To;}u/L Skype df vftf vf]n]/ k|ToIf ¿kdf cfdg] ;fdg] eO ;fyL tyf lzIfsx¿;―u ¿kdf 

>Job[Zo ;ef ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . 

ljZjsf] Pp6f s'gfdf a;]/ ;+;f/e/Lsf cfk\mgf ljBfyL{;Dd ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg] of] k|ljlw 

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf of] ztfAbLs} ce"tk"j{ pknlAw xf] . ljsl;t b]zx¿df pRrtd lzIf0f 

l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf o;nfO{ k|of]u ug] { ul/P tfklg xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf >Job[Zosf kf7\of+z 

OG6/g]6dfk{mt cWoog ug{ r'gf}tL eP tfklg d'lb|t / >Jo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]ustf{x¿ qmlds 

¿kdf a9L /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf of] dfWodsf] nf]slk|otf lbgfg'lbg 

al9/x]sf] 5 .

em_ df]afOn kmf]g 

lxhf]cfh lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk / lzIfsx¿sf] k];fut Ifdtf j[l4 ug{sf nflu df]afOn 

kmf]gsf] k|of]u lta| ¿kdf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . Psflt/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/sf] rfh{ 

3l6/x]sf] 5 eg] csf] {lt/ k|ljlwdf ePsf] lta| ljsf;n] o;sf] nf]slk|otf a9]sf] xf] . df]afOn 

kmf]g lsGgdf ;:tf] 5, af]s]/ lx―8g ;lhnf] 5 . o;af6 PkmPd ;'Gg, P;PdP; k7fpg, kmf]6f]x¿ 

k7fpg, b[Zo ;fdu|L lvRg, OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lhn} ;lsG5 . y|L hL df]afOn kmf]gsf] 

;]6af6 t kmf]g ug] { JolQmx¿sf] cg'xf/ ;d]t x]g{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] df]afOn kmf]gn] Ps 

lsl;dn] sDKo'6/df g} kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug{, 

l6p;g k9fpg, l;sfO tyf k];fut ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfa ;Nnfx lbgsf nflu of] ;fwg Hofb} 

g} pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L ;fljt ePsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zsf] ;jfndf eg] lzIf0f l;sfO 

lqmofsnfk / lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf] sfo{df df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u vf;} ePsf] kfOPsf] 

5}g . 

`_ l8lh6n Sofd/f 

kmf]6f] lvRg tyf b[Zo ;fdu|L lvRgsf nflu l8lh6n Sofd/fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . s'g} :yfgdf 

36]sf 36gfx¿, lqmofsnfkx¿, lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ePsf pTs[i6 cEof;x¿sf] kmf]6f] 

tyf b[Zo ;fdu|L lvr]/ sDKo'6/df /fvL LCD sf] ;xfotfn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b]vfpg 

;lsG5 . o;f] ugf{n] Psflt/ lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f ;fdu|L vf]Hgsf nflu 7"nf] ldx]gt u/L /xg' 

kb} {g eg] csf] {lt/ ljBfyL{x¿n] 36]sf 36gfx¿ tyf u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] af:tljs ¿k 

cjnf]sg u/L cfk\mgf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfb{5g\ . To;}n] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfOdf l8lh6n Sofd/fsf] 

k|of]u ug] { qmd lxhf]cfh lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 . 

2= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] lzIff If]qdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} k|of]u x'―b} 

cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;"rgf 

tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|of]u / pkof]uLsf] cfwf/df k'/fgf / cfw'lgs u/L 

b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 . kqfrf/, 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg h:tf ;fwgnfO{ ;"rgf tyf 

;~rf/sf] k'/fgf ;fwg elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6, >Job[Zo ;ef, dlN6ldl8of, ;]6fnfO6 

6«fl:d;g cflbnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] cfw'lgs ;fwg elgG5 . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] 

k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu lzIfs 

tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] sfo{ynf] 5f]8g'kg] { cj:yf 5}g . cfk\mgf] sfo{If]qdf a;]/ g} OG6/g]6sf] dbtn] 

245 

sfNklgs sIffsf]7f -Virtual clsssroom_ dfk{mt lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf 

sfo{qmdx¿ ;xh ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;―u} lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{df y'k| } ljlw tyf tf}/tl/sfx¿sf] hGd ePsf] 5 . 5fkf, 

>Jo, >Job[Zo, >Jo–5fkf, >Jo b[Zo 5fkf, dlN6ldl8of / j]a ;fO6, >Jo ;ef, >Job[Zo ;ef 

h:tf ljljw k|sf/sf dfWod k|of]u u/L km/skm/s lsl;dsf tf}/tl/sf k|of]u u/]/ ljleGg 

lqmofsnfkx¿ ub} { l;sf?n] l;Sg kfpg] ePsf] x'gfn] g} lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 

ljz]if ¿kdf dxŒj a9]sf] xf] .

246 

k"j{k|flyldsb]lv pRr tx;Ddsf] lzIffdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / dxŒj kx'―r 

a9fpg, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{, lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/f 

lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fx¿n] k'li6 ub{5 M 

1= /]l8of] kf7÷>Jo kf7sf] k|of]u u/L lzIfssf nflu sfo{If]qdf a;]/ Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd 

/ ljBfyL{sf nflu cWoog ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

2= 6]lnlehgsf] k|of]u u/L uxg tyf lSn:6 kf7x¿sf] >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; u/L lzIfs 

tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

3= sDKo'6/sf] tyf OG6/g]6nfO{ k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;, ljifj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f, lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] 

Joj:yfkg, lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng tyf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 . 

4= dlN6ldl8ofsf] k|of]u u/L PsLs[t ¿kdf >Jo, >Job[Zo tyf sDKo'6/÷OG6/g]6sf] 

k|of]uaf6 lzIfssf] k];fut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cWoog ;fdu|L pknAw 

u/fpg ;lsG5 

lzIf0f l;sfO / k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{df cfw'lgs ;dfhdf pknAw 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ;a} ;fwgx¿ h:t} OG6/g]6, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], kqfrf/, j]adf 

cfwfl/t lzIf0f, lel8of] 6]lnsGkm/]lG;ª, sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t ;~rf/, ;]6fnfO6 6«fl:d;g, 

lel8of] sf];{, CD-ROMs, lel8of] 6]k cflb k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df plNnlvt 

;a} ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 eg] ljsf;f]Dd'v b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfw'lgs 

;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u Go"g ¿kdf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf plNnlvt 

;fwgx¿dWo] kqfrf/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t lzIf0f / dlN6ldl8ofsf] cf+lzs 

¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 eg] j]adf cfwfl/t lzIf0f, 6]lnsGkm/]lG;ª, ;]6fnfO6 6«fl:d;g, 

lel8of] sf];{ cflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lv―b}g . 

lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kg] 

{ sf/0f tyf cfjZostf 

y'k| } x'g ;S5g\ tLdWo] s]xL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 

1= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L yf]/} lzIfsx¿ eP klg w]/} ljBfyL{sf] kx'―rdf 

k'Ug 

;lsG5 . 

2= lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mgf] 3/ tyf sfo{ynf]df g} a;]/ cfk\mgf] k];fut Ifdtfsf] 

ljsf; ug{ tyf cWoog cWofkg sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ . 

3= lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{n] cfk\mgf] k];f 

Jofj;fo / cWoognfO{ ;―u;―u} n}hfg ;S5g\ . 

4= of] k|0ffnL vr{sf] b[li6n] lskmfotL 5 lsg eg] Ps k6s ;fdu|L tof/ u/L ;+/rgf tof/ 

u/] kl5 pQm ;fdu|L k6sk6s nfvf}― lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

pQm sfo{ ug{sf nflu vf;} yk ah]6sf] cfjZostf kb} {g .

247 

5= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ljZjsf] s'g} Ps :yfgdf ag]sf] lzIf0f 

l;sfO ;fdu|L OG6/g]6 tyf ;]6]nfO6 6]lnlehg k|of]u u/L If0f e/df g} k'/} ljZje/Lsf 

lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kx'―rdf 

k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . 

6= OG6/g]6 k|ljlwdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ k|ultn] ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO / cWoog cWofkgnfO{ Hofb} g} 

;xh agfOlbPsf] 5 . s'g} klg l;sf?n] cfk"mnfO{ sl7g nfu]sf] ljifoj:t'sf af/]df yk s'/f 

hfGg'kg] { ePdf lagf u'? Google nufotsf] Search engine df uP/ cfk\mgf] ;d:of n]v]df 

To;sf] tTsfn pQ/ kfOG5 . o;sf nflu l;sf?n] s'g} z'Ns ltg'{ 

kb} {g . 

3= sIff lzIf0f l;sfO;“u ;DalGwt ;"Id sfo{d"ns vf]h tyf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg Psk|sf/sf] k|fof]lus Pjd\ lg0f{os]lGb|t cg';Gwfg xf], hxf― z}lIfs 

sfo{qmddf sfo{/t JolQm jf JolQmx¿af6} cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L sfo{ / cg';Gwfg 

Pp6} JolQmn] ug{ ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg elgPsf] xf] . z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf 

;+nUg JolQmx¿af6} cfk\mg} sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf hf―r u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g] o;k|sf/sf] 

cg';Gwfgn] l;4fGt / 1fgsf] k|ltkfbgdf eGbf klg sfo{If]qsf tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgdf 

a9\tf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lzIffljb\, lzIff k|zf;s, of]hgfljb\ / 

lzIfsx¿n] ug{ ;S5g\ . ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsx¿n] ljBfno jf sIffdf ljBdfg 

;d:of klxNofpgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5g\ h'g a9L Jofjxfl/s / 

sfo{d"ns x'G5 . o;df lzIfs :jod\n] cg'ej u/]sf, ef]u]sf ;d:ofx¿af/] ljrf/ u/L 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf dfWodaf6 z}Ifl0fs ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkdf 

;'wf/ Nofpg / k7gkf7gsf nflu pko'Qm pkfo jf tl/sfx¿ klxNofpg sfo{d"ns 

cg';Gwfgn] dbt k'¥ofp―5 . t;y{ ljBfnosf ;Gbe{df lzIfs :jod\n] cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfgsf] 

lgisif{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . tfTsfnLs 

;d:of klxrfg / ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn] sIffsf]7fsf] jf:tljs ;d:of klxrfg u/L 

;dfwfgsf lglDt of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] of]hgf ug] {, sfo{ ug] { / jf:tljs tYo kQf nufpg] sfo{ u5{ . of] 

To:tf] cg';Gwfg xf] h;df ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfk\mgf ;d:ofx¿sf] cWoog cfk} ―m u5{ / ;'wf/ 

ug] { sfo{ x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gk|lt cfslif{t ug] { k|lqmofsf ¿kdf klg lng] 

ul/G5 . of] Pp6f :jod\ k|ltlalDat x'g ul/g] vf]hsfo{ xf] . o;df ;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] 

sfdsf] k|lqmofsf] cg';Gwfg u5{g\ . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ljrf/0fLo kIfx¿ 

� sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] s]Gb| laGb' eg]sf] cfk"m / cfk"maf6 ;Dkflbt x'g] sfdx¿sf] pknlAw 

xf] . 

� sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf cfk} ―måf/f ;Dkflbt sfddf cfPsf r'gf}tLx¿ cWoog u/L ;dfwfgsf 

pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/G5 .

� d sxf― 5' eg]/ sfo{sf] yfngL ul/G5 . 

� ;Dkfbg ul/cfPsf sfo{x¿sf] ;'wf/ ug{ sf]l;; ul/G5 . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cf}lrTo 

lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] lzIf0f sfo{df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug] { u5{g\ . vf;u/L 

sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L tL ;d:of;dfwfg ug{sf 

nflu lzIfsn] cg';Gwfg k|Zg tof/ u/L k|Zgsf] pQ/ klxNofpg k|:tfjgf tof/ u5{g\ . pQm 

k|:tfjgfcg';f/ sfo{ u5{g\, cjnf]sg u5{g\, Reflective journal tof/ u5{g\, c¿;―u cg'ej 

cfbfg k|bfg u5{g\ . sfo{df lgvf/tf gcfP cem of]hgf tof/ u/L cl3 a9\5g\ . lzIfsn] 

vf;u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug] { u5{g\ M 

� d d]/f ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOk|lt s;/L clek| ]l/t ug{ ;S5' < 

� ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a9L ljZn]if0ffTds tyf l;h{gfTds aGg d s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' < 

� d s;/L l;4fGtnfO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] cEof; (Practice) ;―u hf]8\g ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' < 

� d 7"nf] sIffdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s;/L ;lqmo / k"0f{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;S5' < 

� ljBfyL{x¿ d]/f] sIffdf lsg r'k nfu]/ a:5g\ < k|Zg ;f]Wg] tyf cGtlqm{of ug{ ?rfp―b}gg\ < 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0fl;sfO ubf{sf] cg'ej, d'2f, r'gf}tLx¿sf af/]df 

k|Zgx¿;―u} ;'? x'G5 . of] Pp6f k|ltlalDat k|lqmof xf] h;n] lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfOsf 

kIfx¿sf] hf―r ug{ tyf vf]h ug{ ;fy} ;'wf/ / kl/jt{gsf lglDt sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . h'gs'g} 

lzIfs h;n] lzIf0fl;sfOsf af/]df a9L hfgsf/L /fVg rfxG5, h;n] lzIf0f ;Lk ljsf; / 

1fgsf] If]q km/flsnf] agfpg rfxG5, h;n] sfo{ u/L lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg rfxG5 

pgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . 

cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] km/s 

cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf s]lx km/s kfOG5 h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 

ljifoj:t' cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg 

cg';Gwfgstf{sf Jofks ¿kdf tflndsf] cfjZostf cfk} ―m jf c¿sf] ;xof]udf tflnd 

nflu tflnd kb{5 . 

lng] tyf u/]/ l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt 

x'G5 . 

cg';Gwfgsf] nIo ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ of]Uo x'G5 . k|fKt 1fg :yfgLo kl/l:yltdf nfu" 

ug{ of]Uo x'G5 . 

cg';Gwfg ljlw k"j{cg';Gwfgsf] k'g/fj[lQ ;d;fdlos ;d:ofsf] klxrfg 

;flxTosf] Jofks ¿kdf k|fylds ;|f]t tyf xtf/, k|foh;f] ;xfos ;|f]tx¿ 

k'g/fj[lQ ug{ ] ljlw ;xfos ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . (Secondary source) sf] k|of]u 

ul/G5 . 

cg';Gwfg 9f―rf nfdf] ;do nfUg], s7f]/ lgoGq0fdf cg';Gwfgsf] nlrnf] ljlw ckgfOG5 

248

{ cg';Gwfg ug'{kg] 

x'G5 . / 5f]6f] cjlwdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

ul/G5 . 

dfkg ljlw d"Nofª\sg / k"j{ hf―r ;fwgsf] ;'ljwfo'Qm ;fwgx¿, :t/o'Qm 

k|of]u ul/G5 . 

k/LIffsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . 

tYofª\s ljZn]if0f tYofª\sLo hf―r, u'0ffTds tl/sfx¿ Jofjxfl/s, u'0ffTds tYofª\sx¿ 

ckgfOG5 . 

k|of]u ul/G5 . 

glthfsf] k|of]u ;}4flGts dxŒjdf hf]8 lbOG5 . Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cfOk/]sf 

;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ k|of]u 

ul/G5 . 

249 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ljsf;qmd 

s6{ n]ljgnfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf lktf eg]/ lrlgG5 . pgL hd{gsf ;fdflhs / k|of]ufTds 

dgf]j}1flgs lyP . Pp6f h]:6fN6 :s'nsf ;+:yfks;d]t ePsf n]ljg vf;u/L ;fdflhs 

;d:ofx¿;―u ;/f]sf/ /fVy] / vf;u/L ;+:yfleq efj / kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf lglDt 

Dynamics df cfa4 lyP . t/ nuQ} pgn] cfk\mg} National Training Laboratories :yfkgf 

;xeflutfd"ns ;d"x k|lqmofdf s]lGb|t x'Gy] . ;'?df n]ljg MIT af]:6gdf Center for Group 

:yfkgf u/] . n]ljgn] ;j{k|yd Action Research zAbsf] k|of]u ;g\ !($^ df pgsf] n]v 

Action Reasearch and Monitory Problems df u/] . pQm n]vdf sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ A 

comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and 

research leading to social action sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgn] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf Pp6f 

Spiral k|lqmof x'g] s'/f o;/L atfPsf 5g\ M A spiral of steps, each of which is composed of 

a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action. 

o;}u/L Pl/s l6«:6 hf] o'4kZrft\ ;dosf d'Vo of]ubfgstf{ lyP, pgL ;fdflhs dgf]lrlsT;s 

lyP . pgsf] ;d"xn] nG8gsf] Tavistock Institute of Human Relations df Applied Social 

Research df ;+nUg lyP . pgLx¿n] 7"nf] dfqfsf] ax';+:yfut ;d:ofx¿df s]lGb|t ub} { 

cg';GwfgnfO{ cl3 a9fP . 

o;/L s6{ n]ljg / Pl/s l6«:6 b'j}n] ;+:yf tyf ;+:yfx¿aLrdf qmda4 kl/jt{gsf nflu 

cg';GwfgnfO{ nfu" u/] . pgLx¿n] ;d:of;dfwfgsf nflu Professionals / Client sf] ;xsfo{ 

tyf ;d"xsf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg lsl;dx¿ 

sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ lgDg k|sf/df ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 M 

� lzIfs cg';Gwfg — o;sf nflu lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg]÷;―u} a;]/ Coach ug] {, k|ljlwsf] 

kx'―r 

a9fpg], ;"rgf ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug] { tl/sf l;sfOg] cflb sfo{ cTofjZos 

dflgG5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfgn] ljlzi6 ¿kdf kf7\oqmd, lzIf0f ljlw / d"Nofª\sg 

kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg] ub{5 .

250 

� ;xsfof{Tds cg';Gwfg – Pp6f ;femf pb]Zo jf ;jfndf Ps jf PseGbf a9L a[xt\ 

sf]7fx¿df ;~rfng ul/G5 . o;sf nflu yk ;do, ;fwg, ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf h?/t x'G5 . 

o;n] klg kf7\oqmd, d"Nofª\sg, z}Ifl0fs lqmofsnfk;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfdf ljz]if hf]8 

lbg] ub{5 . 

� ljBfno:t/Lo sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg — o;df ljBfnodf ;d:ofx¿ x]g{ / ;fd"lxs lxtsf 

ljifodf a9L hf]8 lbOG5 . ljz]if u/L ljBfnoaf6 k|lta4tf, g]t[Tj, ;~rf/df ;xof]u 

ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . o;sf] c;/ vf;u/L ljBfnosf] k'g;{ +/rgf ug{ kl/jt{g;DaGwL gLltut 

Joj:yf ug{ cleefjssf] k|ltlglwTj cflb kIfx¿df kg] { ub{5 . 

� lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg — ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfut d'2f / lhNnfut z}lIfs 

;d:ofnfO{ hf]8 lbg] sfo{ x'G5 . 

dfly plNnlvt ;a} vfnsf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|lqmof cjnDag 

ul/g'kg] { x'G5 M 

1= ;d:of ePsf] If]q klxrfg ug] { . 

2= ;d:of;―u ;DalGwt tYofª\s tyf hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug] { . 

3= ;"rgfsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug] { . 

4= sfof{/De ug] { / k|df0fx¿ ;ª\slnt cj:yfdf /fVg] . 

5= glthfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug] { . 

6= yk efjL k|lqmofsf] sfof{/De ug] { . 

sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ Collaborative lqmofsnfk÷sfo{sf ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . ;xsdL{ 

;fyLx¿ ldn]/ b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngdf cfOk/]sf ;d:of, ltgsf] sf/0f / ef]lnsf nflu 

;'wf/fTds ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug] { sfo{ ul/G5 . o;df d'Votof lgDg dfGotf 

/flvPsf] x'G5 M 

� lzIfsx¿ cfk\mgf ;d:of cfk} ―m /fd|/L a'e\mg ;S5g\ . 

� cfk\mgf] sfdsf] cj:yf cfk} ―mnfO{ ug{ lb―bf lzIfsx¿ a9L pTk| ]l/t x'g hfG5g\ . 

� lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks ;a}hgf Pscfk;df ldn]/ ljBfnodf tyf lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkdf 

cfOk/]sf ;d:of s]nfpg / ltgsf] plrt ljsNk klxrfg ug{ ;S5g\ . 

� ;xsdL{ lzIfsx¿ ldn]/ cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;a}sf] k];fut bIftfsf] ljsf; x'gk'U5 . 

� sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg tYonfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu xf]Og ;Dkfbg ul/g sfdsf] ;'wf/sf 

nflu ul/G5 . 

� sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf k|ltlaDag -reflection_ df ljz]if hf]8 lbOG5 . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf r/0fx¿ 

d'Vo ¿kdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf rf/cf]6f r/0fx¿ 5g\ . pQm rf/cf]6f r/0fx¿ of]hgf, 

sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDag x'g . oL r/0fx¿sf] qmd rqmLo x'G5 .

251 

of]hgf (Plan) 

� s'g If]qdf kl/jt{g ug{ rfx]sf] xf] ;f]sf] klxrfg ug{ ] . 

� cfk\mgf] rfx]sf] pQ/ cfpg] u/L k|Zglgdf{0f ug{ ] . 

� of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ] . 

sfo{ (Act) 

of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ] clkm;, :s'n, sIffsf]7f sfof{Gjog lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf / rfx]sf] 

If]qdf g} s]lGb|t u/L x'g'kg{ ] . 

� sfof{Gjogdf n}hf―bf of]hgfsf] ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g x'g;S5 . 7"nf] kl/dfh{g eg] ug'{x'―b}g 

. 

� o; cj:yfdf s]s:tf kl/b[Zox¿ b]lvP ;f]sf] cjnf]sg / k|ltlalDat ug'{ 

cfjZos x'G5 . 

cjnf]sg (Observe) 

� sfof{Gjogsf qmddf tYox¿ (Evidences) ;ª\sng ug{ ] . 

� s'g} tLg ljlwx¿ ckgfP/ tYox¿ ;ª\sng ug{ ] . 

� s'g} tLg ;|f]t (Source/respondents) af6 tYo ;ª\sng ug{ ] . 

� sfo{ ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljrf/x¿ ;ª\sng ug{ ], h:t} M k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'g] lzIfs, ljBfyL{, 

cleefjs, sd{rf/L cflbsf ljrf/ . 

k|ltlaDag (Reflection) 

� olb ;d"xdf u/]sf] eP ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ ] . o;af6 lgisif{ lgsfNg dbt ldN5, xf]Og eg] 

c¿;―u Share ug{ ] tfls ;xL lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsof];\ . 

� o; cj:yfdf sfo{ut cg';Gwfgstf{n] of]hgf / sfof{GjognfO{ klg cjnf]sg u/L csf{ ] 

of]hgfsf] ;'wf/fTds kIfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . 

k|ltlaDag (Reflection) ug] 

{ tl/sfx¿ 

s_ cf�gf] Reflective journal sf] cfwf/df 

� Reflective journal df ;a} cjnf]lst lqmofsnfkx¿ /]s8{ ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o;af6 

cjnf]sgdf s] b]lvPsf] lyof], o;n] pknlAw lgsfNgdf dbt k'¥ofp―5 .

252 

v_ cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df 

� sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt tYofª\s :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . 

� Data cfk} ―m k"0f{ x'―b}g 

. o;nfO{ cy{k"0f{ lsl;dn] / ax'kIfLo ¿kaf6 ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ 

. 

k|ltlaDagsf nflu k|Zgx¿ 

� s] sfd ul/of] < 

� cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug{ s;/L Jojl:yt ul/of] < 

� tkfO{ ―sf nflu cg';Gwfg cy{k"0f{ lyof] < 

� s] cg';Gwfgn] d'2fdf ulx/fOdf k'Ug ;xof]u u¥of] < 

� ;"rgfsf] ;ª\sngn] cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf] pQ/ klxNofpg ;xof]u u¥of] < 

� cg';Gwfgsf] glthf s] lyof] < 

� tkfO{ ―sf] Follow up Action s] x'G5 < 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf kmfObfx¿ 

� ljleGg ljrf/ tyf pkfudx¿ aflx/ lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ . 

� k|ltlalDat cEof; ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . 

� lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f z}nLsf af/]df lg0f{o lng tyf 5gf]6df ;Ifd agfp―5 . 

� cfTdansf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . 

� ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lzIfsnfO{ dbt u5{ . 

� lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfOdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L qmda4 tl/sfn] ;dfwfg 

ug] { ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . 

� lzIf0fl;sfOdf lgoldt ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ . 

� Collaborative Action Research n] ;xsdL{x¿;―u ;xsfo{ u/L u'0f:t/Lo k|ltkmn k|flKtdf 

;xof]u u5{ . 

� cfTdd"Nofª\sg u/L lzIf0fl;sfOdf gof― ;f] ―r tyf 9ª\un] sfo{ u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Ifd 

agfp―5 . 

� sfo{nfO{ of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] cl3 a9fpg], of]hgfcg'¿k sfo{ ug] {, sfo{ s:tf] eof] jf x'―b}5 

x]g] {, s] cg'e"lt eO/x]sf] 5 k|ltlaDag ug] { / k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df k'gM of]hgfsf ;fy sfo{ 

cl3 a9fO{ cfk\mgf] sfo{df ;'wf/ Nofpg] ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fp―5 . 

� of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] sfo{ ubf{ cfPsf] kl/jt{g sltsf] ;kmn lyP < c¿ s'g} Follow up 

action lng cfjZos 5 ls < of] cg';Gwfgn] cg';Gwfgsf] csf] { If]qnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 

5 < cflb k|ltlalDat cEof;sf nflu lzIfsnfO{ ;Ifd agfp―5 .

253 

s'g} klg ljifoIf]qdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg] { cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ 

� of] zLif{sdf cg';Gwfg ug{ lsg ?lr lng'eof] < 

� o; cg';Gwfgaf6 tkfO{ ―n] s] kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ tyf ljsf;sf] rfxfgf ug'{ePsf] 

5 < 

� o;af6 tkfO{ ― s] hfGg jf a'e\mg rfxg' x'G5 < 

� tkfO{ ―sf ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf s]s] x'g\ < 

� tkfO{ ―sf] cg';Gwfg k|Zg s] xf] < 

cg';Gwfg k|Zg tof/ ubf{ Vofn ug'{kg] 

{ s'/fx¿ 

� xf] xf]Og egL pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg g;f]Wg'xf];\ . o;n] cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ub} {g . 

� cg';GwfgnfO{ cl3 a9fpg o;n] lsg / s;/L ;xof]u u5{ < olb tkfO{ ―nfO{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ 

klxn] g} yfxf 5 eg] To:tf] k|Zg g;f]Wg'xf];\ . o;n] ;do aaf{b kf5{ dfq . 

� ;do / ;|f]tdf jf:tljs jf oyfy{ aGg'xf];\ . cg';Gwfgsf nflu tkfO{ ―;―u ;do 5 < 

tkfO{ ―nfO{ s:tf ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf knf{ < s] tL k|fKo 5g\ < 

� tkfO{ ―sf] k|Zg cg';Gwfgsf nflu of]Uo 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ 

. cg';Gwfg 

k|Zgsf] pQ/ s;/L klxNofpg] af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu s]s:tf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u 

x'g]5g\ eGg] af/]df klg ;f]Rg'xf];\ . 

� k|Zgsf] pQ/ klxNofOof] eGg] tkfO{ ―nfO{ s;/L yfxf x'g]5 < glthfsf] dfkg s;/L 

ug'{x'G5 

< 

cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf gd'gfx¿ 

� d d]/f ljBfyL{x¿df hLjgko{Gt l;sfO s;/L ljsf; u/fpg ;S5' < 

� cf}krfl/s k/LIf0fljgf d}n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOsf] dfkg s;/L ug{ ;S5' < 

� ljBfyL{x¿df ;xof]uL efjgfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg d}n] cleefjsx¿nfO{ s;/L ;lDdlnt u/fpg 

;S5' < 

� l;sfO z}nLsf cfwf/df ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOdf s;/L ;d]6\g] < 

� ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] l;sfOk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ aGg d s] ug{ ;S5' < 

� sIffdf ePsf ljleGg a'l4÷af}l4stf÷k|ltefsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOsf] ;dfg cj;/sf 

nflu d s] ug{ ;S5' < 

� sIffdf cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg d}n] s] ug{ ;S5' < 

� ljBfyL{x¿df g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg d s] ug{ ;S5' < 

� d]/f] sIffdf a9L hfGg] / sd hfGg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{;―u} ;d]6]/ l;sfOsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ s] 

ug{ ;S5' < cflb

254 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg of]hgf 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cg';Gwfg k|Zg (Research question) n]vL ;s]kl5 pQm k|Zgsf] pQ/ 

s;/L klxNofpg] ;DaGwdf cg';GwfgnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug'{kg] 

{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu cg';Gwfgstf{n] 

cg';Gwfgsf] of]hgf tof/ ug'{k5{ 

. 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg of]hgf lsg agfpg] < 

cg';GwfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, ;dosf] jrt ug{ tyf sfo{nfO{ p2]Zof]Gd'v agfpg of]hgfsf] 

cfjZostf k5{ . of]hgfn] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug{sf nflu Pp6f ;dotflnsf k|bfg u5{ / 

cfjZos kg] { s'g} klg ;|f]tsf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . cg';Gwfgsf nflu tYofª\s jf 

;"rgfx¿ ;ª\sng ug] { ljleGg pkfox¿ 5g\ . of]hgfn] cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;"rgfx¿sf] 

;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f ug{ pkof]uL cg';Gwfg ;fwgx¿sf] 5gf]6df ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg of]hgf agfpgsf nflu s]xL pkof]uL lgb] {zgfTds k|Zgx¿ 

� d]/f] cg';Gwfgsf] Wo]o s] xf] < 

� d lsg cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxfG5' < o;af6 dnfO{ s] kmfObf 5 < o;n] ] d]/f ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 

s;/L kmfObf k'¥ofpnf < o;n] ljBfnonfO{ s;/L kmfObf k'¥ofpnf < o;n] ddf kl/jt{g 

Nofpg s;/L ;xof]u unf{ < 

� of] cg';Gwfg ug{ slt ;do nfUnf < 

� dnfO{ slt ;do rflxPnf < 

� s] d o;nfO{ Ps xKtfdf ;DkGg ug{ ;s'―nf 

< of] cg';Gwfg s'g ;dodf ug{ pko'Qm 

xf]nf < 

� of] cg';Gwfgdf sf]sf] ;dfj]z xf]nfg\ < 

� s] d d]/f ;xsdL{nfO{ of] cg';Gwfgdf ;xefuL x'g cg'/f]w ug] {5' < 

� s'g sIffnfO{ of] cg';Gwfgdf ;dfj]z ug] { cyjf s'g sIff s]lGb|t eP/ of] cg';Gwfg 

ug] {5' < 

� pQm sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ lng cfjZos knf{ jf tLdWo] s]xL dfq < 

� of] cg';Gwfgdf cleefjsx¿sf] ;+nUgtf cfjZos knf{ < 

� of] cg';Gwfgsf nflu dnfO{ s]s:tf ;|f]tx¿ cfjZos knf{g\ < 

� cfjZos k/]df k|sfzgx¿sf] kx'―r 

;xh xf]nf < dnfO{ sDKo'6/sf] cfjZostf knf{ < of] 

cg';Gwfg sIffsf]7f leq dfq} ;DkGg xf]nf ls sIff aflx/sf] 7fp― klg rflxPnf < 

� cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf] pQ/ klxNofpg] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ljlw s] x'g ;Snf < 

� cg';Gwfg k|lqmof cjnf]sg ug{ ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ klg cfu|x ug] {5' < ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|ZgfjnL 

e/fpg]5' < cGtjf{tf{ lng]5' < hg{n agfpg]5'

255 

� cg';Gwfg slxn]b]lv ;'? x'G5 < kf7cl3 < kf7sf] cjlwdf < kf7kl5 < jf kf7sf] ;'? 

x'g'eGbf cl3b]lv kf7sf] cGTokl5;Dd < 

� ;ª\slnt ;"rgfx¿nfO{ s;/L ljZn]if0f ug] {5' < 

� ;ª\slnt ;"rgfx¿nfO{ d s;/L clen]v ug] {5' < s;/L 5gf]6, ;ª\ul7t / af]wuDo 

agfpg]5' < s;}n] dnfO{ ;xof]u unf{ < 

� ;"rgfx¿sf] ;ª\sng ug'{k"j{ 

d}n] s] klxNofpg cfjZos 5 < 

� cg';GWffgnfO{ a9L s]lGb|t tyf ljlzi6 agfpg cg';Gwfg zLif{ssf af/]df s;/L 1fg tyf 

hfgsf/Lsf] ] ljsf;÷lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5' < k[i7e"ld;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|flKtsf nflu k9\g 

pkof]uL s'g} lstfasf] pknAwtf 5 ls < 

sIffsf]7fsf] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf nflu of]hgf‘k|:tfjgf tof/ kfg{ s'g} To:tf] lgwf{l/t 9f―rf 

5}g cyf{t k|:tfjgfsf] 9f―rf o:t} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . sltko lzIfsn] cg';Gwfgdf s] ug] {, s;/L 

ug] {, slxn] ug] {;DaGwL sfo{kfqf] tof/ u/L k|of]u u5{g\ eg] sltko lzIfsn] Pp6f k"0f{ lu|8 

tof/ u5{g\ . To;}n] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf s:tf] tof/ ug] { eGg] s'/f cg';Gwfgsf] 

nIo / pb]Zodf e/k5{ . o;sf ;fy} cfk"m;―u slt ;do pknAw 5 To;sf cfwf/df k|:tfjgf 

s:tf] 9f―rfdf tof/ ug] { eGg] lgwf{l/t x'G5 . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu s]xL pkof]uL ;fwgx¿ 

� cjnf]sg kmf/d 

� lzIfs 8fo/L 

� l;sf?af6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f 

� kf7sf] n]vfhf]vf tyf d"Nofª\sg 

� kf7sf] /]s8{ 

� l;sf?sf] sfo{sf] k|ltlaDag 

� ;j] {If0f 

� k|ZgfjnL 

� cGtjf{tf{ 

� ;j] {If0f 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf nflu agfOPsf] cg';Gwfg k|Zgadf]lhd ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu pkof]uL 

;fwg jf ;fwgx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 . 

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg (Action Research) sf] k|:tfjgf–kqsf] gd'gf kmf/fd 

lqmofTds cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;j{k|yd k|:tfjgf tof/ ug'{kb{5 

. oxf― 

k|:tfjgfsf] 9f―rf, gd'gf / lqmofTds cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] 9f―rf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

!= cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] zLif{s

256 

@= cg';Gwfg ug{ vf]lhPsf] ;d:ofsf] syg 

#= ;d:ofn] kf/]sf c;/x¿ 

$= ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ 

%= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] pkfo jf k|oTgx¿ 

^= tTsfn cyf{t klxnf] rqmdf g} sfof{Gjog ug{ vf]lhPsf] pkfo jf k|oTgx¿ 

&= pQm k|oTg jf pkfoaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;kmn eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug] { s'/fsf] ljj/0f 

{ 

cyf{t kl/sNkgf 

qm=;+= 

! 

@ 

# 

p2]Zo cg';Gwfg 

cl3sf] l:ylt 

ug' 

*= sfo{of]hgf 

qm=;= lqmofsnfk÷ljlw sfof{Gjog 

cjlw 

! 

@ 

(= k|fKt cg'ejnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug] 

{ ynf] / k|lqmof 

cg';Gwfgstf{sf] gfd M 

cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ;+:yfsf] gfd, 7]ufgf M 

cg';Gwfg 

u/] ]kl5sf] l:ylt 

km/s k/LIf0f ug] { 

;fwg 

{ { 

cfjZos k|ltj]bg tof/ k|af]wLs/0f 

;fdu|L ug] ug] 

b]lv ;Dd ldlt k|lqmof ldlt k|lqmof 

s}lkmot

gd'gf k|Zgx¿ 

1= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] < lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] s] dxŒj 5 

< lj1fg lzIf0fdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 

2= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b"/ lzIff / v'nf l;sfOsf] s] dxŒj 5, k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ 

. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ 

k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] ul0ft lzIf0fnfO{ s;/L ;xh agfp―5 pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 

3= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] < lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] s] dxŒj 5 < 

efiff lzIf0fdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 

4= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] kf―rcf]6f dxŒj nVg'xf];\ . k|fylds txdf sIff lzIf0f ug{ ;"rgf tyf 

;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 kf―rcf]6f pbfx/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ 

. 

5= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] s] dxŒj 5, k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ 

. ;fdflhs cWoog 

ljifosf] lzIf0fdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ / sIff lzIf0fnfO{ hLjGt / k|efjsf/L agfpg 

OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 

6= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] < ul0ft lzIf0f k|efjsf/L agfpg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] s;/L 

;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . ul0ft lzIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf tkfO{ ―n] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg 

ug{ ldNg] kf―rcf]6f ;d:ofx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ < 

7= b"/ lzIff tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ 

. v'nf lzIffsf] nlIft ;d"x sf] xf] n]Vg'xf];\ . 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] lj1fg lzIf0fnfO{ s;/L ;xh agfp―5 pbfx/0f;lxt 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

8= /fd axfb/ s6'jfn sIff * df lj1fg k9fp―5g\ . pgn] lj1fg k9fp―bf ljBfyL{sf] pQL0f{ k|ltzt 

Hofb} Go'g ePsfn] pgL lg/fz b]lvG5g\ . /fd axfb'/sf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf b]lvPsf] o:tf] ;d:of 

;dfwfg ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] :ki6 vfsf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ 

. 

9= cgf}krfl/s lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] < xfd|f] b]zdf o;sf] s] dxŒj 5 < cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 jl~rt 

JolQmx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] d"n wf/df Nofpgsf nflu cgf}krfl/sf lzIffn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf pbfx/0f;lxt 

rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

10= xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] p2]Zo, dxŒj cfjZostf / k|of]usf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 

pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] cfjZostf lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 < 

n]Vg'xf];\ . 

11= sfo{d"ns lzIffsf] dxŒj n]Vg'xf];\ . nlrnf] tyf j}slNks ljBfno sfo{qmdn] ;a}sf nflu lzIff 

sfo{qmdsf] nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug'{xf];\ 

. 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 

cfrfo{, ;';g, lg/f}nf, af}w/fh, 9sfn, x]d/fh, bfxfn, bQfqo, sf]O/fnf, rknf, -@)^*_, cgf}krfl/s 

lzIff l;4fGt tyf cEof;, sLlt{k'/M ;gnfO6 klAns];g . 

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, -@)^&_, dfWolds txsf] v'nf ljBfno ;~rng;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f 

tflnd k'l:tsf, ;fgf]l7dL . 

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|,-@)^*_, cgnfOg÷ckmnfOg k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; tflndM l6lkl8 

:jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fgf]l7dL . 

257

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