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SCITECH r HD9514.A5
1894
American Iron and Steel
Association.
Statistics of the American
and foreign iron trades ...
Annual statistical report o

STATISTICS
OF THE
AMERICAN AND FOREIGN IRON TRADES
FOR 1894.
ANNUAL STATISTICAL REPORT
Or' T11K
AMERICAN
•..
IRON AND STEEL ASSOCIATION,
CONTAINING
COMPLETE STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON* TRADE
FOR 1894; ALSO A BRIEF REVIEW OF ITS PRESENT CON­
DITION ; ALSO COMPLETE STATISTICS OF THE IRON
ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND STEEL INDUSTRIES OF
THE UNITED STATES AND OF ALL FOREIGN
COUNTRIES FOR A LONG TERM OF YEARS.
PRESENTED TO THE MEMBERS, MAY 15, 1895.
PHILADELPHIA:
THE AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL ASSOCIATION,
No. 261 South Fourth Street.
1895.
^

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k
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Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1895,
BY THE AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL ASSOCIATION,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
Printed by
ALLEN, LANE A SCOTT.
tiiM. ra-ai-m souu n»b aum.
FblMitpbM.

CONTENTS.
PAGE
LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION, . 7,8
IRON AND STEEL NECROLOGY FOR 1894 AND 1895, . . 9-13
STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE.
General Review of the Domestic Iron Trade ... 15-19
Wages Dispute in Tinplate Works, ... 19
General Statistical Summary, . . . . 20-22
Average Monthly Prices of Iron and Steel from 1892 to 1895, . 22, 23
Average Yearly Prices of Iron and Steel, . 24
Prices of Wire Nails at Chicago, . 24
Prices of Tinplates at New York, 25
Prices of Anthracite Coal at Philadelphia,. . 25
Lowest Prices of Iron and Steel, 26, 27
Prices of Lake Superior Iron Ore, . . 27
Imports of Iron and Steel, . . . . . 28,29
Exports of Iron and Steel, .29,30
Production of Iron Ore,... . 3 0
Shipments of Iron Ore from Leading Districts,. . 31,32
Shipments of Iron Ore from the Lake Superior Mines, . . 31,32
Receipts of Iron Ore at Lake Erie Ports, . 32
Imports of Iron Ore in 1894 and previous years, 33
Consumption of Iron Ore, . . 33
Production of Pig Iron 34-37,54,55
Production of Pig Iron in Each Half Year from 1890 to 1894, . 34
Production of Pig Iron by States, . 34,54
Production of Pig Iron by Districts, . . . . . 35
Production of Pig Iron according to Fuel used, . 35,30,54,55
Production of Bituminous Pig Iron by States, 35,55
Production of Anthracite and Mixed Anthracite and Bituminous
Pig Iron by States, ... 36,54
Production of Charcoal Pig Iron by States, 36,55
Production of Bessemer Pig Iron by Slates from 1889 to 1894, . 36
Production of Bessemer Pig Iron by Half Years in 1893 and 1894,
Production of Bessemer Pig Iron in Pennsylvania and Ohio in
37
1894, by Districts,
Production of Spiegeleisen and Fcrromanganese in 1894 and
37
previous years i •
Stocks of Unsold Pig Iron in the Hands of Makers,
37
37,38,56
Stocks of Pig Iron in Yards of the American Pig Iron Storage
Warrant Company, . 38
11686

CONTENTS.
Number of Furnaces in Blast from 1874 to 1894
PACK
38,39
Number of Furnaces in Blast from 1890 to 1894 according to Fuel, 39
Consumption of Pig Iron, 39,40
Great Britain First in the Production of Pig Iron, 40
Production of Pig Iron in the Dominion of Canada, 40
Production of Bessemer Steel, . 40,41
New Bessemer Steel Plants Built in 1894. . 41
Production of Open-hearth Steel, ... 42
Production of Crucible Steel, 42
Production of Miscellaneous Steel,... 42,43
Total Production of Steel, 43
Total Production of Rolled Iron and Steel, . 43,44
Production of Iron and Steel Rails ... 44,45
Production of Street Rails, . 45
Production of Iron and Steel Structural Shapes, . . ... 46
Production of Plates and Sheets, 44,46.47
Production of Cut Nails, . 44,47,48
Production of Wire Rods, . . 44,48
Production of Wire Nails, 47,48,49
Production of Iron and Steel in Allegheny County, Pa., .... 49
Production of Iron Blooms and Billets from Ore, Pig, and Scrap, 49
Iron and Steel Shipbuilding, . 50
Statistics of Immigration, .... .... 51,52
Summary of the Foregoing Statistics for 1893 and 1894, ....
Production of Rolled Iron and Steel in Pennsylvania in 1891,
S3
1892, 1893, and 1894, by Districts
Production of Rolled Iron and (Supplement.)
Steel in Ohio in 1891,1892,1893,
57
iron and 1894, ore, by Districts, coal, pig iron, and steel in ... all 58 countri
Introduction lf 2
Production of Iron Ore in the United States, 2
Shipments of Iron Ore from the Lake Superior Mines . . 2, 3
Imports of Iron Ore, . . .... . . 34
Production of Coal 4_g
Production and Prices of Coke, 6
Imports and Exports of Coal and Coke,... 7
Production of all kinds of Pig Iron, 7-9
Production of Spiegeleisen and Ferromanganese, 9
Imports of Pig Iron 9
Production of all kinds of Steel, 10-12
Production of Iron Rails, 12
Production of Steel Rails, 13
Production of all kinds of Rails, 13,14

CONTENTS.
PAOB
Production of Street Rails, .... 13,14
Annual Mileage of New Railroads, . 14
Consumption of Rails, . . 15,16
Production of Tinplates, 16
Imports of Tinplates, . ii>, 17
Production of Nails, .... 17
Production of Iron Ore in Great Britain, . . . . 18, 19
Imports of Iron Ore, . . . . )'.>
Production of Coal,. . 19, 20
Exports of Coal, . . 20
Production of Pig Iron, 20, 21
Production of all kinds of Steel, . 21,22
Production of Steel Rails, . . 22
Summary, 23
Production of Iron Ore, Coal. Pi^ Iron, Steel, and Steel Rails in
Germany,. . .... . .... 23-25
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig lion, and Steel in France,. . 26,27
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, Steel, and Steel Rails in
Belgium, . . .... . . ... 28,29
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, and Steel in Sweden, . 30
Production of Iron Ore, Coal. Pig Iron, Steel, and Steel Rails in
Russia, ' ... 31,32
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, and Steel in Austria and
Hungary, . . . . . 33,34
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, and Steel in Spain, 34
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, and Steel in Italy,. 35
Exports of Elban Iron Ore, 35
Exports of Elban Iron Ore to America, 35,36
Production of Iron Ore and Lignite in Greece, 36
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, and Steel in the Dominion
of Canada, ... ... 36
Production of Coal in Turkey, Servia, and Portugal, ... 37
Production of Coal and Lignite in Australasia, 37
Production of Iron Ore, Coal, and Pig Iron in India, China, and
Japan, . . . . . . ... . 3 7
Production of Coal in South Africa . - 37
Production of Coal in Mexico and South America, . .... 37
The World's Production of Iron Ore, Coal, Pig Iron, and Steel, 38
Percentage of the United States, 38

LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT.
HON. B. F. JONE.S, President of The American Iron and Steel Association.
Dkak Sir: I submit herewith the Annual Statistical Report of the
American Iron and Steel Association for 1894, to which I have added
a supplementary paper containing complete statistics of the iron ore.
coal, pig iron, and steel industries of all countries, the United States
included, for a long series of years. The Report for 1894 embraces all
the statistical inquiries which have characterized preceding Annual
Reports, and the supplement contains the most comprehensive statistical
Summary for all countries that I have ever prepared.
In the Annual Report for 1893, which was presented to our members
on September 1,1894, it was stated that unusual difficulty had
been experienced in collecting from the manufacturers the statistics of
their production of iron and steel. This experience has been repeated
in the collection of information for the present Report. It is needless
to inquire how much this indisposition to give detailed statistics
of production is due to the demoralization resulting from the panic of
1893; how much it is due to a lack of interest in statistical results by
the younger generation of manufacturers; and how much it is due to
the inherent difficulties of the situation growing out of the great extent
of the country and the increasing ramifications of the iron trade.
The important fact is that it is now much more difficult to obtain
information for our Annual Reports than was formerly the case.
I trust, however, that an examination of the present Report will
convince every iron and steel manufacturer that full and .exact statistical
information concerning the business in which he is engaged
is worthy of his attention and careful study, and that it is his duty
to his fellow manufacturers not to withhold information that can I*
easily given and that is essential to the completeness of our statistical
statements. The American Iron and Steel Association is not a private
enterprise but an organization of iron and steel manufacturers, and
every such manufacturer should feel that he is a part of it and should
take pride in making its work more perfect from year to year.
It was also Stated in the last Annual Report that the financial
stringency resulting from the panic of 1893 had led to the practice of
the strictest economy in all the work of the Association. Included in
the list of economies introduced was the virtual suspension of our
policy of printing large quantities of tariff tracts and distributing them
free of cost. This educational policy, to which in former years I gave
so much of my time and strength, has not since been resumed, and
I can see no reason why it should be resumed in the near future.
The country now fully understands the difference between a tariff
for the protection of home industry and a tariff for revenue only.

LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT.
No manufacturer and no farmer now needs to be told that he can
not sell his products as freely and as profitably under a revenue tariff
as under a protective tariff, and no skilled or unskilled workingman
is now ignorant of the fact that a protective policy yields hint higher
wages and more steady employment than a purely revenue policy.
There is a branch of the work of this office which shows no signs
of decreasing—the work of replying to letters from all parts of our
own country and from many other parts of the world asking for statistical
and other information. While it is not possible in every instance
to give the information that is requested it is usually possible
for us to do this, and in exceptional cases we are enabled to indicate
where this information may be found. To meet the demands of this
branch of our work our large reference library is invaluable.
The Bulletin has received my personal attention during the past
year, as usual. One leading object of its publication continues to be
the preservation of a condensed record of current events and opinions
which are of interest to the American iron trade and which relate
more particularly to revenue legislation and general economic subjects.
The passage of the Senate tariff bill by both houses of Congress
on August 13,1894, the bill becoming a law on August 28th through
the refusal of the Executive to cither veto or approve it, ended
all tariff legislation during the lifetime of the Fifty-third Congress,
which expired by constitutional limitation on the 4th of March last.
The country, therefore, secures present rest from tariff agitation, although
legislation to correct the errors of the present tariff is desirable
at the earliest day that is possible.
The care of the tariff interests of the American iron trade must
always remain one of the principal reasons for the existence of this
Association. This object has never for one moment been lost sight of
during the" serious conflicts of public opinion upon the tariff question
which have existed in this country during the last thirty years.
The financial condition of the Association during the year 1S94 is
shown by the following abstract of the statement of our Treasurer,
Mr. Andrew Wheeler, at the end of the year: On January 1, 1894, the
balance in the hands of the Treasurer was $1,562.99; the receipts from
members during the year were $12,575; the expenditures were $13,-
259.55; and the balance on hand on December 31, 1894, was $878.44.
These figures do not include that part of the cost of our publications
in 1894 which was met by the income derived from their sale to persons
not members of the Association.
In the collection and tabulation of the statistics for this Report I
have had the assistance of Mr. William G. Gray and Mr. Edward H.
Sanborn. I also express my thanks to Hon. Worthington C. Ford,
Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, for statistics
of imports and exports of iron and steel and for other valuable
information. Credit is given to others in the proper connection.
Very Truly Yours, JAMES M. SWANK, General Manager.
No. 261 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, April 25, 1895.

IRON AND STEEL NECROLOGY.
FROM SEPTEMBER, 1894, TO MAY, 1S95.
(1894.) John Becker, an old-time ironmaster, died at his home in
Chickies, near Marietta, Pa., August 11, aged 76 years. He operated
the Chickies Rolling Mill with great success for many years. J. C.
Gray, for many years manager of the Moorhead-McCleane Company's
mills, at Pittsburgh, August 12, aged 65 years. Joseph M. Larimer,
manager of the Chicago branch house of Jones & Laughlins Limited,
at Evanston, 11!., August 24, aged 43 years. At his home in London,
England, Septemlier 12. Richard Meade, late of the Mineral
Statistics Branch of Her Majesty's Home Office, at Whitehall. Edward
B. Leisenring, of Mauch Chunk, Pa., president of the Lehigh
Coal and Navigation Company and a large stockholder in many iron
and steel enterprises, at Homburg, Germany, September 20, aged over
49 years. He was the son of the late Judge John Leisenring, of Mauch
Chunk, and was born at Ashton, (now Lansford,) Carbon county, March
8, 1845. James H. Lindsay, senior member of the firm of Lindsay
& McCutcheon, proprietors of the Star Iron and Steel Works, at his
home in Allegheny City, Pa., September 24, aged nearly 54 years.
Mr. Lindsay was born in Allegheny City in 1841. Win. P. Townsend,
wire manufacturer, at New Brighton, Pa., Septeml>cr 27, aged 77
years. Horace P. Smith, New York agent for Joins A Laughlins
Limited, at East Orange, N. J., October 13. He was born at Cleveland,
Ohio, in 1838, and was in his 56th year. L. T. Dean, at Ironton,
Ohio, October 13, aged 74 years. Mr. Dean was until 1891 vice
president and general manager of the Belfont Iron Works Company.
Eric L. Hedstrom, at Buffalo, N. Y., October 18. He had been
identified with Buffalo's coal interest aud was a successful business
man. A. L. Inman, at Plattsburgh, N. Y., October 18, aged 55 years.
Mr. Ionian was formerly general manager of the Crown Point Iron
Company and the Chateaugay Ore and Iron Company.—Douglas
Baird, general superintendent of the Old Dominion Iron and Nail
Works, at Richmond, Va., November 1. Mr. Baird was born iu Glasgow,
Scotland, in 1815. He was connected with the Old Dominion Iron
and Nail Works during the greater part of his life. Joseph Graves, a
widely known coal and iron operator in the Ohio Valley, at Wheeling,
W. Va., November 5, aged 65 years. Hon. George M. Rice, at one
time president and proprietor of the Worcester Steel Works, at Worcester,
Mass., November 8, aged about 86 years. He was born in West
Brookfield, Mass., in 1808. Major Jesse R. Crawford, once superintendent
of the Allegheny Portage Railroad, at Gaysport, Blair county,
Pa., November 14. He was one of the pioneer iron manufacturers
of Blair county. He was 84 years old. Christian S. Kauffman,

10 IRON AND STEEL NECROLOGY.
general manager of the Columbia Iron Company, of Columbia, Lancaster
county, Pa., at Columbia, November 20, aged 68 years. He was
a Republican State Senator from 1879 to 1882. Carl Amsler, of the
firm of McCIure & Amsler, engineers and contractors, at Pittsburgh,
November 22. He was a native of Germany and came to Pittsburgh
in 1870. He had charge of the erection of some of the most important
iron and steel plants in the country. W. E. Williams, at Muscatine,
Iowa, November 22, having resided there for some time superintending
the operations of the Williams Rolling Mill. He was
aged about 48 years. James Cochran, a prominent coke manufacturer,
at Dawson, Pa., November 25, aged 72 years. He was a pioneer
iu the Connellsville coke industry, beginning in 1842. He was born
in Fayette county, January 15, 1823. Henry Potts Focht, superintendent
of the Pencoyd Iron Works, at Roxborough, Pa., December
2, in his 65th year. He was born at Reading, Pa., October 7, 1830.
He became an employe- of the Pencoyd Iron Works forty years ago,
and progressed from heater to superintendent. Major John Lintou,
at his residence at Rochester, Beaver county, Pa., Deceml>cr 5, in his
86th year. Major Linton was born at Frankstown, Blair county,
Pa., May 12, 1809. He was in early life a merchant at Johnstown,
Pa., afterwards a manufacturer of charcoal pig iron at Johnstown
and in its vicinity, and subsequently a contractor in the building of
the Pennsylvania Railroad and other railroads in Western Pennsylvania.
Samuel S. Robbins, president of the Lime Rock Iron Company,
at Lakeville, Conn., December 6, aged 90 years, having been
born in Canaan, Conn., in 1804. John Haldeman, a member of the
widely known Pennsylvania iron-manufacturing family of the same
name, at London, December 13, in his 70th year. Mr. Haldeman was
himself engaged in the iron business during the earlier part of his life.
Dr. G. G. Palmer, at Stanhope, N. J., December 21, in his 89th
year. He owned and operated the Pioneer Furnace, at Pottsville, Pa.
about 1840. He afterwards built two of the Andover Furnaces and
the two Musconetcong Furnaces in New Jersey and the Montgomery
Furnace in Pennsylvania. Robert G. Bushnell, formerly connected
with Park, Brother & Co. Limited, steel manufacturers, of Pittsburgh,
as selling agent, at Morristown, N. J., December 28, aged 55
years.
(1895.) Charles J. Tranter, of Mitchell, Tranter & Co., owners of a
rolling mill and open-hearth steel plant at Covington, Ky., at Chicago,
January 7, aged 43 years. Edwin Sewall Lenox, inventor of the
Unox tie for baling hay, at Worcester, Mass., January :, in i,i. .;-,th
year. He was born at New Castle, Maine, February 19,1830. -Richard
Sugden, at Spencer, Mass., January 9. aged 79 years. He was born
in England and came to this country in 1845, a wire drawer and
without friends or capital. At his death he was president of the
Spencer Wire Company, a member of the National Wire Fastening
Company, of Spencer, and also of the Hobbs Manufacturing Company,
of Worcester. James M. McDonald, superintendent of the

IRON AND STEEL NECROLOGY. 11
Phoenix Bridge Works, at Phcenixvillc, Pa., January 10, aged almut
44 years. Mr. McDonald was born in Scotland, and was widely known
as a bridge builder and civil engineer. Dr. Robert H. Lainborn, at
New York, January 15, aged 58 years. He was born in 1836, near
Kennett Square, Chester county, Pa. Dr. Lamborn was for a short
time Secretary of the American Iron and Steel Association. He was
elected to this office on November 16,1864, and served until September
30, 1865, when he resigned and was succeeded by Henry McAllister,
Jr., who served until December 31,1872. A. T. Hay, at Burlington,
Iowa, January 22, aged 69 years. He was the inventor of the Hay
process for making steel, and is said to have built the first all-steel
bridge in the world, across the Missouri river at Glasgow, and the new
steel suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. He is also said to have
evolved the process of welding iron and also steel by electricity.
Andrew F. Dunn, manager of the Moorhead-McCleane Company's
rolling mill, at Pittsburgh, February 3. He was born in Ireland and
came to Pittsburgh when a boy. He was one of the founders of the
Sons of Vulcan, which later became the Amalgamated Association.
Edwin H. Mead, president of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, at South
Orange, N. J., February 3. He was born in New York City in 1822.
In 1882 he became secretary of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, later
its treasurer, and eventually its president. W. C. Quincy, at Pittsburgh,
February 3, aged 64 years. For several years he had been
connected with the shipping and railroad interests of Jones & Laughlins
Limited, of Pittsburgh. Samuel A. Miller, president of Dennis
Long & Company, pipe manufacturers, of Louisville, at Asheville, N. C,
February 3, aged 56 years. William Durfee, at New Bedford, Mass.,
February 12, aged over 87 years. He was born in December, 1807.
The first Siemens gas furnace in this country for melting steel'in pots
was erected at the works of Messrs. Anderson & Woods, in Pittsburgh,
in the spring of 1868, by Mr. Durfee. He was the father of Win. P.
Durfee, the mechanical engineer. William L. Ilearne, at Wheeling,
W. Va., February 13. He was born in Delaware, September 24, 1818.
In 1867 he located in Wheeling and embarked in the iron business,
becoming a stockholder in the firm of Dewey, Vance & Co., then
owning the Riverside Iron Works. In 1874 he became general manager
of the Riverside Company. Mr. Hearne also acquired an interest
in the Woodward Iron Company, of Woodward, Alabama. Percy
R. Pyne, a director of the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, the
Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company, the New Jersey Zinc and Iron
Company, the Harvey Steel Company, and other organizations, at
Rome, Italy, February 15, at the age of 75 years. Mr. Pyne was born
in England but came to this country in 1835. George Banfield,
at Elwood, Ind., February 15, aged 80 years. He is said to have man.
ufactured at McKcesport, Pa., in 1874, the first tinplate ever made in
the United States. Simeon Guilford, at Lebanon, Pa., February 16,
aged 94 years. He was a native of Northampton, Mass. His name is
identified with the ownership of old Swatara Furnace, in Schuylkill

12 IRON AND STEEL NECROLOGY.
county, Pa., and the Donaghmore Furnace and another furnace in
Lebanon county. In 1843 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for
Canal Commissioner in Pennsylvania. Josiah Holmes, a few years
ago superintendent of the Crown and Cumberland Steel Company's
works, at Cumberland, Md., February 18. He was born in England.
Mahlon J. Woodruff, president of the Russell and Irwin Manufacturing
Company, of New Britain, Conn., at New York, February 21.
He was born on July 7, 1836, at Sherman, N. Y. R. B. Wigton,
one of the oldest bituminous coal merchants iu Philadelphia, at Philadelphia,
February 22, in his 77th year. Mr. Wigton was born in
Chester county, Pa., and was descended from Scotch-Irish ancestors.
The family was represented in the Revolutionary war and the war of
1812. During his boyhood his parents moved to Huntingdon county,
where he operated a charcoal blast furnace in the lower end of the
county until 1857. This furnace afterwards became the property of
the Rockhill Coal and Iron Company. Philip Collins, at Ebensburg,
Cambria county. Pa., February 23, aged 74 years. Mr. Collins
was born in Cambria county. He was noted as a railroad contractor,
having been associated with his brother, Thomas Collins, and another
brother, Peter, in the construction of railroads for the Pennsylvania
and other companies. Philip and Thomas Collins and others, composing
the Bellefonte Furnace Company, built Bellefonte Furnace in
1887. Francis J. Dominick, long identified with the Crown Point
Iron Company and the Chateaugay Ore and Iron Company, at New
York, in February. Henry Studebaker, one of the founders of the
firm of Studebaker Brothers, wagon builders, of South Bend, Ind.,
March 2. Mr. Studebaker was the oldest of the brothers, and was
lx>rn in Adams county, Pa., in 1826. James McCutcheon, of the
iron manufacturing firm of Lindsay & McCutcheon, chairman of the
Keystone Rolling Mill Company Limited, a stockholder of the Pittaburgh
Tube Company, a director of the First National Bank of Allegheny,
and president of the Allegheny Gas Company, at Allegheny
City, Pa., March 4, aged 73 years. Mr. McCutcheon was born in
hvhni'i.——L. L. Smith, :it one time Baling »ffiB.\ of the GtKlttdZ
department of the Cambria Iron Works, and more recently steel
inspector of the Carpenter Steel Company, at Reading, Pa., March
16, aged about 45 years. Henry William EUicott, one of the oldest
iron manufacturers in Maryland, at Baltimore, March 19, in his
71st year. He was born in Baltimore, Septemlier 11, 1824. Mr. EUicott
was a member of the family which gave its name to the town on
the banks of the Patapsco river, above the Relay House. His father,
Andrew EUicott, was well known as a prominent iron manufacturer.
Charles Middlcton, for many years in business as an iron merchant
at Second and Willow streets, Philadelphia, at his home at
Hainesport, N. J., March 21, in his "3d year. James Hall, who had
been for many years manager of Cooper, Hewitt & Co.'s main office
at No. 17 Burling Slip, New York, at Brooklyn, March 22. Mr. Hall
was born at Hempstead, L. L, and was 78 years old. Richard

IRON AND STEEL NECROLOGY. 1 U
Dudgeon, an inventor, at New York City, April 8, aged 76 years.
He was born in Scotland and came to America at the age of eight
years. Jacob V. Thomas, at Bellefonte, Pa., April 10, aged 77 years.
Mr. Thomas was a lU'sivndunl of one of the early iron manufacturers
in Centre county, and was at one time himself engaged in the iron
business. In 1S29 and 1833 two furnaces were built at Howard, Centre
county, by the firm of Harris, Thomas & Co. Gideon E. Moore,
at New York City, April 13, aged 53 years, lie was widely known as
a chemist, and at the time of his death was chief chemist of the Pas.
saic Zinc Company. Jonathan Warner, at the home of his daughter,
Mrs. Myron I. Arms, at Youngstown, Ohio, April IS, aged 87 years.
Mr. Warner was a pioneer in the manufacture of iron in Ohio and in
the development of the iron-ore resources of the Lake Superior region.
He was one of the organizers of the Republic Iron Company, and was
president of the company up to 1875. George V. Smith, at New
York City, April 20, in his 47th year. He was born in New York 00
December 1, 1848. On April 1, 1881, he accepted the position of New
York sales agent for the Gautier Steel Department of the Cambria
Iron Works, of Johnstown, Pa., which position he held until his death.
Thomas Mastersou, formerly secretary of the Susquehanna Iron
Company, of Columbia, Pa., and lately connected with the rolling mill
of the Janson Iron Company at that place, at Lancaster, Pa., April
21, from injuries received by being struck by a freight train. He
was 59 years old. Richard Sharpe, one of the best-known coal operators
of the Lehigh region, at Wilkesbarre, Pa., April 21, aged 82
years. He was born in England. William S. Ellis, one of the
wealthiest and most influential citizens of Pottstown, Pa., April 24,
aged 53 years. Mr. Ellis was a member of The Ellis and Lessig Steel
and Iron Company Limited, and was one of the owners of the Pottstown
Passenger Railway. He was a Republican Presidential elector
in 1888. David Caldwell, at Gaysport, Blair county, Pa., April 30,
aged 92 years. He was one of the pioneer coke pig iron manufacturers
of Blair county, building a furnace at Gaysport between 1850 and 1860.
Colonel James Young, at Middletown, Pa., May 4, in his 75th year.
He was born at Swatara Hill, near Middletown, on July 25, 1820.
Colonel Young was president of the American Tube and Iron Company,
at Middletown, a director of the Harrisburg Rolling Mill Company,
and a director in various other industrial and financial enterprises.
His death was caused by a fall from his buggy. Amos
Gartside, president and treasurer of the Eureka Cast Steel Company,
of Chester, Pa., and prominent in other industrial enterprises, at
Chester, May 5, aged about 66 years. He was born in England in 1829
and was brought to this country when a child. William L. Lance,
at Germantown, Pa., May 2, aged 78 years. He was born in Philadelphia.
Mr. Lance was associated with William Lyman, of Boston, in
the building of Pioneer Furnace, at Pottsville, Pa., in 1838 and 1839,
which was the first furnace in the United States to make pig iron
continuously for three months with anthracite coal.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON-
TRADE FOR 1894.
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE DOMESTIC IRON TRADE.
Our last Annua] Report, which appeared in September, 1894,
contained a review of the causes of the financial and industrial
panic of 1893 and a condensed history of the accompanying
depression in all branches of business, the historical references
closing with the passage by the House of Representatives on August
13th of the Senate substitute for the Wilson tariff bill, this
substitute becoming a law on August 28th, on which dav Congress
adjourned until the first Monday in December.
The Senate substitute was so much more considerate of American
industrial interests than the Wilson bill which it displaced,
and there was everywhere manifested such a profound feeling of
relief that the vexed tariff question had at last been settled, even
if not in all respects wisely settled, that the business men of the
country, and particularly railroad officials, bankers, and manufacturers,
at once began to look more hopefully upon the future,
while consumers of manufactured products, gauging the future
of prices by the changes which had been made in the tariff", at
once gave out orders which had long been withheld. The stock
markets advanced, and even London bought freely of American
securities. Exports of gold almost ceased. Many manufacturing
establishments which had been idle were set in motion, while
others which had been running half time or less than half time
were put in operation full time. The freight tonnage of the railroads
increased, and thousands of cars anil not a few locomotives
which had been rusting in idleness were again brought into use.
Coming to the iron trade, the production of pig iron increased
from an estimated weekly output of 115,356 tons on August 1st,
several weeks after the coke and coal strikes of 1894 had lost
their force, to an estimated weekly output of 151,113 tons on .September
1st. On the latter date the active furnaces in the country
numbered 171, against 135 on August 1st, an increase of 36. On
October 1st the number and capacity of the furnaces in blast
were about the same as on September 1st, but on November 1st
there was an increase iu the number of furnaces in blast and in
their capacity, aud on December 1st there was a further increase

16 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IKON TRADE FOR 1894.
to 184 in the number of furnaces in blast and an increase in
weekly capacity to 168,762 tons. On December 31st there were
185 furnaces in blast. On February 1st, 1895, the number of
furnaces reported in blast was 179, with less capacity than on
December 31st, and since February 1st the number and capacity
of furnaces in blast have further declined. Although the large
production of pig iron in the closing months of 189-1 and in
January, 1895, had gone into consumption, the production of finished
products keeping pace with that of pig iron, it was found
that the same rate of consumption could not be maintained.
Vet it is remarkable that the blast furnaces of the country
and its rolling mills and steel works and foundries should have
so rapidly resumed almost their normal activity after they had
exj>ei'ieneed the blasting effects of the panic of 1893 and had
shared the unparalleled depression which had continued from the
early part of 1893 to August, 1894.
But, while there was a marked revival in the activity of the
iron and steel works of the country alter the pass-age ol' the
Senate tariff bill by the House of Representatives on the 13th
of August, and while a similar revival in activity has since been
observable in many other leading branches of productive industrv.
there was not up to the month of March of the present year
any marked increase in the prices of any manufactured or other
products. On the contrary, the prices of nearly all iron and
steel products fell from July 1, 1894, to January 1, 1895, after
which latter date and until March the prices of iron and steel
either remained stationary or only nominally advanced. Late iu
March there was an advance of 35 cents per ton in the price of
furnace coke, to take effect on April 1st, and a slight advance in
the prices of Lake Superior iron ore was announced. An advance
in the prices of Bessemer pig iron and billets at once followed.
Other products have since slightly advanced.
In (he latter half of 1894 cotton touched the lowest price
known during the present generation, and so also did wheat, altiiu:i:_'h
ill 1N!>1 "Lie 'nf tile M'Wi.-t iliollgllt. ever kliMvn in this
country had seriously reduced both the wheat and corn crops
of the West. In November cotton sold at New Orleans at 5
cents per pound, and in July aud October wheat sold at New
York at 541 cents per bushel. Thus far in 1895 there has been
a sharp recovery in the prices of both cotton and wheat and in
the prices of some other agricultural products, but all these prices
are still lower than they were before the panic of 1893.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 17
The causes winch, apart from the jmnie of 1893 and its attendant
circumstances, have unfavorably influenced all prices in
this country for a number of years have been discussed from
one end of the country to the other, ami through every channel
which reaches and influences public opinion. These causes have
not been determined to the entire satisfaction of any considerable
body of the American people. Speaking for ourselves "*e can see
no reason to change our previously expressed opinion that the
principal cause is to be found in the world's capacity to produce
more food, clothing, carpets, iron and steel, and other articles
of necessity than the world can consume. In the United States
the gap between productive capacity and domestic consumption
has been steadily widened in the last twenty years by the rapid
extension of the acreage of cotton, corn, ami wheat and by the
more rapid extension of our manufacturing facilities. Some
branches of our agricultural industry which have deluded for
their prosperity upon the foreign as well as the home markets
have met increased competition from other agricultural countries,
and hence foreign conditions have conspired with domestic to force
down the prices of the affected products.
The great and uneqtialed depression in prices, and consequently
in the wages of labor, which has taken place in this country
since the beginning of 1893 has, however, been mainly caused
bv the apprehension which has been shared by nearly all our
people concerning the tariff' and financial legislation which might
he enacted under the inspiration of the present National Administration.
During the whole of 1893 and until August, 1894. this
apprehension was a powerful ally of the general cause above
mentioned in depressing prices. That prices did not even slightly
advance after the enactment of the present tariff' in August
last was due in part to this general cause, in part to the fact
that the prostrating effects of the industrial depression were still
in existence, and in part to the discovery that the new tariff'
had reduced duties on many articles of foreign origin which would
thus be afforded an easier entrance into American markets. The
slight advance in the prices of some manufactured products, including
iron and steel, which has recently taken place is largely
attributable to the fact that the prices of raw materials have
been increased and to the further fact that competition has been
narrowed by the inability of many manufacturers to accept orders
at the prices which have been prevailing. In 1894 there
were 100 rolling mills and steel works in this country which were

18 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
closed during the whole year, and of these there were 51 which
had been running in the panic year 1893. The slight advance
iu prices is also in part attributable to an increase in the demand
for manufactured products, due to the general recognition
of the fact that the acute features of the business depression have
either already disappeared or are passing away.
No considerable advance in the present prices of iron and
steel in the near future is now looked for, but only steadiness in
prevailing prices and a slight advance. It would appear that in
other branches of domestic manufacturing industry no more boxful
expectations are entertained. The new tariff effectually bars
the way to a considerable increase in prices, even if all other
influences were favorable to that result. It is now realized that
this tariff will certainly increase our imports of many manufactured
products despite our low prices. The imports of woolen
goods and other textile products have already largely increased.
It is possible and indeed probable that the revival in industrial
activity in tins country which followed the settlement of the
tariff question in August last would have been more pronounced
and satisfactory than it was, particularly after the popular verdict
in November against a low tariff policy, if the outflow of gold,
which had been especially heavy in April. May, June, and July,
and was again large in Decemlier and in January of the present
year, had not added to the previously entertained distrust of the
financial future by exciting the fear that the Government would
suspend gold payments—a distrust which was increased when the
President, in his annual message in the early part of December,
surprised the country by proposing radical currencv legislation.
The excess of our exports of gold over our imports in the vear
1894 was 881,200,351, and in January of the present year the
excess was $24,945,991. In February the Government purchased
over 860,000,000 in gold, and arrangements were made which it
was hoped would virtually put a stop to further exports in the
immediate future. This expectation has thus far been realized,
and to this fact and to the final adjournment of the Piftv-tlurd
Congress on the 4th of March, with the consequent ending for the
present of all hastily matured financial schemes, may be traced a
large share of the increase in public confidence in the future of
business which has been observable during the last two months.
This country has at last heroically adapted itself to the severe
industrial conditions which were ushered in by the change in the
National Administration over two years ago. Prices and wages

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 19
have both been reduced; but our people are once more generally
employed; large bodies of unemployed workingmen arc not now
seen in any of our industrial centres; soup houses have virtually
disappeared; hope and confidence have taken the place of the
anxiety and almost despair of a year and two years ago. Our
workingmen have generally realized the difficulties which have
surrounded and embarrassed their employers, and as a rule they
have philosophically accepted the reduced wages which low prices
have made necessary. If their wages are low they have the
consolation of knowing that they are at work and are not idle,
and that a dollar will now buy a larger quantity of some of the
necessaries of life than it would have bought two years ago. This
is not, it is true, an ideal industrial condition, because high wages
and high prices lead to the greatest general prosperity; consumption
of both agricultural and manufactured products is alwavs
most active when wages arc high; but it is a cause of earnest
congratulation that in the general depression in values which has
taken place a day's wages, low as they arc, will now secure so
many of the comforts winch every American home should enjoy.
It must be steadily kept in mind, however, that present industrial
conditions in this country are abnormal and should not be
submitted to any longer than is absolutely necessary. Neither
capital nor labor is now sufficiently rewarded. In November,
1894, the people condemned by an overwhelming majority the
tariff legislation which had been proposed by the present National
Administration and the mere threat of which they hold
responsible for most of the financial and industrial troubles of
the last two years. With the same voice they demanded the
full restoration of the protective policy. This demand can not be
at once complied with, but as soon as it can be it will be.
WAGES DISPUTE IN TINPLATE WORKS.
Immediately after the new tariff' became a law the tinplate
manufacturers insisted upon a reduction in the wages of their
skilled workmen, to enable them to meet the increased competition
of foreign manufacturers which would be made possible by
the reduction in the duty on tinplates from 2.2 cents to 1.2 cents
per pound. The men resisted this demand, whereupon, on September
29th, nearly every tinplate plant in the United States was
closed by the manufacturers. A long controversy ensued, and it
was not until January 15th of the present year that an agreement
was reached, both sides making concessions.

20 STATISTICS OP THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
GENERAL STATISTICAL SUMMARY.
The production of iron ore in the United States in 1894, as
ascertained for the United States Geological Survey by Mr. John
Birkinbine, was 11,879,679 gross tons, against 11,587,629 tons in
1893, an increase of 292,050 tons.
The shipments of iron ore from the Lake Superior mines in
1894 amounted to 7,748,932 gross tons, against 6,060,492 tons in
1893, an increase of 1,688,440 tons. Our imports of iron ore in
18114 amounted to 167,307 gross tons, against 526,951 tons in
1893, a decrease of 359,644 tons. The imports in 1894 were the
smallest since 1878.
The shipments of coke from the Connellsville coke region in
1894 amounted to 5,454,451 net tons, against 5,054,797 tons in
1893, an increase of 399,654 tons. The average price of all coke
shipped from the Connellsville region in 1894 was SI per net ton,
against an average price of 81.50 in 1893. The shipments of
Pocahontas Flat Top coke in 1894 amounted to 865,684 net tons,
against 514,722 tons in 1893, an increase of 350,962 tons. The
shipments of Pocahontas coke in 1894 were much the largest that
have ever been made. The maximum shipments from the Connellsville
region occurred in 1892, when they amounted to 6,300,-
691 tons.
The shipments of anthracite coal from the Pennsylvania mines
in 1894 amounted to 41,391,200 gross tons, against 43,089,537
tons in 1893, a decrease of 1,698,337 tons. The shipments of
Cumberland coal from the mines of Western Marvland and West
Virginia in 1894 amounted to 3,966.106 gross tons, against 4.347,-
807 tons iu 1893, a decrease of 381,701 tons. The shipments of
bituminous coal and coke through the locks and pools of the Monongahela
Navigation Company in 1894 amounted to 116,545,313
bushels, against 96,792,300 bushels in 1893, an increase of 19 753-
013 bushels.
The production of pig iron in the United States in 1894 was
6,657,388 gross tons, against 7,124,502 tons in 1893, a decrease
of 467,114 tons. The production of pig iron in the first half of
1894 was 2,717,983 tons, and in the last half of 1894 it was
3,939,405 tons. Of the total production in 1894 only 222,422
tons were made with charcoal and only 120,075 tons were made
with anthracite alone. Of the total production 3,808,567 tons,
or over 57 per cent., were of Bessemer quality. In 1893 the
Bessemer pig iron produced was about 50 per cent, of the total
production. The largest annual production of pig iron in the

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1*94. 21
United States was in 1890, when it amounted to 9,202,703 gross
tons. In 1892 the next largest production was attained, namely,
9,157,000 tons. The imports of pig iron in 1894 amounted to
15,582 gross tons, which was the smallest annual importation of
which we have any record.
The production of Bessemer steel ingots in the United States
in 1894 was 3,571,313 gross tons, against 3,215,686 tons in 1893,
an increase of 355,627 tons. Of the total production in 1894
1,664,954 tons were produced in the first half of the year and
1,906,359 tons iu the second half. The largest production of
Bessemer steel ingots yet attained in this country was in 1892,
when 4,168,435 tons were made.
The production of open-hearth steel ingots and direct castings
in the United States in 1894 was 784,936 gross tons, against
737,890 tons in 1893, an increase of 47,046 tons.
The production of all kinds of rails in the United States in
1894 was 1,021.772 gross tons, agaiust 1.136,458 tons in 1893, a
decrease of 114,686 tons. Included in the above total of rails
produced in 1894 were 157.457 tons of street and electric rails.
against a similar production in 1893 of 133,423 tons, showing
an increase in 1894 of 24,034 tons.
The number of miles of new railroad in the United States
upon which track was laid in 1894, but not including double
tracks or the mileage of sidings, was about 2,000. which was the
smallest mileage since 1875. The new railroad conslructed in
1893 is reported in Poor's M«>m

22 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
the number of passenger cars built in 1894 as 510, against 1,980
in 1893. Fifteen companies did not build a single car in 1894.
and three other companies have gone entirely out of business.
The production of iron aud steel structural shapes in the United
States in 1894, not including plate girders, was 505,901 gross
tons, against 387.307 tons in 1893 and 453,957 tons in 1892.
The production of wire rods in the United States in 1894 was
673.402 gross tons, against 537,272 tons in 1893 and 627,829 tons
iu 1892.
The production of wire nails in the United States in 1894 was
5,681,801 kegs of 100 pounds, against 5,095,945 kegs in 1893, an
increase of 585,856 kegs. The production of cut nails and cut
spikes in 1894 was 2,425,060 kegs, against 3,048,933 kegs in 1893,
a decrease of 623,873 kegs.
The foreign value of all the iron and steel and manufactures
thereof which were imported into the United States in 1894 was
820,843,576, against 829,656,539 in 1893, a decrease of $8,812,-
963. The foreign value of our imports of the above named articles
in 1887 was $56,420,607, since which year there has been
an almost steady decline in importations.
In the above figures for 1894 and preceding years are included
our imports of tinplates. In 1894 these imports amounted to
215,068 gross tous, against 253,155 tons in 1893, 268,472 tons
in 1892, 327,882 tons in 1891, 329,435 tons in 1890, and 331,-
311 tons in 1889, when the maximum of imports was reached.
The exports of iron and steel from the United States in 1894.
including all manufactures of iron and steel except agricultural
implements, amounted to $29,943,729, against S30.159,363 in
1893. a decrease of only $215,634. In both 1893 and 1894 our
exports of iron and steel exceeded our imports in value.
The number of iron and steel vessels built in the United States
in the fiscal year ended June 30. 1894, not including vessels for
the Navy, was 39, with a gross tonnage of 51,470 tons, against
65 vessels in the fiscal year 1893, with a gross tonnage of 94,-
532 tons, a decrease of 26 vessels and 43,062 gross tons.
The number of immigrants who arrived in the United States
in the calendar year 1894 was 250,313, agaiust 495,030 in 1893
a decrease of 244,717, or nearly 50 per cent.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES OF IRON AND STEEL.
In the following table we give the average monthly prices of
various leading articles of iron and steel in Pennsylvania in 1892

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 23
1893, and 1894, and in the first three months of 1895. The prices
named are per gross ton of 2.240 |>ounds, except for bar iron,
which is quoted by the pound. The great shrinkage in prices
during the period covered by the table will attract attention.
Months.
Januarv,1892
March
April
September
March
April
January,1894
February
April
January,1895
March
•
is
Ss Is Is A
all1 li'li J2
i
H
p
|
II
o~
e-cl\ gi
"151*
©£3 £ 3
M i l *"
ii
i|| i =
fZlM 517.50 114.351*13.50|$16.65 $30.00 [825.00 .85e.| 1.70c.
20.50 17.00 14.25 j 13.25 15.25 30.00' 24.00 ,85c. 1.68c.
20.25 16.50 14.00' 13.00 14.75 30.00 23.33 1.85c. 1.62c.
20.00 16.001 14.00 13.00 14.50 30.00 22.87 1.90c. 1.60c.
19.90 15.95 13.75 12.94 14.36 3o.i""i 22.57 .90c. 1.58c.
19.50 15.69 13.50 12.751 14.10 30.00 22.81 1.90c. 1.60c.
19.17 15.06 13.00 12.75 14.00; 30.00 23.29 1.90c. 1.70c.
19.00 15.00' 13.00 12.50) 14.00| 30.00, 24.08 1.90c. l.fiSc.
19.00 15.00 13.00 12.501 13.96| 30.00 24.24 1.85c. 1.64c.
19.00 15.00 13.25 12.50 I3.901 30.00 23.55 1.85c. 1.67c.
18.40 15.17 13.25 12.50 14.03, 30.00 24.83 1.85c. 1.64c.
18.00 15.12 13.25 12.50 13.90 30.00 23.00 1.80c. 1.60c.
18.00 14.80 13.10 12.30 13.69 29.00; 21.75 (1.80c. 1.59c.
18.50 14.75 13.00 12.25 13.51 29.00 21.56 1.80c. 1.56c.
18.00 1 1.69 13.00 12.25 13.75 29.001 22.34 1.7Ac. 1.57e.
18.00 14.58 13.00 12.25- 13.S6 29.001 22.72 1.75c. 1.55c.
17.50 14.85 13.00 12.251 13.51 29.00 21.69 1.75c. 1.55c.
16.62 15.00 13.00 12.25 13.50 29.00 21.87 1.75c. 1.52c.
16.00 ir..oo 13.00 12.001 13-21 29.00i 21.37 il.70c. 1.52c.
16.12. 14.50 12.94 12.0O-I 13.08 29.001 20.62 1.70c. 1.50c.
15.62 14.33 12.58 11.69 12.19 29.00, 19-19 1.65c. 1.50c.
14.80 14.20 12.25 10.87 11.60; 27.50 [ 17.94 1.60c. 1.40c.
14.00 13.75 12.00 10.66 11.46 25.00, 17.31 1.60c. j 1.35c.
14.00 13.7.5 11.94 10.44 11.17 24.00 16.87 1.55c. 1.35c.
13.00 13.37 11.56 9.8* 10.90 24.00, 16.10 |l.55c. 1.30c.
12.62 13.00 11.37] 9.72 10.75 24.00| 15.94 1.60c 1.25c.
12.50 13.00 ll.Oo' 9.61 10.56 24.001 15.46 |l.45c 1.20c.
12.12 V2.& 10.75 9.47 10.49 24.00 15.69 1.40c 1.20c.
12.00 12.50 10.50 9.55 12.44 24.00 17.75 1.30c 1.25c.
11.62 12.50 10.56 9.78 13.15' 24.00' 18.60 1.30c 1.25c.
11.30 12.50 10.;".i 9.94 12.6C 24.00 17". 1.30c 1.20c
11.50 12.50 10-50 10.00, 12.12 24.00 17.75 1.30c 1.17c.
11.50 12.501 10-5C 10.02 ] 11.55 24.00 17.30,1.25c 1.17e.
11.50 12.50 10.50 9.S4! 11.02 24.00 16.00 1.25c 1.15c.
ii.:: 12.5C 10.W 9.72 [ 10.66 24.00 15.49 1.20c 1.15c.
12.00 12.51 10.51 9.47 10.31 24.00 15.lt 1.25c. • 1.10c.
11.75 12.04 10.50 9.17 10.06 22.00 14.79 1.20c. 1.10c.
11.75 12.00 10.50 9.09; 10.15 22.01 15.01 lJWc.fl.10e.
12.00 . 12.06 , 10.50 | SM i 10.23 . 22.01 14.94 1.25e 11.10c.

24 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
AVERAGE YEARLY PRICES OF IRON AND STEEL.
The following table gives the average yearly prices of the articles
mentioned in the preceding table for the years 1891, 1892,
1893, and 1894. These prices are obtained by averaging monthly
quotations, and these have in turn been averaged from weekly quotations.
The prices given are per ton of 2,240 pounds, except for
bar iron, which is quoted by the 100 pounds.
Articles.
Old iron T rails, at Philadelphia
No. 1 anthracite foundry pig iron, at Philadn.
Gray forge pig iron, Lake ore, at Pittsburgh...
Steel rails, at mills, in Pennsylvania
Steel billets, at mills, at Pittsburgh
Best refined bar iron, from store, at Pbilada
1891.
$22.05
17.52
14.52
14.06
15.95
29.92
25.32
1.90
1.71
1892.
$19.48
15.76
13.54
12.81
14.37
30.00
23.63
1.87
1.64
PRICES OF WIRE NAILS AT CHICAGO.
ivy.
$16.43
11.52
12.73
11.77
12.87
28.12
20.44
1.70
1.50
1894.
$11.95
12.66
10.73
9.75
11.38
24.00
16.58
1.34
1.20
The following table, prepared for these pages by Mr. George W.
Cope, associate editor of the Iron Age, gives the average monthly
base prices of standard sizes of wire nails, per keg of 100 pounds,
from the factory, free on board at Chicago, from 1887 to 1894.
Mm:,:!.-.
January
February...
March
April
Mav
Julv
August
September..
October
November..
Decern lie r...
Average.
18S7.
$3.50
3.65
3.65
3.45
3.20
3.00
2.95
3.00
3.00
2.90
2.75
2.75
$3.15
i—.
$2.70
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.60
2.50
2.35
2.45
2.55
2.55
2.55
2.40
$2.55
1889.
$2.55
2.40
2.35
2.35
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.25
2.35
2.55
3.15
3.00
$2.49
1890.
$2.90
2.95
2.75
2.40
2.30
2.40
2.40
2.50
2.55
2.40
2.30
2.25
$2.61
1891.
$2.22
2.27
2.22
2.12
2.05
2.02
2.07
2.02
2.00
1.90
1.85
1.80
$2.04
ISM
Si .82
1.87
1.85
1.75
1.70
1.57
1.70
1.70
1.67
1.57
1.60
1.60
$1.70
IS93.
$1.57
1.55
1.65
1.65
1 60
..w
1.47 1.50
1.47
1.47
1.40
1.30
1.27
$1.49
1891.
$1.17
1.20
1.15
1.00
1.07
1.20
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.05
1.00
$1.11
There has been a decline of over 72 per cent, in the price of
wire nails in the eight years from February, 1887, to December,
1894. The fall from $3.65 per keg in 1887 to $1.00 in 1894 is
remarkable, but since January 1, 1895, sales have been made at
95 cents and even at 90 cents per keg.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. S>I
PRICES OF TINPLATES AT NEW YORK.
In the following table we have compiled from quotations in
the Iron Age the wholesale prices, per box of "full weight" 1.< January, 1894 5
5 17
May
:;n February 5
September.
5 49
June
29 March
5
October
5 44 . July
25 April
5
November
5 24 August
21 May
5
December
5 35 September 20 June
6
January, 1891 5 17 October
27 July
5
February
5 36 ! November 45 August , 5
March
5 26 December. 49 September 6
April
5 17 January, 1893, 35 October , t
M»y
5 35 February
35 November 4
June
5 28 March
n December 4
July
April
6Q January, 1895 S
August
i;: May
50 February 3
September.
Jane
41 March
:;
Statistics of the production of tinplates in the United States
to June 30, 1894, and of the imports of tinplates from 1871 to
1894 will he found in the supplement to this Report. The Government
has ceased the collection of the statistics of production.
PRICES OF ANTHRACITE COAL AT PHILADELPHIA.
The average yearly circular prices of hard white ash anthracite
coal in the last six years, per gross ton, free on board at Philadelphia,
for shipment beyond the Delaware capes, were as follows.
Yean—Average prices. Lump.
$4.04
3.924
3.85
3.974
3.90
3.90
Broken.
$3.78
3.74
3.68
3.72
3.77
3.833
$3.95
3.92
3.84
3.98
3.97
3.974
Store.
$4.12
4.05
3.93
4.16
4.24*
4.184
Chestnut.
$3.92
3.73
3.61
4.00
4.23
4.18}

26 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
LOWEST TRICES OF IRON AND STEEL.
There have been three periods of particularly low prices for
iron and .steel in this country since the close of the civil war,
the first occurring after the panic of 1873, the second in 1884
and 1885, and the third from 1891 to 1895. The lowest quoted
prices in each of these periods for six leading products are given
in the following table. The quotations are per ton of 2,240
jwunds, except for bar iron, which is quoted by the 100 pounds.
Articles.
No. 1 anthracite foundry pig iron, at Phila..
Gray forge pig iron, Lake ore, at Pittsburgh..
Old iron T rails, at Philadelphia
Best bar iron, at Pittsburgh
Steel rails, at mills, in Pennsylvania
1873-79.
$16.50
16.00
19.50
1S.00
1.60
40.00
1884 85.
$17.50
14.00
17.00
16.50
1.50
26.00
1891-95.
$12.00
8.90
11.00
1.10
22.00
The lowest quoted price for No. 1 anthracite foundry pig iron
in the first period above mentioned was $16.50 in November,
1878. At that time the iron trade of this country, in sympathy
with the general depression which followed the panic of September
18, 1873, was in a state of extreme prostration. In 1893 the
price of No. 1 anthracite pig iron fell to $13.75, this quotation
ruling during November and December of that year. In April,
1894, the price fell still further to $12.50, at which it remained
until January, 1895, when there was a further decline to
812.00, at which point the price remained during the early
months of this year, advancing slightly in March. Gray forge
pig iron at Pittsburgh declined to 89.40 in April, 1894, recovering
to 810.15 in September, 1894, and falling as low as 88.90 in
March, 1895. The lowest quoted price for Bessemer pig iron at
Pittsburgh after the panic of 1873 was 819.50, reached in May,
1878, but in April, 1894, the price fell to 810.45. In the following
month the price rose to 813.50, owing to a prolonged
strike in the Connellsville coke region, but the decline which followed
reached 89.95 in January, 1895. The advance in the price
of coke, dating from April 1st, caused an increase in the price
of Bessemer pig iron at Pittsburgh to about 810.50 at the close
of March. Old iron rails at Philadelphia reached their lowest
quoted price, 811-00, in June and July, 1894, advancing later to
812. Best bar iron at Pittsburgh also reached a lower point in
the third period than in either of the other periods, the price in

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 27
March, April, and July, 1894, having been 1.20 cents per pound,
which price was still further reduced to 1.10 cents in December,
1894, and during the early months of 1895. Steel rails
reached their lowest price in the third period. In November and
December, 1893, and during 1894 sales were made at $24. In
January, 1895, there was a further reduction to 822.00.
Steel billets are not embraced in this summary because quotations
arc not accessible for the first and second periods. In the
tabic on a preceding page, however, it will lie noticed that the
average monthly price of billets at Pittsburgh had fallen from
825 in January, 1892, to 814.94 in March, 1895. A single sale
at 814.60 was reported in January, 1895, which is the lowest price
at which billets have ever been sold in this country. The price
during the early part of April, 1895, was 815.35 to 815.75.
PRICES OF LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORE.
We give below the prices at which Lake Superior iron ore
has been sold upon season contracts from 1890 to 1894, per gross
ton, delivered at lower ports on I^ike Erie; also the prices at
which it has been sold in April, 1895, also for season delivery.
The prices for 1895 have been furnished for these pages by Mr.
A. I. Findley, editor of the Cleveland Iron Trade Review, who
has verified the figures given for preceding yean.
Grades.
Marqnette specular No. 1 non-Bes-
Soft hematites, No. 1 non-Bessemer.
Gogebic, Marquette, and Menominee
Minnesota No. 1 Bessemer.
Minnesota No. 1 non-Bessemer.
Chandler No. 1 Bessemer
lake Superior and Lake Angelinc
extra low-phosphorus Bessemer
Mesabi No. 1 Bessemer
Mesabi No. 2 Bessemer
Mesabi non-Bessemer
IV.
$6.50
6.00
5.50
4.50
6.00
6.50
1891.
$5.50
5.00
4.25
3.75
4.75
5.50
1892.
$5.50
5.00
4.25
3.75
4.50
5.65
4.85
4.85
6.00
1893.
$4.50
4.00
3.65
3.25
4.00
4.50
4.00
3.90
4.65
1894.
$3.25
2.90
2.50
2.00
2.76
3.35
3.00
2.95
3.50
2.50
2.10
1.75
1895.
$3.30
2.75
2.55
2.00
2.90
3.40
3.00
3.05
3.55
2.50
2.00
1.75
The prices given for Mesabi ore in 1894 represent the lowest
figures ;ii which sal'- were made in thai year. The Mesabi figures
given for 1895 are minimum asking prices. For one Mesabi
Bessemer ore 82.75 per ton is the price, and for another 82.65.

28 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
IMPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL.
The following table gives the foreign values of all our imports
of irou and steel, including fire-arms, hardware, cutlery, anvils,
chains, machinery, etc., in the calendar years from 1871 to 1894.
The total foreign value of our imports of these articles iu these
twenty-four years was SI,027,840,350. The table has been compiled
by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department.
1S72
1874
1876
1S78
Year..
Values.
857,866,299 j
75,617,677
60,005,538
37,652,192
27,363.101
20.016,603
19.874,399
18,013.010
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
Year*.
Values.
833,331,569
80,443,362
61,555,077
67,075,125
47,506,306
37,078,122
31,144,552
41.630,779
1887
1888
18S9
1S90
1S91
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Value*.
$56,420,607
42,311,689
42,027,742
44.540,413
41,983,626
33,882,447
29,656,539
20,843.576
The following table, also compiled for these pages by the Bureau
of Statistics of the Treasury Department, gives in detail
the quantities and values of our imports of iron and steel and
manufactures thereof in the calendar years 1893 and 1894.
Articles-Grow ton*.
T..:i-. Vnl\i«,
T.iiis.
Values.
Pig iron
54,394 $1,224,347 15,582 J407.63S
Scrap iron and scrap steel I 6,273 97,552 2,380 43,710
Bar iron
14,890 | 603,985 9,228 377,397
Iron and steel rails
2,888 57,584 300 4,292
Cotton-ties, hoops, etc
1,697 78,325 60 3,272
Hoop, band, and scroll iron or steel.. 1.017 65.111 805 51,111
Steel ingots, billets, blooms, slab*, etc. 26,868 1,293.834 9,494 809,184
Sheet, plate, and taggers' iron or steel 37,321 1,746,035 28,795 1,197,671
Tinplates
253,155 15,559,423 215,068 12,053,167
Wire rods, of iron or steel
34,885 1,387,066 22,603 923,675
Wire and wire rope, of iron or steel.. 4,146 588,817 4,288! 514,484
Auvils
83,617 406! 57,614
Chains
48.753 291 35,910
Cutlery
1,246,783
1,220,707
Files, file blanks, rasps, aud Boats.-
59,752
49,413
Fire-arms
141.123
294,230
Machinery
2,513,026
1,189,965
Needles
309,674
286.655
All other Tvtal. 438,495 $29,656,539 2,551,732 309.290 S20.843.576 1,323,481

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 29
During each of the last six jean our imports of tinplntes have
represented more than one-half of the total value of our imports
of iron and steel and manufactures thereof.
The following table gives in gross tons the quantities of our
imports from 1880 to 1894 of the articles named in the above
tabic which have been weighed, and which articles have been
uniformly classified from year to year. The weight of machinery,
hardware, cutlery, fire-arms, and similar products is not included.
1880.
1SS1.
1882.
1883.
1884.
Years.
(iH IV, 1..I1-
1,886,019
1,180,749
1,192,296
694,330
654,696
Years. Gross lorn.
1885 ' 578,478
1886 ; 1,098,565
1887 1,783,256
1888 914,940
748,550
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Gross ton*.
665,771
557,882
494,468
438,495
309.290
Of the pig iron imported in 1893 and 1894 and immediately
preceding years much the larger part was spiegeleisen and ferromanganese,
which pay duly as pig iron. The quantity of these
articles entered at custom houses for consumption in the United
States amounted to 101,167 gross tons in 1890, 41,449 tons in
1891, 47,310 tons in 1892, 37,199 tons in 1893, and 9,722 tons
in 1894. There were also imported as pig iron 158 tons of
ferro-silicon in 1892, 154 tons in 1893, and 228-j tons in 1894.
EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL.
The following table, compiled for us by the Bureau of Statistics,
shows the total value of our exports of iron and steel and
manufactures thereof in the calendar years from 1871 to 1894.
These exports embrace chiefly machinery, builders' hardware, sewing
machines, saws and tools, locomotives, fire-arms, scales and
balances, pig iron, steel rails, wire, miscellaneous castings, and
engines and boilers, but do not include agricultural implements.
\V.;;s. Value*.
1871 §14,185,359
1872 ' 12,595,539
1873 ! 14,173,772
1874 | 17,312,239
1875 1 17,976,833
1877. 1876 13,641,724
1878.
18,549,922
15,101,899
Yean,. Values.
1879 $14,223,646
1880 15,156,703
1881 13,216,121
1882 22,343,834
1883 1 22,716,040
1884.
1885.
1886-
19,290,895
16,622,511
14,865,087
Yciirs.
Value*,
1887 ( $16,235,922
1888 | 19,578,489
18S9 23,712,814
1890..
1891..
1892..
1893..
1894-
L'7,000,134
30,736,507
27,900,862
30,159,363
29,943,729

30 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
We are indebted to the Bureau of Statistics for the following
details of the quantities and values of our exports of iron and
steel in the calendar years 1893 and 1894.
Pig iron
Com mod Hies.
.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 31
SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE FROM LEADING DISTRICTS.
We have regularly ascertained for a number of years the annual
shipments of iron ore from the leading iron-ore districts of
the country. These shipments in the last three years, including
the consumption by local furnaces, were as follows, in gross tons.
Shipment* o( Iron ore Qua leading districts,
1892.
Grow ion-.
18». 1681.
Gross Ions. Gross ions.
I-ake Superior mines of Michigan and Wis 7,907,239 4,621.987 .-..iNis.iM,;
Vermilion Lake ami Mcsulii mines of Minn.. 1,162,317 1,438,505 2.740,686
Missouri mine*
Cornwall mines, Pennsylvania
New Jersey mines
Chateaugay mines, on Lake Champlain
Crown Point mines. Xew York
Port Henry mines, New York
Other Lake Chumptain mines. New York
Hudson River Ore and Iron Company
Tilly Foster mines, Xew York
Forest of Dean mines, Xew York
Salisbury region, Connecticut
Alleghany county. Virginia
Cranberry mines, North Carolina
Tennessee Coal, Iran, and Railroad Company's
121,564
634,714
469,236
114,891
32,497
293,345
9,574
59,242
70,039
17,566
30,355
146,534
18,439
90,570
60.862
439,705
328,028
29,584
19,001
153,902
1,570
38,442
27,623
18,185
17,024
175,140
9,093
73,428
14,147
371,710
277,483
10,000
5.190
59,656
12,334
66,953
12,510
14,000
142,80S
300
26,477
Ininan mines in Tennessee
Tennessee Coal, Iron, aud Railroad Company's 1,010,077
mines in Alabama
248,631
722,976
200,370
313,587'
81,933
Calhoun, Etowah, and Shelby counties, Ala- 12,437,136 8,375,430
Total of the above districts
The Lake Superior mines which shipped the largest quantities
of iron ore in 1894 were the following: Norrie and East Norrie,
in the Gogebic range, 621,624 tons; Pcwabic, in the Menominee
range, 304,009 tons; in the Marquette range, Pittsburgh and Lake
Angeline, 355,453 tons, and Lake Superior, 343,783 tons; Chandler,
in the Vermilion range, 558,051 tons; in the Mesabi range,
Mountain Iron, 556,777 tons, and Missabe Mountain, 505,955 tons.
The following table gives the shipments of iron ore from the
various mines of the Lake Superior region in the last five years.
For the statistics for 1890 we are indebted to Mr. James Kussell,
the editor of the Marquette Mining Journal, and for the figures
for 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894 we arc indebted to Mr. George
A. Newett, the editor of the Ishpeming Iran Ore. The figures
given in the table include shipments to local furnaces and all
shipments by rail as well as by water to other consumers.

32 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IKON TRADE FOR 1894.
Districts—Gross tons.
1890.
IS'Jl.
9,012,379 7.U62.233
1892.
Marquette range, Mich 2.997.927 2,511,895 L'.IJSO.l-il 1,832,750 2,058,683
Menominee range, Michigan
and Wisconsin
Gogebic range, Michigan
2,289.017 ! 1.824,552 ' 2,259,367 1,460,646 1,139,273
and Wisconsin
Vermilion I,ake, Minn
2,845,171 1,834,747
880,2641 891,539
2,967.678 1,328,591 1,810,290
1,158,072 817,458 948,514
Mesabi range, Minnesota..
4,245 621,047 1,792,172
9,069,556
1893.
6,060,492
1894.
7,748.932
In 1894 lake shipments were made from the following ports:
Marquette, 1,424,409 gross tons; Escanaba, 1,657,240 tons; Gladstone,
79,109 tons; Ashland, 1,731,703 tons; Two Harbors, 1,373,-
344 tons; Duluth, 1,367,286 tons: total by lake, 7,633,091 toas: allrail
shipments, 115,841 tons: total lake and rail, 7,748,932 tons.
RECEIPTS OF IRON ORE AT LAKE ERIE PORTS.
The Iron Trade Review, of Cleveland, annually publishes the
statistics of the receipts of Lake Superior iron ore at Cleveland
and other ports on Lake Erie, the ports of Buffalo and Erie included,
the principal receipts being at Ashtabula and Cleveland ;
also the quantity left on the docks at the close of navigation.
From these statistics we compile the following summary of the
receipts at all Lake Erie ports from 1883 to 1894, and of the
stocks on dock at the close of navigation in each of these years.
S.-7.
V. :ir.
Gross tons.
1,692,689
1,841,877
1,503,969
2,270,554
3,439,198
3,783,659
On dock.
Gross tons.
943,095
1,038,135
1,048,940
966,472
1,558,861
1,848,555
Y. •:.:-.
Receipts.
Gross tons.
, 5,856,344
1890 6,874,664
1891 4,939,684
1892 ] 6.660,734
1893 | 5,333,061
1894 6,350,825
On dock.
Gross tons.
2,607,106
3,893,487
3.508,489
4,149,451
4,070,710
4,834.247
The receipts of iron ore at' the ports of Buffalo and Erie alone
in the last seven years have been as follows, in gross tons.
Ports
Buffalo....
1888.
240,000
240.338
Total. 480,338
1889.
298,000
373,595
671,595
1890.
548,000
487,493
1,035,493
1891.
410,000
393,759
803,759
1892.
197,000
645,230
842,230
1893.
308,238
469,299
777,537
1891.
395,339
624,438
l,01»,777

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 33
IMPORTS OF IRON ORE.
The following table, for which we are indebted to the Bureau
of Statistics of the Treasury Department, shows the quantities
and values of iron ore ini|mrted into the United States during
the calendar years 1892. 1893, and 1894. by customs districts.
Baltimore
Buffalo Creek-
Perth Amboy...
Philadelphia....
Puget Sound....
All other
Total
1892.
Gross tons. Values.
328,326
1
23,433
8,605
S75S,033
3
61,260
17.196
1,428 8,153
438,920 940,783
2,568 9,597
304 619
806.585 SI.795.644
1893.
Gross tons. Values.
311,892 | $477,204
1,526. 5,393
266
9,782
566
14,550
201,707 402,543
469 1,441
1,309
526,951
4,985
$906,687
Gross tons.
66,707
142
99.055
960
298
145
167,307
1894.
Values.
$88,661
2,488
168,969
2,615
4,346
162
$267,241
During 1894 the Juragua Iron Company Limited, an American
company with headquarters in Philadelphia. iui]»>ri«'l 150.439
gross tons of iron ore from ils Cuban mines, which was a decrease
of 198,224 tons from its importations iu 1893, but within 16,868
tons of the total importations of 1894. Of the quantity imported
by this company in 1894 there were received at Philadelphia 26
cargoes, containing 82,047 tons, and at Baltimore 22 cargoes, containing
68,392 tons. The total importations by this company from
1884 to 1894 amounted to 2,216,725 gross tons.
No iron ore was mined or shipped in 1894 from the Cuban
mines of the Signa Iron Company, of Philadelphia. In 1893 this
company imported 14,022 gross tons of iron ore, and in 1892
its imports were 7,830 tons. The Spanish-American Iron Company,
of New York, has not yet shipped any iron ore from its
Cuban mines.
CONSUMPTION OF IRON ORE.
We estimate our total consumption of iron ore in 1894 at
12,235,000 gross tons, against 13,480,000 tons in 1893, 17,400,-
000 tons in 1892, and 15,740,000 tons in 1891. Our imports of
iron ore in 1894 amounted to 167,307 gross tons; this quantity
subtracted from the quantity consumed leaves 12,067,693 tons as
the probable consumption of domestic iron ore in 1894, against
12,953,049 tons in 1893, 16,593,415 tons in 1892, and 14,827,144
tons in 1891. The foregoing estimates are based upon the quantity

34 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
of pig iron and iron-ore blooms produced, the probable consumption
of iron ore for fettling in rolling mills, and the probable consumption
of iron ore in open-hearth furnaces.
PRODUCTION OF PIO IRON.
Twenty States made pig iron in 1894, three less than in 1890,
1891, 1892, and 1893. None of the Territories make pig iron.
The total production of pig iron in 1894 was 6,657,388 gross
tons, against 7,124.502 tons in 1893, 9,157,000 tons in 1892, 8,-
279,870 tons in 1891, and 9,202,703 tons in 1890. The production
in 1893 was 2,032,498 tons, or over 22 per cent., less than
in 1892, and the production in 1894 was 467,114 tons, or over
6.5 per cent., less than in 1893.
The production of pig iron in the first half of 1894 was 2,717,-
983 tons, and in the last half of 1894 it was 3,939,405 tons.
The following table gives the production of pig iron by half years
during the last five years, in gross tons.
1890
1891
1892
1893
1S91
Years—Gross tons.
First half, Second hair.
4,560,513
3,368,107
4,769,683
4,562,918
2,717,983
4,642,190
4,911,763
4,387,317
2,561,584
3,939,405
Total.
9,202,703
8,279,870
9,157,000
7,124,502
6,657,388
The following tabic gives the production of pig iron by States
in 1893 and 1894, in the order of their prominence in 1894.
StiiU'*-Gros»ton*.
Ohio
Ahiliuinu
Virginia
Michigan
West Virginia
Colorado
ims.
H...i:..irj2
875,265
405,261
726,888
302,856
207,915
191,115
117,538
131,772
81.591
45,555
74,305
39.675
i-'i.
3,370,152
900,029
604,795
692,392
298,086
212,773
175.185
95,171
91,595
80,781
73,669
63,273
40,268
Stnles-Grov.1011*.
Connecticut
Missouri
Maryland
Texas
Oregon
Massachusetts...
Indiana
Xorth Caroliua..
1893. )894.
47,501
12,478
32,360
151,773
6,267
4,739
7,853
10.373
5,567
2,843
-,124,502
33,854
7,416
6,522
5,600
4,671
1,000
156
6,657,388
Pennsylvania made over 50 per cent, of the total production of
pig iron iu 1894; Ohio over 13 per cent.; Illinois over 9 per cent.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 35
and Alabama nearly 9 per cent.; Virginia made over 4 per cent.;
Tennessee over 3 per cent.; all other States fell below 3 per cent.
The only States which increased their production of pig iron
in 1894 were Ohio, Illinois, Tennessee, Colorado, and Georgia.
All the other Stales show a decrease. Minnesota, Indiana, and
North Carolina made no pig iron in 1894.
The production of all kinds of pig iron in Pennsylvania by
districts in 1894 was as follows, in gross tons : Lehigh Valley.
224,205 tons; Schuylkill Valley, 273,504 tons; Upper Susquehanna
Valley, 87,280 tons; Lower Susquehanna Valley, 233,069
tons; Juniata Valley, 41.499 tons; Allegheny county, 1,782,079
tons; Shenango Valley, 458,899 tons; miscellaneous bituminous.
265,073 tons; charcoal, 4,544 tons.
The production of all kinds of pig iron in Ohio in 1894 by
districts was as follows, in gross tons : Hanging Rock bituminous,
77,620 tons; Hanging Rock charcoal, 13,332 tons; Mahoning
Valley, 355,537 tons ; Hocking Valley, 27,932 tons; miscellaneous
bituminous, 425,608 tons. The furnaces al LeetOnia ore included
in the Mahoning Valley district.
The production of pig iron in 1894 according to the fuel used
was as follows, compared with the four preceding years.
Fuel used—Grew tons.
Bituminous, chiefly coke 6,388,147
Anthracite and coke 1,937,140
Anthracite alone 249,271
028,145
Total
1SW.
9,202,703
1891.
5,836,798
1,560,281
305,827
576,964
1S92.
6,822,266
1,568,093
229,020
537,621
8,279,870 10,167,000
1893.
5,390,184
1,297,646
49,883
386,789
7.124,502
1894.
5,520,224
791,667
120,075
222,422
0,657,388
The following table gives the production of bituminous pig iron
by States in 1893 and 1894, in the order of their prominence.
fitntcs-Gross tons.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Illinois
Alabama
Virginia
Tennessee
New York
West Virginia
Colorado
Wisconsin. „
!,4S9,570
856,968
405,261
659,725
302,348
153,069
60,335
81.591
45.5.V.
80,348
i-.i.
2,586,147
S86.697
604,795
556,314
298,086
205,853
95,469
80,781
73,669
68,582
States—Gross tolls,
Kentucky 45,402
Georgia ' 27,347
Maryland 147,166
Missouri 16,716
Minnesota 10,373
Indiana 5,567
North Carolina., 2.843
33.S54
27,068
2,309
Total 5,390,134 5,520,224

36 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
The table below gives the production of anthracite and mixed
anthracite aud bituminous pig iron by States from 1890 to 1894.
States—Gross tons. 1890.
I'run-yh.iri!,! 1,854,145
173,528
158,739
2,186,412
1891.
1,571,917
201,671
92,490
1,866,108
1892
1,480,932
228,206
87,975
1,797,113
1893.
1,148,854
124,370
74,305
1894.
779,461
72,008
63,273
1,347,529 914.742
The following table gives the production of charcoal pig iron
by States in 1893 and 1894, according to their prominence.
Stiiles— Gross ions.
Wisconsin
1S93.
117.538
67,163
51,424
18,297
12.328
6,410
12.478
54,846
15,644
UN.
States—Gross Ions.
95,171 Texas
36,078
23,013 Maryland
12,600
7,708
7,416
6,920
6,522
Massachusetts...
Kentucky
Total
1S93.
6,257
4,598
4,607
4,739
7,853
2,099
508
386,789
1894.
4,671
4,644
3,291
1,000
156
222,422
The following table gives the production of Bessemer pig iron
by States in 1894, compared with the production in each of the
five preceding years. Some curious changes will he noticed.
Slates—Gross tons. 1R89.
Pennsylvania 1,979,418 2,355,230 2,077,805 2,489,730 2,3S3,2:(0
Ohio | 404,148 492,060 46S.978 639,183 421,197
Illinois
486,576 , 628,863 540,714 800,661 358,592
West Virginia... 95,345 123,489 84.283 154,793 81,591
Colorado
1,181 | 19,083 8,430 31,416 39,850
New York
68,703! 177,789 131,867 133,723 71,213
Wisconsin
15,801 . 37,021 6,658 2,800 2,695
Kentucky
12,927 128,826 1,172 24,357 15,646
Maryland
65,933 62,013 111,468 88,224 147,166
Missouri
26.632 44,950 32,360
,494,098
589,940
543,309
80,781
69,524
19,612
5,207
2,895
2,309
Minnesota
Noith Carolina-
New Jersey
Michigan
21,432
2,105
64,711
1,147
1,226
3,217
12,964
4,544
14,071
17,225
10,373
2,843
1,842
Texas
1,607
Alabama.
Total
..........
3,151,414 14,092,343 3,472,190
625
4,444,041 3,568,598 3,808,567
|s-.

STA'
TISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. :;:
The following table shows the production of Bessemer pig iron
by States in 1893 and 1894, by half-yearly periods.
Stntc*-Gros* tons.
Ohio
Illinois
West Virginia
Colorado
Wisconsin
Mai-viand
North Carolina....
New Jersey
First half
1893.
1,489,154
282.106
295,383
66,398
36,352
2,258
63,295
Second nnir
1H93.
894,076
139,091
63,209
15,193
3,498
437
7,918
87,329 59 S37
22,329
10,373
10,031
2,445 . 398
1.822 ?0
Total | 2,374,890 1,193,708
First inir
1MH.
995,321
230,146
196,144
23,932
24,236
19,612
2,309
892
Oaoond hull
1894.
1,498,777
353.794
347,165
56,849
45,288
5,207
1,501,487 2,307,080
Of the total production of Bessemer pig iron in Pennsylvania
in 1894 the Lehigh Valley produced 77,037 gross tons; the
Schuylkill Valley, 50,688 tons; the Upper Susquehanna Valley.
86,801 tons; the Lower Susquehanna Valley, 225.186 tons; Allegheny
county, 1,530,83.5 tons; the Shenango Valley, 341,515 tons;
and the remainder of the Slate, 182,036 tons. In Ohio in 1894
the Mahoning Valley and the Hanging Hock bituminous district
produced 168.202 gross tons of Bessemer pig iron; the Hocking
Valley, 26,460 tons; and the remainder of the State, 395,278 tons.
The production of spiegeleisen and ferromanganesc in 1894 was
120,180 gross tons, against 81,118 tons in 1893 and 179,131 tons
in 1892. The production of 1894 was confine*! to the States of
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Colorado.
STOCKS OK UNSOLD PIG IRON.
Our statistics of stocks of unsold pig iron do not include pig
iron sold and not removed from the furnace bank, or pig iron
in second hands or in the hands of creditors, or pig iron manufactured
by rolling-mill owners for their own use. Nor do they
include the small stocks of foreign pig iron in bond.
The following table gives the quantity of unsold pig iron in
the hands of manufacturers or under their control in warrant
yards and elsewhere, and which was not intended for their own
consumption, at the close of each year since 1875.

38 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
Years. Gross tons Per cent of
production.
Yearn (.:..•-. i,,ns Per cent, of
production.
1875
679,382 34.0 188--..
371,886 9.0
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
,
,
,
613.213
573,528
513,004
126,495
407,730
188,300
383,655
476,607
529,464
33.0
28.0
22.0
5.0
11.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
13.0
1886.
1887.
1888.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
225,629
301,913
300,144
247,679
608,921
596,333
506,116
662,068
597.688
4.0
4.7
4.6
3.2
6.6
7.2
5.5
9.2
The stocks of pig iron which were unsold in the hands of
manufacturers or were under their control at the close of 1894,
and were not intended for their own consumption, amounted to
597,688 gross tons, against 662,068 tons at the close of 1893.
At the close of 1894 the American Pig Iron Storage Warrant
Company held in its yards 111,200 gross Inns, of which 47,560
tons are included above as under the control of the manufacturers,
leaving 63,640 tons of warrant pig iron in other hands,
which quantity should be added to the other unsold stocks above
mentioned, making a total of 661,328 tons of unsold pig iron on
the market at the close of 1894.
The American Pig Iron Storage Warraut Company commenced
operations in 1889 and has since regularly reported to us the
total quantity of pig iron in its yards. We give its figures below.
Periods.
December 31, 1889..
June 30, 1890
December 31, 1890..
June 30, 1891
December 31, 1891..
June 30, 1892
September 30, 1892.
December 31, 1892..
Gross ton*,
36,200
63,500
64,200
49,800
51,900
72,900
84,200
79,700
Periods.
September 30, 1893
December 31, 1893
March 31, 1894
September 30, 1894.
Gross ton*.
77,900
76,200
77,700
85,800
96,100
101,200
102,800
111,200
On March 31, 1895, the total quantity of pig iron in the warrant
yards of the above named company was 121,800 gross tons.
NUMBER OF FURNACES IN BLAST.
The whole number of furnaces in blast at the close of 1894
was 185, against 137 at the close of 1893. The following table
shows the number in blast at the close of each year since 1874.

1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 39
Years.
Furnaces.
365
293
236
270
265
388
446
1881
Years.
Furnaces.
455
1883 ] 307
1881 236
1886
1887
331
339
1889
1893
1894
Years.
Furnace*.
332
344
311
137
185
The number of furnaces in blast at the close of 1894 was the
smallest at the close of any year except 1893. during the whole
period covered by the table, but on the 30th of June, 1894, there
were only 108 in blast, while 408 were out of blast. On the 1st
of June. 1894. only 88 furnaces were reported to be in blast.
The following table shows the number of furnaces in blast at
the close of each year since 1890, classified according to fuel.
Fuel used.
Anthracite and anthracite and coke
1S90.
150
97
64
311
1891.
164
91
55
313
ISM.
141
72
40
253
1803.
At the close of 1894 the total number of furnaces in the United
States which were active or likely to be some day active was 511.
CONSUMPTION OF PIG IRON.
84
34
19
137
ISM.
Our consumption of pig iron in the last five yean* is approximately
shown iu the following tabic, in gross tons, the comparatively
small quantity of foreign pig iron held in bonded warehouses
and of domestic pig iron exjwiled not being considered.
All the stocks of pig iron in storage warrant yards at the close
of the year are included in stocks on hand.
Pig Iron—Gross tons.
1SK.
Domestic production ; 9,202,703 ' 8,279,870 9,157,000
Imported | 134,955, 67,179 70,125
Stocks on hand January lJ 283,870 661,858 627,233
Total supply
1,621,537
Deduct stocks December 31.. 661,858
!i.tnts.!hj7
627,233
Approximate consumption 8,959,679 8,381,674
7,124,502
54,394
535,616
9,854,358 7,714,512
535,016' 707,318
127
31
21
185
6,657,388
15,582
707,318
7,380,288
661,328
9,318,742 ! 7,007,194 6,718,960
Our consumption of pig iron since 1874, calculated as above,

40 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
with an allowance in some earlier years for foreign stocks and
domestic exports, and counting stocks in warrant yards in the
last six years, has been as follows, in gross tons.
Years. Gross tons.
1374 2,500,000
1875 2,000,000
1876
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
i 1.900,000
2,150,000
2,500,000
3,432,534
3,990,415
1881
1882
1883
1884
I8S5
1886
Years.
Gross tons.
4,982,565
4,963,278
4,834,740
4,229,280
4,348,844
6,191,354
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
Years.
Gross tons.
6,688,744
7,768,666
8,959,679
8,381,674
9,318,742
7,007,194
1887 | 6,808,386 | 1894 , 6,718,960
CHEAT BRITAIN FIRST IN THE PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON.
The production of pig iron in Great Britain in 1894 is reported
by Mr. J. S. Jeans, Secretary of the British Iron Trade Association,
to have amounted to 7,364,745 gross tons, or 707,357 tons
more than that of the United .States in the same year.
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
We have this year collected from the manufacturers for the
first time the statistics of the production of pig iron in Canada.
The total production of pig iron in the Dominion in 1894 was
44,791 grass tons, of which amount the furnaces in the Province
of Nova Scotia produced 37,092 tons and the furnaces in
the Province of Quebec produced 7,699 tons. Charcoal was used
for fuel in the production of 9,411 gross tons, and the remaining
35,380 tons were made with coke and a small quantity of
raw bituminous coal. On December 31,1894, there were 7 completed
blast furnace stacks in the Dominion of Canada, 4 of which
were located in the Province of Nova Scotia and 3 in the Province
of Quebec. At the close of the year one stack was under
construction at Hamilton, in the Province of Ontario.
PRODUCTION OF BESSEMER STEEL.
The production of Bessemer steel ingots in the United States
in 1894 was 3,571,313 gross tons, against 3,215,686 tons in 1893
and 4,168,435 tons in 1892. There was an increase of 355,627
tons, or over 11 per cent, in 1894 as compared with 1893. The
production in 1893 was the smallest since 1889.
The following table shows the production by States of Bessemer
steel ingots in the first half and second half of 1894, and
the total production in 1894 as compared with that of 1893.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 41
The production by the Clapp-Griffiths and the Robert-BeBsemer
works is included. Direct castings are counted as ingots.
States-Injjou. Fini1 hn,r ,S91- Second half 1891. ToUil ISM. | Total 18*1.
Gross tons. Gross tons. Gross ton*, i Gross tons.
Pennsylvania : 1,129,559 1.204,989 2,334,548 2,126,220
HUnoIl
Ohio
Other States
| 252,080
171,048
112,267
329,460
192,926
178,984
581,540
363,974
291,251
314,829
348,141
426,496
Total.. 1,664^954 1,906,359 3,571,313 3,210,686
The only new Bessemer steel plant which was put in operation
in 1894 was that of the Drcxel Railway Supply Company, at
East Chicago, Indiana, which consists of one 2-ton Robert-Bessemer
converter. The plant of the Ohio Steel Company, located
at Youngstown, containing two 10-ton converters, was completed
early in 1895 and the first blow of steel was made on February
4th. In the summer of 1894 the Johnson Company commenced
the erection of a large Bessemer steel plant at I-orain, near Cleveland,
and since the beginning of the present year the steel-rail
mill of the company has been removed from .Johnstown, Pa., to
Lorain. The first blow of steel at Lorain was made on April 1,
1895. Fifteen of the old standard Bessemer steel plants made
no steel in 1894. Of the four Clapp-Griffiths steel plants still
standing and in good condition three were idle in 1894. Two
of the five Robert-Bessemer plants made no steel in that year.
Bessemer steel, including the production of the Clapp-Griffiths
and Roliert-Bessemer converters, was made in nine States in 1894,
lour States less than in 1893, namely, New York. Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. Michigan, and
Colorado.
The three leading Bessemer steel producing States are Pennsylvania,
Illinois, and Ohio. In 1894 Pennsylvania made over
65 per cent, of all the Bessemer steel produced, against over 66
per cent, in 1893, over 57 per cent, in 1892, 63 per cent, in
1891, and 61 per cent, in 1890. Illinois made over 16 per cent.
in 1894, against over 9 per cent, in 1893, over 21 per cent, in
1892, 18 per cent, in 1891, and over 20 per cent, in 1890. Ohio
made over 10 per cent, in both 1894 and 1893, against almost
10 per cent, in 1892, 10 per cent, in 1891, and over 9 per cent.
in 1890. Its production of Bessemer steel will be largely increased
when the new plants at Youngstown and Lorain are in
full operation.

42 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IKON TRADE FOR 1894.
PRODUCTION OF OPEN-IIEARTH STEEL.
Our statistics of the production of opon-hcarth steel in the
United States include steel made in the open hearth by the basic
process, which we have not undertaken to classify separately.
Direct costings are included with ingots.
The production of oiien-hearth steel ingots in the United States;
in 1894 was 784,936 gross tons, against 737,890 tons in 1893, an
increase of 47,046 tons, or over 6 per cent.
The following table shows the production of open-hearth ingots
and direct castings by States during the past five years.
Mill ' '.r •• tons.
New York and
New Jersey
Pemisylvniim
Other States
Total
1890. 1891.
12,586
15,049
417,612
58,823
9,262
513,232
14,316
18,499
472,607
51,524
22,807
579,753
ISM.
1S,620
19,511
551,010
60,834
19,914
669,889
]••>.,
24,759
17,591
616,516
50,385
28,639
737,890
ISM.
26,204
21,363
659.969
54,182
23,218
784,936
The open-hearth steel made in 1894 was produced by 53 works
in ten States, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and California.
The quantity of open-hearth steel rails produced in 1894 was
only 1,085 gross tons, California, as usual, making the larger part.
PEODH HON OF CRUCIBLE STEEL.
The production of crucible steel iu the United States in 1894
amounted to 51,702 gross tons, against 63,613 tons in 1893, 84,-
709 tons iu 1892, 72,586 tons in 1891, and 71,175 tons in 1890.
The crucible steel produced in 1894 was made in nine States,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Maryland,
Tennessee. Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.
Of the tolal production of 51,702 gross tons of crucible steel
in 1894 New Kngland contributed 652 tons; New York, 3,705
tons; New Jersey, 5,470 tons; Pennsylvania, 39,257 tons; the
Western States, 1,877 tons; and the Southern States, 741 tons.
PRODUCTION OF MISCELLANEOUS STEEL.
The production of steel in the United States in 1894 bv various
minor processes amounted to 4,081 gross tons, against 2,806
tons in 1893, 4,548 tons in 1892, 4,484 tons iu 1891, and 3,798

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 43
tons in 1890. Blister, puddled, and "patented" steel, including
i< "patented" steel castings, are embraced in these figures.
TOTAL PRODUCTION OF STEEL.
The production of all kinds of steel in the United States in
1894 was as follows: Bessemer steel, 3.571,313 gross tons; openhearth
steel, 784,936 tons; crucible steel, 51,702 tons; all other
steel, 4,081 tons: total, 4,412,032 tons, against 4,019,995 tons in
1893 and 4,927,581 tons in 1892.
TOTAL PRODUCTION OF ROLLED IRON AND STEEL.
By the phrase rolled iron and steel we include all iron and
steel rolled into finished forms, as follows: (1) all sizes of iron
and steel rails; (2) plate and sheet iron and steel; (3) iron aud
steel plates for cut nails and cut spikes; (4) wire rods; (5) iron
and steel structural shapes; (6) bar, bolt, hoop, skelp, and rolled
axles. Hammered axles and other forgings are not included.
The production of all iron and steel rolled into finished forms
iu the United States in 1894 was 4,787,807 gross tons, against
4,975,685 tons in 1893, a decrease of 187,878 tons, or 3.7 per
cent. Twenty-seven States rolled cither iron or steel or both
iron and steel in 1893 and 1894. The following table gives the
aggregate production by Stales of iron and steel rolled into all
kinds of finished forms in 1893 and 1894, in gross tons.
State*—Gross tons. Staies-GrON* tons. 1KO.
Maine
New Hampshire...
Mmathoitttt
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee a
Alabama
6,866
2,900
95,782
13,497
29,975
126,675
2,862,833
32,499
135,088
34,394
76,352
40,303
8,584
24,542
2,786
3,100
79,392
10,420
18,912
123,389
77,596
2,865,392 :
27,652
5,283
24,378
103,319
34,449
5,120 ;
28,326 •
Ohio 639,884
Indiana ! t49,055
Illinois.
407,070
Michigan
13,932
Wisconsin
71,416
Minnesota
6,000
Missouri
28,103
Iowa
1,677
Colorado
48,643
Oregon
1,522
Wyoming
0,290
California
23,581
577,080
156,763
432,598
11,445
64,932
4,530
20,391
5,200
74,637
1,254
5,372
19,091
Tolal ! 4,975,685 4,787,807
Pennsylvania made 59.8 per cent, of the total production of
rolled iron and steel iu 1894, 57.5 per cent in 1893, 53.5 per cent.
in 1892, 56.4 per cent, in 1891, 58.5 per cent, in 1890, .57.4 per

44 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
cent, iii 1889, and 55.7 per cent, in 1888. Ohio made 12 per
cent, iu 1894, 12.8 per cent, in 1893, 14.4 per cent, in 1892, 14.5
per cent, in 1891,12.4 per cent, in 1890, 13.5 per cent, in 1889,
and 13 per cent, in 1888. Illinois made 9 per cent, in 1894,
8.1 per cent, in 1893, 12.1 per cent, in 1892. 10.9 per cent, in
1891, 12.4 per cent, in 1890 and iu 1889, and 12.2 per cent, in
188*. Indiana made 3.2 per cent, of the total product in 1894.
No other State produced 3 per cent, in any year. Neither
Georgia nor Texas rolled iron or steel in 1893 or 1894.
The total production of rolled iron and steel in the United
States from 1888 to 1894 is given in detail in the following table.
Yearn—Grow
Inns,
1888.
1891
1892
1893
1894
Iron and
'••I riiiU.
1,403,700
1,522,204
1,885,307
1,307,176
1,551,844
1,136,458
1,021,772
Biiek, hoop*
Plate* and
skelp. Wire rods, sheets, r - *
and tbtpM.
nail pUt*.
it nails. Total.
^ ton*. Grow ton*.
2,034,162 279,769 609,827 289,891 ' 4,617,349
2,374,968 363,851 716,496 259,409 5,236,928
2,618,660 457,099 809,981 251,828 i 6,022,875
2,644,941 536,607 678,927 223,312 5,390,963
3,033,439
2,491,497
2,301,471
627,829
537,272
673,402
751,460
674,345
682,900
201,242 i 6,165,814
136,113 4,975,685
108,262 4.787,807
PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL RAILS.
The production of all kinds of rails, including light and heavy
and street, electric, and mine rails, in the United States in 1894
was 1,021,772 gross tons, against 1,136,458 tons iu 1893, a decrease
of 114,686 tons, or 10 per cent. The production of 1894
was composed of 904,020 tons of Bessemer steel rails rolled by
the producers of domestic ingots; 111.993 tons of Bessemer steel
rails rolled from purchased blooms and from old steel rails; 1,085
tons of open-hearth steel rails; and 4.674 tons of iron rails.
The total production of Bessemer steel rails in 1894 amounted
to 1,016,013 gross tons, of which Pennsylvania made 714,935
tons, as compared with 728.231 tons in 1893; Illinois, 226,306
tons, against 233,697 tons in 1893; and the remainder of the
country. 74,772 tons, against 167,472 tons in 1893. The total
production of Bessemer steel rails in 1893 was 1,129,400 tons.
Only nine States made rails in 1894, namely, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, Alabama, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Colorado,
Wyoming, and California. All these States made Bessemer steel
rails except Wyoming. The production of Bessemer steel rails
outside of Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Colorado was very small.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 45
The Open-hearth steel rails were all made in Pennsylvania and
California. The iron rails were made in Pennsylvania, Alabama.
Illinois, Colorado, and Wyoming.
Of the total production of rails in 1894 Pennsylvania made
70 per cent., against over 64 per cent, in 1893, over 62 per cent.
in 1892, 69 per cent, in 1891 and 1890, 67 per ceut. in 1889,
59 per cent, in 1888. 54 per cent, in 1887, and over 62 per cent.
iu 1886. Illinois made over 22 per cent, in 1894, against over 20
per cent, in 1893, over 29 per cent, in 1892, 28 per cent, iu both
1891 and 1890, 30 per cent, in 1889, 31 per cent, in 1888, 30
per cent, in 1887, and 24 per cent, in 1886. These two .States
made over 92 per cent, of all the rails rolled in 1894, against
over 84 per cent, in 1893, over 91 per cent, in 1892, over 97
per cent, in 1891 and 1890, aud 97 per cent, in 1889.
The rails reported to us which are definitely known to have
been rolled for street and electric railways in 1894 amounted
to 157,457 gross tons, against 133,423 tons in 1893, 111,580 tons
in 1892, 81,302 tons in 1891, and 98,529 tons in 1890. The
increase in 1894 over 1893 was 24,034 tons. Virtually all our
street rails arc now rolled from Bessemer steel.
PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES.
Our statistics of iron and steel structural shapes embrace the
production of beams, beam girders, Z bars, lees, channels, and angles,
but do not include plates or plate girders. Plates are provided
for under other classifications, and under the general statistics
of plates are included all plates cut to S|>ecificatious. The
production of iron and steel structural sha|>es in 1893 ami 1894
was as follows, in gross tons, showing a large increase in 1894.
States—Gross tons.
New England
New York
Pennsylvania
Ohio
]-..:.
j 1,738
21,443
302,378
( 3,035
22,834
1 -
)S»I.
1,897
15,701
458,908
6,593
15,018
!
Slaics-Gron tons. 1893.
Minnesota
1891
j 10,377 ' 614
| 11,597 7,170
Total &5I.WI o«o,;k/i
Nearly all the structural shapes and plates used for structural
purposes in 1894 and recent years were made of steel, both Bessemer
and open-hearth steel being used.

46 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
PRODUCTION OF PLATES AND SHEETS.
The production of plate and sheet iron and steel in the United
States in 1894. excluding nail plate, amounted to 682,900 gross
tons, against 674.345 tons in 1893 and 751,460 tons iu 1892.
The production of skelp iron and steel is not included in any of
our tables with plates and sheets, but with other rolled material.
The following table gives the production of iron and steel
plates and sheets, by States, not including nail plates, in 1894,
in gross tons. For the first time we have separated plates and
sheets by gauges in our statistics for 1894, observing the following
classification: Plates, up to No. 8 inclusive; firebed, No. 9
to No. 19 inclusive ; sheets', No. 20 to No. 25 inclusive, and No.
26 and thinner gauges. This classification was adopted after consultation
with the manufacturers.
Plates-Lp! Firebed- Sheets—No. 1 Sheets—
^r.:.-. - -- *. r. -~ tons. to No. 8 No. 9 to No 2D lo No. '£> Thinner
inclusive. 19 lm luslvi inclusive, limn No. 23
Xew England
New York and New
Jersey
Pennsylvania...
Delaware.
Man* hind
West Virginia
Alabama
Kentucky
Ohio
Indiana
3.1O0
4,238
339,621
1,082
790
4,110
21,226
1.
659
:.344
45
1,199
1,580
2.121
18.317
6,600
BOO
243
38,923
2,909
1.303
2,200
120
750
22,499
3,000
600
2,376
64,541
4,082
3,914
3,092
1,200
4.656
45,285
17,432
Missouri and Culifornia
Total
150
375,117
434
i.fi99
1,521
:•>.
6,638
153,716
Total-
PUU-s and
sheets.
-vim
7,516
490.429
MIS
5,217
6,491
3,690
11,637
107,327
27.832
8.743
OS2.9O0
The production of "black plates for tinning" alone in 18114 is
reported to us to have amounted to 52,359 gross tons, of winch
Pennsylvania made 20,352 tons; Indiana, 13,332 tons ; Ohio,
8,784 tons; and New York, Maryland, and Missouri. 9.891 tons.
Nearly all these "black plates" are included in the above
table under "sheets thinner than No. 25."
Pennsylvania made 71.8 per cent, of the total production of
plates and sheets in 1894. against 69.1 per cent, in 1893, 68.6
per cent, in 1892, 72 per cent, in 1891, and 73 per cent, in each
of the years 1890, 1889, and 1888. Ohio made 15.7 per cent, in
1894, against 18.3 per cent, in 1893, 18.4 per cent, in 1892, 16.5

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 47
per cent, in 1891, 14.9 per cent, in 1890, 14.4 per cent, in 1889,
and 13.4 per cent, in 1888. Indiana made 4 per cent, in 1894.
No other State made 2 per cent.
PRODUCTION OF CUT NAILS.
Our statistics of the production of iron and steel cut nails and
cut spikes in the United States do not embrace railroad and other
spikes made from bar iron, wire nails of any size, or machinemade
horseshoe nails. Cut spikes are included with cut nails.
Our total production of cut nails in 1894 was 2,425,060 kegs
of 100 pounds each, against 3,048,933 kegs in 1893, a decrease
of 623,873 kegs, or over 20 per cent. There has been a steady
decline in the production of cul nails nnce 1886, in which rear
the maximum production of 8,160,973 kegs was reached. In 1894
our production of wire nails, as will be shown Mow, exceeded our
production of cut nails by over 3,000,000 kegs. Nine States made
cut nails in 1894.
The following table shows the production ol" iron and steel cut
nails by States from 1889 to 1894, in kegs of 100 pounds. We
have added to the table the wire-nail production for these years.
Stntes-Keas.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
West Virginia...
MassaclmselOt....
Xew Jersey
Illinois
Wyoming I
IS-'.).
1,834,899
1,546,928
9S0.346
239,903
252,067
204,438
194,998
165,000
138,200
11,435
242,000
544
Total cut nails..i 5,810,758
Total wire nails.1 2,435,000
Grand total ... 8,245,758
1890.
1,825,824
1,418,621
957,694
191,573
260,367
130,806
202,560
194,654
229,964
3,883
225,000
5,640,946
3,135,911
8,776,857
1691.
1,470,613
1,408,449
76S.648
] 353,292
97,400
107,475
248,854
383,445
164,000
5,002,176
4,114,385
9,116,561
18M.
1,521,332
1,261,813
429,243
297,-Ss
128,700
96,007
247,107
370,729
155,000
4,507,819
4,719,524
9,227,343
1893.
1,113,168
768,031
330,859
337,039
81,128
j 224,060
177,648
17,000
3,048,933
5,095,945
8,144,878
ISM.
1,061,931
490,461
273,822
166,350
94,462
213,034
125,000
2,425,060
5,681,801
8,106,861
The production of cut nails is declining rapidly in the Wheeling
district, which embraces the nail mills in Ohio and Marshall
counties in West Virginia and in Belmont and Jefferson counties
in Ohio. There were 416,329 kegs of cut nails made in this dis-

48 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAS IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
trict in 1894, against 691,994 kegs in 1893, 1,180,213 kegs in
1892, 1,609,933 kegs in 1891, 1,744,385 kegs in 1890, 1,825,956
kegs in 1889, 2,137,845 kegs in 1888, 1,848,116 kegs in 1887,
and 1,858,551 kegs in 1886. Cut nails have not been made in
Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, since 1890.
PRODUCTION OF WIRE RODS.
The production -of wire rods in the United States in 1894
amounted to 673,402 gross tons, against 537,272 tons in 1893,
an increase of 136,130 tons. Nearly all wire rods are now made
of steel. Pennsylvania made the largest quantity in 1894, with
Ohio second, Illinois third, and Massachusetts fourth in production.
Four other States, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut,
and Indiana, also rolled rods in both 1893 and 1894.
The following table shows the production of wire rods by States
during the past five years, in gross tons.
States—Grow ton*.
New England and New York..
Ohio
18M.
96,338
18,755
134,219
131,262
76,505
457,099
17,677
439,422
1891.
114,507
20,589
166,255
147,272
87,984
536,607
13,623
.vjl\:i.. i
ISM. 1 1893.
111,432
20,943
197,708
176,007
121,739
627,829
15,422
612,407
PRODUCTION OF WIRE NAILS.
79,618
23,013
227,257
140,047
67,337
.-.::7.272
1,125
536,147
1891.
88,913
20,880
246,101
173,272
144,236
673,402
5,772
i;67.er
that made nails in 1893.
In the following table we give the production of wire nails by
States in the last six years, in kegs of 100 pouuds.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 18114. 49
Years. New New York
Kegs. ; Engl mid. and
New Jency
1889 1 110,000 170,000
1890 \ 167,135 168,460
1891 | 193,668 12S.159
1892 107,477 91,470
1893 • 129,10S 147,930
1&«4 | 121,283 rs.nii
I'onmylvnnia.
616,000
1,061,639
1,400,232
1,676,684
2,177,495
2,396,482
Ohio.
944,000
1,115,320
1,659,396
1,800,742
1,556,160
1,830,000
Indiana
and
Illinois.
46,000
47,507
3*1,950
796,406
802,106
950,507
Other
State*.
319,OHO
575,850
290,960
216,745
283,146
305,486
I!
2,435,000
3,135,911
4,114,385
4,719.524
5,095,945
5,681,801
The "other States" referred to in the table as making wire
nails in 1894 were Wisconsin, Missouri. Kansas, and Washington.
PRODUCTION OP ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
The following table gives the number of blast furnaces, rolling
mills, and steel works aud the production in gross tons of pig
iron, steel ingots, aud rolled iron and steel iu Allegheny county,
Pennsylvania, in 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Detail*.
Blast furnaces Number.
Production of pig iron Gross tons.
Rolling mills and steel works Number.
Production of crucible steel incots..Gross ions.
Production of all other steel, including Bessemer
and open-hearth ingots Gross tons.
Total production of crude steel Gross tons.
Production of rails, bars, bolts, rods. Bhtptf,
hoops, and skelp Grow ton*.
Production of sheets and plates. Grow tons.
Total of rolled iron and steel Gross tons.;
1,775,257
62
55,722
1,550,252
1,605,974
1,188,727
248,369
1,437,096
27
1,697,207
63
43,289
1,547,484 1.864,470
1,590,773 1,893,666
1,019,503
230.061
1,249,564
PRODUCTION OF IRON HI.OOMS AND IMLLETS.
27
1,782,079
63
29,196
1,240,891
255,313
1,496,204
The quantity of iron blooms and billets produced in forges directly
from the ore in 1894 was 40 gross tons, against 864 tons
in 1893, 2,182 tons in 1892, 5,290 tons in 1891, 7,094 tons in
1890, and 11,078 tons in 1889. The only ore blooms produced in
1894 were made at the Helton Forge of W. J. Pasley, at Cnimpler,
Ashe county, North Carolina.
The quantity of iron blooms produced in forges from pig and
scrap iron in 1894, and which was for sale and not intended for
the consumption of the makers, was 3,221 gross tons, against 6,605
gross tons in 1893. All the pig and scrap blooms made for sale
in 1894 were made in Pennsylvania and Maryland

50 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IKON TRADE FOR 1894.
IRON AND STEEL SHIPBUILDING.
From Hon. Eugene T. Chamberlain, United States Commissioner
of Navigation, we learn that in the fiscal year 1894 we built
39 iron and steel vessels, against 65 in the fiscal year 1893.
The gross tonnage of the vessels built in the fiscal year 1894
was .51.470 tons, against 94,532 tons in the preceding year. Vessels
for the United States Navy arc not included in these figures.
With the exception of one steel ship and one steel schooner barge
all the vessels built in the fiscal year 1894 were built to use steam.
We subjoin a table showing the number aud tonnage of the
iron and steel vessels launched within the jurisdiction of the following
ports in the United States during the last four fiscal years.
Ports—Fiscal years.
Bath, Me
New York. N. Y
Newark, N. J
Philadelphia, Pa
Jacksonville, Fla
Louisville, Ky
Rock Island, III
Dubuque, Iowa
Pittsburgh, Pa_
Buffalo, N.Y
Toledo, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Marquette, Mich
Chicago, III
Dultith, Minn
Ran Francisco, Cal
Total
No.
6
21
7
1
2
1
3
1
4
14
3
2
3
0
2
2
76
1891.
Gross
tonnage.
1,780
36,673
7,078
119
260
355
1,023
342
2,212
26,523
3,005
5,056
7,452
6,329
4,863
2,548
ui.i,i;is
No.
1
3
1
13
5
4
1
1
1
1
2
7
2
1
11
1
55
1892. ( 1893.
Grim
touuiiin-.
233
2,547
1,256
>.:n
8.320
983
69
73
11
313
133
10,813
1.194
340
15,978
400
51,374
NO.
2
11
6
3
1
1
7
'2
I
4
13
4
1
65
Cross
tonnage.
265
5,528
4,936
3,229
13,983
237
2,166
16,043
1.173
8,128
9,050
17,398
8,86S
3,528
94,532
No.
2
•1
in
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
3
1
1
1
39
1S94.
Gross
tonnage
.1.980
:i,190
13,749
800
2,930
4,666
60
35
17
2,«37
4,390
47
6,781
3,402
3,093
103
51,470
One of the two vessels built at Bath, Maine, in the fiscal vear
1894 was the steel sailing ship Dirigo, which measures 3 004.80
gross tons and 2,855.79 net tons, is 312 feet long, 4-5.1 feet in
breadth, and 25.6 feet in depth.

STATISTICS OP THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 61
STATISTICS OK IMMIGRATION.
The following table, for which we are indebted to the Bureau
of Statistics of the Treasury Department, gives the total number
of immigrants who have arrived in the United States in the calendar
years 1889 to 1894, except from the British North American
Possessions and Mexico, for which statistics are not collected.
Countries.
England and Wales.
Ireland
Scotland
62,747
60,492
14,943
1690.
56,177 52,637 45,821
53.41S 55,947 50,522
11,408 12,488 11,267
ISiM.
44,567 29,259
50,102 36,448
11,665 5,610
Total United Kingdom. 138,187 121,003 121,072 107,610 106,534 71,317
Germany
95,965 96,514 123,438 11S.4I.I0 89,690 40,505
France
6,118 6,684 6,534 5,342 5,260 3,434
Bohemia and Hungary.. 18,397 32,780 38,627 40,045 30,858 10,508
Other Austria
23,773 30,339 32,084 29.8S5 35,023 12,458
Russia, except Poland... 33,437 40,922 73.271 52,334 51,797 26,978
Poland
4.S66 19,743 31,301 27,013 6,126 1,080
Sweden and Norway 42,451 43,322 52,445 55,724 52.05S 19,481
Denmark
V>97 9,993 10,490 10,236 8,490 4,393
Netherlands
6,339 4,414 5,365 7,758 7,757
Italy
Switzerland
All other countries
Total-
30,238
6,792
69,297 61,434 70,570 2,660
7,336 19,546 6,934 6,663 4,803 15,406
16,181
24,393 24,616 26,059
431,935 495,021 595,251 547,060 495,030 250,313
Iii the last six years we have received 1,038,029 immigrants
from Bohemia and Hungary and other Austrian provinces and
from Russia, Poland, and Italy. Of the whole number mentioned
171,215 came from Bohemia and Hungary, 163,562 from other
Austrian provinces, 278,789 from Russia, 90,129 from Poland, and
334,334 from Italy.
The table given below shows the number of alien ]>assengers,
nearly all of whom were immigrants, who arrived in the United
States from the formation of the Government in 1789 to 1855.
Down to and including 1855 immigrants do not appear to have
been classified separately from other passengers.
Periods-
Allen
passengers.
250,000
143,439
599,125
Period*.
Allen
pax»ciiteers.
1,713,251
1,748,364
4,454,179

52 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
Immigration into the United States from 1789 to 1842 never
exceeded 100,000 persons annually, and seldom came near that
number. In the latter year 104,565 aliens arrived. In the next
two years immigration declined below 100,000 aliens annually,
but in the six succeeding fiscal years, ending on September 30,
the arrivals rapidly increased, owing to the Irish famine, the
revolutionary movements in various European countries, the demand
in this country for labor to build railroads, and the discovery
of gold in California. 'In the six fiscal years referred to
the arrivals of aliens were as follows: 1845, 114,371; 1846, 154,-
416; 1847,234,968; 1848,226,527; 1849, 297,024 ; 1850, 310,004.
The following table shows the annua! arrivals of alien passengers
in the calendar years from 1851 to 1855; also the total
number of immigrants alone who have arrived in the United
States in the calendar years from 1856 to 1894, not counting immigrants
from the British Possessions and Mexico since July, 1885.
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1858
1859.
1860.
1861
11..1U i -
379,406
371,603
368,645
427,833
200,877
195,857
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
246,945 ', 1863
119,501 ' 1869
118,616 1870
150,237 j- 1871
89,724 j 1872
I milligram*.
S9.O07
174,524
193,195
247,453
Years.
1873
1874
1875
1876
314,917 1877
310,965 F 1S78
289,145 1879
385,287
356,303
346,938
437,750
1880
1881
1882
1883
Iimni
Smuts.
422,545
260,814
191,231
Wat*.
1"!
1885
1 1886
157,440 ! 1887
130,502 | 1888
153,207 | 1889
250,565
593,703
720,045
730,349
570,316
1890
1891
1892
1S93
1S94
Immigrant-.
461,346
332,361
392,887
516,933
525,019
431,935
495,021
595,251
547,060
495,030
250,313
During the sixty-seven years from 1789 to 1855 the total
number of alien passengers who arrived in the United States was
4,454,179. In the thirty-nine years from 1856 to 1894 the total
number of immigrants only, with the exceptions already noted,
was 13,290,237. The total number of those classed as alien passengers
in the first period and as immigrants in the second period
is 17,744,416.
The above statistics arc compiled from the publications of the
Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department. The increasing
importance of the immigration problem, particularly as it affects
the wages of labor and the continued prosjierity of the country
to say nothing of its other aspects, justifies" the incorporation of
these statistics in the pages of this Report.

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. 58
SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING STATISTICS FOR 1893 AND 1894.
Subject!*.
isvi.
Production of Pig Iron, gross tons
Production of Spiegeleisen and Ferro-manganese, in­
7,124,502 6,657,3ns
cluded in Pig Iron, gross tons
81,118
Production of Bar, Hoop, Skelp, and Structural Iron
120,180
and Steel, gross tons.
Production of Iron aud Steel Structural Ships, in­
2,491,497 2,301,471
cluded above, gross tons...
387,307 505,901
Production of Iron and Steel Wire Rods, gross ton*.
Production of Plate and Sheet Iron and Steel, except
537,272 673.402
Nail Plate, grosa tons
674,345 6S2,900
Productiou of Cut Nails and Cut Spikes, kegs of 100
pounds
3,048,933 2,425,060
Production of Iron and Steel Wire Nails, kegs of
100 pounds
5,09->,94.-. 5,681,801
Production of all Rolled Iron and Steel, including
Nails and excluding Kails, gross tons
3,839,227 3,766,035
Production of all Rolled Iron and Steel, including
both Nails aud Rails
4,975,685 4,7S7,S07
Production of Bessemer Steel Rails, gross tons. 1,129,400 1,016,013
Production of Open-hearth Steel Rails, grass tons
968 1,085
Production of Iron Rails, gross tons
6.090 4,674
Total production of Rails, gross tons
1,136,458 1,021,772
Production of Street Rails, included above, gross tons, 133,423 157,457
Production of Bessemer Steel Ingots, gross tons 3,215,686 3,571,313
Production of Open-hearth Steel Ingots, gross tons... ' 737,890 784,936
Production of Crucible Steel Ingots, gross tons
63,613 51,702
Production of Blister and Patented Steel, gross tons
2,806 4,081
Productiou of all kinds of Crude Steel, gross tons....
Production of Ore, Pig, and Scrap Blooms for sale,
4,019.995 4,412,032
gross tons
7,469 3,261
Production of Tinplates for year ended June 30, lbs.. 99,319,202 139,223,467
Value of Imports of Iron and Steel
$29,656,539 $20,843,576
Value of Kxports of Iron and Steel
$30,159,363 $29,943,729
Production of Iron Ore, gross tons
11,587,629 11,879,679
Imports of Iron Ore, gross tons
526,951 167,307
Total Consumption of Iron Ore. gross tons
Shipments of Anthracite Coal from the Mines in
13,480,000 12,235,000
Pennsylvania, gross tons
43,089,537 41,391,200
Imports of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal, gross tons , 1,162,304 1,334,1 sj
Exports of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal, gross tons .! 3,658,878
Iron and Steel Shij>s built in the fiscal year ended
3,636,341
June 30
65 39
Miles of new Railroad completed
2,828 L'.HI.J
Immigrants iu the year ended December 31
495,030 250,313

54 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
PRODUCTION OF ALL KINDS OF PIG IRON IN THE UNITED
STATES IN lsyi, 1892, 1893, AND 1S94, BY STATES.
Statistics collected directly from the manufacturers by The American Iron
and Steel Association.
Georgia
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Ohio
Indiana
Missouri
Minnesota
New Jersey
TOTAL PRODUCTION OF PIO IRON.
I
Gross tons of 2,240 pounds.
I8N.
8,990
21,811
315,112
92,490
3,952,387
123,398
295,292
3,217
49,858
795,673
18,662
86,283
44,844
291,738
1,035,013
7,729
669,202
213,145
197,160
29,229
1,226
18,116
9,295
8,279,870
1892.
7,946
17,107
310,395
87,975
4,193,805
99,131
342,847
2,908
9,950
915,296
8,613
154,793
56,548
300,081
1,221,913
7,700
949,450
184,421
174,961
57,020
14,071
32,441
7,628
9,157,000
lSitt.
7,853
12,478
191,115
74,305
3,643,022
151,773
302,856
2,843
39,675
726,888
6,257
81,591
47,501
207,915
875,265
5,567
405,261
117,538
131,772
32,360
10,373
45,555
4,739
7,124,502
ANTHRACITE AND MIXED ANTHRACITE AND COKE Pl(i IRON.
States.
t
1891.
92,490
Gross tons of 2.240 pounds.
1992.
228,206
87,976
1,480,932
1,797,113
1893.
124,370
74,305
1.148,854
1.347.529
UN.
156
7,416
175,185
63,273
3,370,152
5,600
298,086
40,268
592,392
4,671
80,781
33,854
212,773
900,029
604,795
95,171
91,595
6.522
73,669
1,000
6,657,388
1894.
"2,008
63,273
779,461
914,742

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1*94, 55
Slates.
Massachusetts....
Connecticut
New York
Pennsylvania...
Man-land
Virginia.. ,
North Carolina.
Georgia
Alabama
Texas
Kentucky ,
Tennessee.
Ohio
Michigan
Wisconsin
Missouri
Oregon
Tolal,
New York
Georgia
Tennessee
Ohio
States.
PRODUCTION OF PIO 1 RON.-Coxtinii:d.
CHARCOAL PIG IRON.
•\:
21,811
10,396
10,553
9,252
3,236
467
15.746
77,986
18,662
3,388
45,752
19.793
M3.145
94,092
14,400
9,295
Gross ion* of 2,240 pounds.
7,946
17,107
16,338
11,810
9,760
1,729
310
9,950
79,456
8,613
3,199
50,189
18,987
184,421
82,126
28,052
7,628
576.964 .".ir.'iiM
7,853
12,478
6,410
4,598
4,607
50S
12,328
67,163
6,257
2,099
54,846
18,297
117,538
51.424
15.644
4,739
BITl'MlNOrS COAL AND COKE PIG IKOS.
1891.
103,045
2,369,887
114,146
292,056
2,750
34,112
717,687
86,283
41,456
245,986
1,015,220
7,729
669,202
103,068
1,226
14,829
18,116
5,836,798
Gross tons of 2,240 pounds.
1892.
65,851
2,701,063
89,371
341,118
2,598
835,840
154,793
53,349
249,892
1,202,926
7,700
949,450
92,835
14,071
28,968
32,441
6,822,266
150
:.p.-;
7,708
4,544
3,291
12,600
36,073
4,671
6,920
13,332
95,171
23,013
6,522
1,000
386,789 222,422
1893.
6M,3iO
2,4S9,570
147,166
302,348
2,843
27,347
659,725
81,591
45,402
153,069
856,968
5,567
405,261
80,348
10,373
16,716
45,555
5,390,184
1894.
95.469
2,586,147
2,309
298,086
27,668
»6,314
80.781
33,854
205.853
8-Sr.,6!l7
604,795
68.582
73,669
5,520,224

56 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
STOCKS OF ALL KINDS OF PIG IRON UNSOLD AT THE
CLOSE OF 1881, 1S92. IS93, AND 1S94.
These Ma titties represent only unsold stocks in the hands of makers or their
agents, including stocks controlled by the manufacturers in warrant yards, and
do nut include other warrant stocks, or stocks iu the hands of consumers, or
pig iron made for the use of the makers, or foreign pig iron held in Iwud.
Slates and District*.
Nf« Ktighnd
Xew York
New Jersey
Lehigh Valley.. , ,
Schuylkill Valley
Upper Susquehanna Valley.
Lower Susquehanna Valley
Juniata Valley
Shenango Valley
Allegheny county
Miscellaneous bituminous....
Charcoal....
Total for Pennsylvania.
Maryland
Virginia
Georgia. Texas, and North Carolina.
Alabama
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Hanging Rock 1
Mahoning Valley
Hocking Valley and miscellaneous.
Total for Ohio.
Michigan, Indiana, and Minnesota.
Illinois and Wisconsin
Missouri and Colorado
Pacific States. ,
Grand total.
16,779
62,167
20,481
27,595
16,375
3,630
10,736
12,417
22,462
18,090
17,803
7,121
136,229
3,496
45,126
28,586
48,532
3,393
8,024
13,191
36,856
25,452
12,345
74,653
65,034
49,348
16,996
5,298
596,333
Gross tons of 2.240 pounds.
14,093
45,627
23,083
49,244
9,897
3,059
5,530
4,885
16,205
10,154
3,802
10,339
113,115
3,404
43,877
15,016
68,318
5,230
6,321
25,818
30,098
23,683
8,595
62,376
30,263
16,303
31,322
1,900
506,116
STOCKS ACCORDING TO FUEL TSED.
Bituminous
Anthracite aud anth. and coke mixed.,
Charcoal
Total.
258,678
124,370
213,285
596,333
213,615
119,015
173,486
506,116
16,623
42,976
20,417
59,215
45,939
3,35S
14,031
10,650
35,248
13,056
3,467
8,322
193,286
12,019
36,705
11.291
58,704
21,510
780
10,093
9,742
54,764
14,181
9,378
9,065
188,217
2,525 4,439
73,921 40,779
18,495 i 21,554
69,067 78,130
5,381
25,452
41,289
65,713
4,735
5,972
17,853
35,545
26,316
4,185
111,737 66,046
29,028
16,360
34,298
2.502
662,068
74,672
7,843
30,948
1,200
597.688
288.52S I 227.907
166,359 i 119,598
207,181 250,183
662,068
597,

STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894. r,:
THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLED IRON AND STEEL IN PENN­
SYLVANIA IN 1891, 1892, 1893, AND 1S94, BY DISTRICTS.
The Philadelphia district corers Philadelphia county and the Pencoyd Inn
Works; Eastern Pennsylvania comprises the eastern counties outside of the
Philadelphia district as far west as the limits of Chester. Berks, Schuylkill
and Carbon counties; Central Pennsylvania comprises the counties west of
those just named, extending to the western limits of Bedford, Blair. Centre.
and Clinton counties; Western Pennsylvania comprise! all counties west ..f
those just named, except Allegheny.
BARS, HODS, BOLTS, HOOPS, SKELP, SHAPES, AND ROLLED AXLES.
Gross tons of 2,810 pounds.
MM. 1892.
l--'•.
IV. 4.
Philadelphia
Central Pennsylvania
Allegheny county
Western Pennsylvania
Total
91,534
245,562
225,561
784,146
235,734
I..-.S2..-.37
93,846
258,893
280,976
849,836
265,163
1,764,719
88,194
206,340
304,911
785,073
233,245
73,374
162,361
18S.428
1,010,956
176,723
IRON AND STEEL PLATES AND SHEETS, EXCEPT NAIL PLATE.
Western Pennsylvania
9,476
139,330
25,422
257.49S
58,220
>.;„;:,
158,931
30,521
243,369
69.120
8,756
111,963
49,255
230,061
63,236
6,971
87,326
57.662
255,313
82,6-57
T.dal
489,946 515,506 466,271 490,429
IRON AND STEEL CUT NAILS AND CUT SPIKES.
Eastern Pennsylvania [ 25,391
Central Pennsylvania ! 36,125
Western Pennsylvania 1 4,137
Eastern Pennsylvania
Central Pennsylvania
Allegheny county
Western Pennsylvania —
Total
Philadelphia
Eastern Pennsylvania..
Central Pennsylvania..
Allegheny county
Western Pennsylvania..
29,082
35,927
2,908
67,917
IKON AND .STEEL KAILS.
114,792
378,824
286,097
123,405
903,118
129,205
333.5S1
333,891
162,687
964,364
TOTAL ROLLED IRON AND STEEL.
101,010
525,075
665,932
1,327,741
421,496
Total 3,011,254
102,411
576,111
687,005
1,437,096
499.SS3
'.3,302,506
22,421 26,139
25,687 21,100
1.087 109
49,695 47.4»s
71,553
277,139
234,430
143,932
729,104
59,667
299,862
229,935
126,249
715,713
96,950 80,345
415.277 335,993
656,892 567,052
1,249,564 1,496,204
444,150
385,70S
2,862,833 ' 2.865,392

58 STATISTICS OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE FOR 1894.
THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLED IRON AND STEEL IN
OHIO IN 1891, 1892, 1893, AND 1894, BY DISTRICTS.
Iu the following tahle the Lake counties are those bordering on Lake Eric;
the Mahoning Valley comprises the counties in the northeastern part of Ohio,
including Columhiana county ; the interior counties are the counties south
and west of the two first-named districts, except the counties along the Ohio
river, which are classed in u district hy themselves.
CABS, HOPS, HOLTS. HOOPS, SKELP, SHAPES, AND ROLLED AXLES.
Districts.
Lake counties.
Mahoning Valley
Interior counties
Ohio River counties
Total
Gross tons of 2.2-10 pounds.
1*31. !•'-'
1893.
239,051 ' 284,949
280,818 | 303,012
55,172 | 54,215
30,935 51,033
605,976 J 693,209
211,196
176,378
53,157
39,896
480.627
IRON AND STEEL PLATES AND SHEETS, EXCEPT NAIL PLATE.
Mahoning Valley
Ohio River counties
Total
Mahoning Valley
Ohio River counties
Total
Total
Ohio River counties.
Total
37,520
16,647
21,375
36,966
112,508
38,023
16,171
26,665
58,145
139,004
22.599
25,416
24,131
51,265
123,411
IKON AND STEEL CI>T NAILS AND OCT SPIKES.
3,761
' 59,116
62,877
4,725
51,606
56.331
IRON AND STEEL RAILS.
1 ..
159
2,055 | ..
2,214
249
249
TOTAL ROLLED IRON AMI STEEL.
276,571 a** Q7"»
301,226 S*S Qnfi
76,706 31,129
129,072 160,784
783,575 888,793
3,102
31,185
34.2*7
190
1,369
1,559
233,795
204,896
77,478
123,715
639.S-.I
1894.
235,636
140,386
39,321
30,954
44H.297
14,709
22,833
26,255
43,530
107,327,
2,117
19,779
21,896
222
1,338
1.560
250,345
165,336
65.798
95,601
577.08.)

IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND STEEL
IN ALL COUNTRIES.
The following j*m*t, prepared by Juiucs M. Sivank. General Manager of the
American Iron and Seel Association, will apjienr in the forthcominK volume of
"Mineral Resources of the United States," compiled by David T. Day. Chief of
the Division of Mineral Resources of the I'nitcd Slates Geological Survey. Interior
Dcpurlracul. Washington. D. C.
In the present paper we shall deal with the statistical results
accomplished by all leading ironmaking and coalmining countries.
Our inquiries will be carried back as far as authentic statistics
have been recorded, discarding all statistics which are of doubtful
authenticity. Official sources of information will be consulted
wherever possible. The statistics for the United States will be
given mainly u|wn the authority of the American Iron and .Steel
Association. The authorities relied upon for correct statistics for
oilier countries will be mentioned in their proper connection. A>
iron ore and coal are the raw materials in the manufacture of
iron, t-xct-pt when charcoal is used instead of coal, we shall in
each instance give the statistics of the production of these raw
materials before giving the figures for iron and steel.
The leading countries of the world which produce iron and
steel are the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary,
Russia, Belgium, and .Sweden, in the order in which
they are mentioned. As we have heretofore remarked, it i- only
in northern latitudes in both hemispheres that iron and steel arcmade
in large or even in noticeable quantities. Spain is a large
producer of iron ore. but not of iron or steel. The most of the
iron ore it produces is exported. Algeria, Greece, Italy, and Cuba
also produce considerable quantities of iron ore for exportation.
The leading coal-producing countries of the world are Great
Britain, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary. France.
Belgium, Russia, Canada, New South Wales, Japan, and India, in
the order in which they are named. Spain and New Zealand
also produce coal in considerable quantities. Italy produces chief
lv lignite. In the list of coal-producing countries Great Britain
comes first and the United States second, although it is not improbable
that, when the statistics of production for these two
countries at the close of the present century are compiled, it will

IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
be found that their positions have been reversed. The United
States is usually first of all countries in the productiou of iron ore.
Other countries than those above mentioned produce small
quantities of iron ore, coal, pig iron, and steel, and still other
countries possess undeveloped resources of iron ore and coal.
THE UNITED STATES.
Iron Ore.—The Census Office does not give exact statistics of
the production of iron ore in the United States in any year prior
to 1880. The statistics which it gives for 1850, 1860, and 1870
are only approximately correct, but for 1870 they are more
nearly correct than for either of the other periods, and for the
purposes of this paper they may be regarded as complete. We
will begin our record, therefore, with 1870, premising that iu no
previous census year and probably in no previous calendar year
was the production as large as in that year.
The production of iron ore in the United States in the census
year 1870 was 3.031,891 gross tons; in the census year 1880 it
was 7,120,362 tons; in the calendar year 1889 (census of 1890)
it was 14.518.041 tons. From 1870 to 1880 the increase in production
was over 134 per cent., and from 1880 to 1889 it was
over 103 per cent. Our imports of iron ore, as will presently be
shown, greatly increased after 1878.
The production of iron ore in the United States since 1889 has
been ascertained and published by the Division of Mineral Resources
of the United States Geological Survey, the figures having
been collected by Mr. John Birkinbine. The production in 1890
was 16,036,043 gross tons; in 1891,14,591,178 tons; in 1892.16,-
296,666 tons; in 1893,11,587,629 tons; and in 1894,11,879,679
tons. It may be proper to add, for the information of the future
statistician, that 1893 was the year of the greatest financial and
industrial panic the United States has ever experienced, which
will account for the great decline in the production of iron ore
in that year and lor other reductions to be noted hereafter.
In the last few years, beginning with the year 1889, but excepting
1891, the Lake Superior iron-ore region has supplied
more than one-half of the annual production of iron ore in the
United States. In giving below the figures which will make this
fact clear we give also the statistics of the Lake Superior ironore
industry from its beginning in 1854. Three Slates. Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota, now comprise the Lake Superior ironore
region which was originally confined to Michigan alone.

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES,
The following table gives the shipments of iron ore from the
Lake Superior mines from 1854 to 1894, in gross tons. The word
shipments in this connection and elsewhere in this paper is used
in its strict sense, and is not synonymous with production.
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1SIJ2
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
Year..
Gross Ions.
3,000
1,449
36,343
25,646
15,s7ii
68,832
114,401
49,909
124.1H9
203,055
243,127
236,208
-_'>.;•;
473,567
Ycurs.
1869....
1870...-
1871....
1872....
1873....
1874...,
1875....
1876...
1877....
1878....
1879....
1880....
1881...
Gross tons.
491,449
617,444
830,940
779,607
900,901
1,162,458
919,557
891,257
992,764
1,(il.'»,087
1.111,110
1,375,691
1,908,745
2,3f-t..-A-|
V"-
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892.....-,.
1894.
l.n.-s (mis.
2,965.412
2.353,288
2,518,692
2,466,372
3,568,022
4,730,577
5,063.693
7,292,754
9,012,379
7,062,233
9,069,556
6,060,492
7,748,932
Imports of Iron Ore—Prior to 1879 statistics showing the quantity
of iron ore annually imported into the United States were
not preserved by the Treasury Department. In that year we
began for the first time to import iron ore largely from Europe,
and since then the statistics of the quantity of iron ore annually
imported have been preserved. Prior to 1879 such iron ore as
was imported came largely from Canada. Thia ivftfi notably tincase
in 1873, 1874, ami 1875, in which years more than one-half
of our iron-ore imports was received at lake [Kirts from Canada.
In no year before 1879, however, did our total imports of iron ore
exceed 100,000 tons. In that year they amounted to 284.141 tons.
In the following table we give the total imports of iron ore
into the United States in the calendar years from 1880 to 1894.
YMD,
1880.
1881.
18.12.
1883.
1884,
Gross Ions. Yean. Gross Ions.
493,408
782,887
589,655
490,875
487,820
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
390,786
1,039,433
1,194,301
587,470
853,573
Years. Gross tons.
1,246,830
1U2.S56
806,585
526,951
167.307
The first shipment of iron ore from Cuba to the United States
...is made in August, 1884, by the Juragua Iron Compauy. In
was
October, 1892, the Sigua Iron Company also commenced to ship

IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
iron ore from Cuba to the I'nited States, 7,830 gross tons being
shipped by this company in 1802 and 14.22 tons in 1893. The
quantity of Cuban iron ore imported into the United States from
August, 1884, to the close of 1894 is given in the following table.
1885
1886
Years.
Grois ions.
21,798
81,106
111,710
97,711
1888
1889
1890
1891
Years.
Cross tons.
198,048
256,278
362,068
266,377
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Gross tons.
330,357
362,685
150,439
Coal.—Like iron ore, authentic statistics of the production of
all kinds of coal in the United States do not begin until the census
year 1870, although the annual shipments of anthracite coal
alone from Pennsylvania have been preserved since 1820. in which
year this kind of coal may be said to have first become a commercial
product.
We give below a table showing the production of all kinds of
coal in the United States in the census years 1870 and 1880,
ending on the 31st day of May of each year; iu the census year
1889, ending on the 31st day of Decemlicr of that year; in the
calendar years from 1881 to 1888, aud from 1890 to 1893, the
statistics for the last-named calendar years having been compiled
by Mr. E. \V. Parker for the United States Geological Survey.
Years—Gross tons.
Gu«tt year 1880
Calendar year 1881
Calendar year 1882
Calendar year 1883
Calendar year 1884
Calendar year 1885
Calendar year 1886
Calendar year 1888
Calendar year 1889
Calendar year 1890
Calendar year 1891
Calendar year 1892
Pennsylvania
anthracite.
13,973,460
25,572,160
28,500.016
31,358.264
34.336.469
33,175,756
34.228,548
34,853,077
37,578.747
41,624,611
40,665,152
41,489,858
45,236,992
46,850,450
48,185,306
Bituminous
ind "11 oiher.
15,369,120
38,250,670
48,365,341
60,861,190
68,531,500
73,730,539
64,840,668
65,810,676
78,470,857
91,106,998
85,432,627
99,392,871
105,268,962
113,264,792
114,629.671
Tolal.
29,342,580
63,822.830
"76,865,3.'-7
92,219,454
102,867,969
106,906,295
99,069,216
100,663.753
116,049,604
132,731,609
126,097,771-
140,882,729
150,505,954
160,11.5.242
162.814,977
The shipments of anthracite coal from the min
vania from 1820 to 1894 have been as follows, in
es of Penn.-y
gross tons.

YmiS.
i.i. " ti.n-
STEEL IN AM. COl'NTIilES.
Year*. Gross tons.
Years. • ;!
1821.,
1,073
2.344,005 1871
15,699,721
1822..
3,720
2,882,309 1872
19,669,778
1823..
6,951
3,089,238 1873
21,227,952
1824..
11,108
3,242,966 1874
20,145,121
1825..
34,893
3,358,899 1875
19,712,472
1826..
4S.047
4,448,916 1876
]N,.1(l|.011
1827..
63.434
4.993,471 1877 1 20.828,179
1828.,
77,516
5.195,151 1878 ! I7,60.l>,262
1829.
112.083
i:.iki2.334 1879 1 26,142,689
1830..
174,734
6,608,567 1880 ! 23,437,242
1831.
176,820
6,927,550 1881
'j-..-.o

IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
The first shipments of coal and coke through the locks and
pools of the Monongahela Navigation Company began in 1844,
in which year the total shipments amounted to 737.150 bushels.
For the first time the shipments exceeded 100,000,000 bushels in
1882. The total shipments for that year and succeeding years
have been as follows, nearly all the shipments being of coal.
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
Years.
Bushels.
106,168,300
112,395,389
81,706,852
85,923,107
113,099.147
1887.
1888
1889
1890
1891
Years.
Bushels. '
78,912,900
115,814,900
81,162,500
118,061,100
107,719,200
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Bushels.
P7.419..-5H
96,792,300
116,545,313
Coke.—The production of coke in the United States from 1880
to 1893 is given in the following table, the statistics having been
collected for the United States Geological Survey by Mr. Joseph
D. Weeks. The ton used is the net ton of 2,000 pounds.
1880.
1881
1882
1883
1884
Years.
Net tons.
3,338,300
4,113,760
4,793,321
5,464,721
4,873,805
Year..
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
N«t tons.
5,106,696
7,611,705
8,540,030
10,258,022
Years.
1*00
1892
1893
NCI tons.
10,352,688
12,010,829
9,477,580
We have received from Mr. H. P. Snyder, the editor of the
Connellsville Courier, the following table showing the shipments of
coke from the Connellsville region from 1880 to 1894, in net tons.
Yean—Net tons. I Total ovens. Shipments.
I860 7,211
1881 8,208
1882 | 9,283
1883 ! 10,176
1884 ' 10,543
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891 .
1892.
10,471
10,952
11,923
13,975
14,458
16,020
17,204
17,256
1893 1 17,513
1894 j 17,834
2,205,946
2,639,002
3,043,394
3,552,402
3,192,105
3,096,012
4,180,521
4,146,989
4,955,553
5,825,826
6,221,518
4,929,960
6,300,691
5,054,797
5,454,451
Average price. [ Gross revenue.
SI .79
1.63
1.47
1.14
1.13
1.22
1.36
1.79
1.19
1.40
2.00
1.90
1.90
1.50
1.00
K>,948,643
4,301,573
4,473,889
4,049,738
3,607,078
3,777,134
5,701,086
7,437,669
5,884,081
8,156,156
12,443,036
9,366,944
11,971.232
7,682,157
5,454,451

STEEL IN AM. COUNTRIES,
Imports and Exports of Coal and Coke.—The United States is
neither a Urge importer nor a large exporter of coal. The imports
are chiefly from Australia and British Columbia to Sun
Francisco, from Great Britain to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
and from Nova Scotia to Atlantic coast ports. The exports are
made principally by rail and by lake and sea to the Canadian
provinces. Exports are alto made by sea to the West Indies, to
Central and South America, and elsewhere.
The following table gives the imports and exports of coal by
the United States in the calendar years from 1886 to 1894, in
gross tons. Coke and slack are not included in the figures given.
1886
1887
1888
1SS9
1890
1891
1893
1894
Years.
Anthracite.
2,039
14.181
24,093
20,652
15,145
37,607
65,058
58,766
89,855
Imports—Gnow tons.
Iimtiui.
nous.
811,657
819,242
1,085,647
1,001,374
819,97!
1,352,673
1,144,499
1,108,538
1,244,330
Total.
M3..,!.t;
833,423
1,109,740
1,022,026
835,116
1,390,280
1,209,557
1,162,304
1,334,185
An thrucite.
067,076
825.486
969.542
857,633
794.335
861,251
851,639
1,334,287
1,440,625
Exports—Grow ton*.
Bitum 1.
nous.
544,768
706,364
860,462
935,151
1,280,930
1,615,869
1,645,686
2,324.591
2,195,716
Total.
1,211,844
1,531,850
1,830,004
1,792,784
2,075,265
2,477,120
2,497,325
3,658,878
3,636,341
The Unite*! Slates imports and exports verv little coke. In the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1804, the imports of coke amounted to
31,403 gross tons, valued at 889,200, nearly all coming from England
and most of the remainder from Belgium. Nearly all the
coke imported in 1894 was received at Pacific coast ports. In
the same fiscal year the exports of coke amounted in value to
$184,009. The destination of the coke exj>oi'tcd was as follows:
Mexico, $146,701; Canada, 812,790; Venezuela, 817,890; other
countries, $7,122. For the above statistics we are indebted to the
Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department.
Ptg Iron,—There are no complete statistics of the production
of pig iron in the colonial period of the United States. Small
quantities of pig iron were annually exported from 1728 to the
beginning of the Revolution, chiefly to England, the largest quantity
exported in any year being in 1770, when 6,017 tons were
sent to England and other countries. The largest annual exports
of colonial bar iron also appear to have been iu 1770. when we
sent to all countries 2,463 tons. The furnaces of that day were
largely used to produce castings directly from the melted metal iu

IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
the furnace crucible, and much of the bar iron of the same period
was made directly from the ore iu bloomaries. We think it
altogether probable that long before the Revolution the total annual
production of castings and bar iron in the colonies may have
been the equivalent of 50,000 tons of pig iron if the present
methods of making castings and bar iron bad then been followed,
but it is not probable that the actual production of pig iron in
colonial times exceeded half of this quantity in any year.
At the beginning of the Revolution there were more than 50
furnaces for castings or pig iron in the colonies and probably 100
forges and bloomaries. There were also a few steel works for the
manufacture of blister steel. The manufacture of iron in the colonies
had attained considerable pro|>orlions before the Revolution.
The first industrial census of the United States was published
in 1814 and was for the year 1810. For this year the number
of gross tons of " cast iron " made in this country was returned
as 53,908, all of which may I* regarded as pig iron, although
much of it was in the form of castings. For the census years
1820 and 1830 the quantities of iron and steel made in the United
States were not obtained, and we are dependent upon later estimates
for the production of pig iron at these periods. At all
subsequent census periods the production of pig iron has been ascertained.
Since 1854 the annual production of pig iron has been
obtained by the American Iron and .Steel Association and its
predecessor, the American Iron Association.
We give below a table showing the production of pig iron in
the United States from 1810 to 1894, in gross tons.
1820
1830
1840
1850
1854
1855
1856
1859
1860
1861
1862
Yean.
Grass ton*
53,908
20,000
165,000
286,903
563,755
657,337
700,159
788,515
712,640
629,548
750,560
821,223
653,164
703,270
846,075
1,014,282
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
-I860
YMrt.
Gross tons.
831,770
1,205,663
1,305,023
1,431,250
1,711,287
1,665,179
1,706,793
2,548,713
2,560,963
2,401.262
2,023,733
1,868,961
2,066,594
2,301,215
2,741,853
3,835,191
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Ym re.
Grow torn
4,144,254
4,623,323
4,595,510
4,097,868
4,044,526
5,683,329
6,417,14S
6,489,738
7,603,642
9,202,703
8,279,870
9,157,000
7,124,602
6,657,388

STEEL IN ALL COrSTRIRS.
In 1892, which was a year of normal conditions more than
1893 or 1894, the production of pig iron, classified according to
the fuels used, was as follows, in gross tons: Bituminous, almost
entirely coke, 6,822,206 tons; mixed anthracite and bituminous,
1,568,093 tons; anthracite alone, 229,020 tons; charcoal, 537,621
tons: total. 9,157,000 tons. Down to about 1840 all the pig
iron manufactured in the United States was made with charcoal,
which continued to lw the leading blast-furnace fuel until 1855.
The production of Bessemer pig iron alone in the United States
since 1887 has been as follows, in gross tons.
1887
1888
1889
Yean.
Gross tons.
2,875.462
2,637,859
3,151,414
1890
1891
1892
Years.
Grow toil*.
4,002,843
3,472,190
4,444,041
1893
1894
Years.
Grow tons.
3,568,598
The production of spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese in the
United States since 1872 has been as follows, in gross tons. This
production U included in that of pig iron already given.
Year*.
1872
1873
1874
1875 ...
1876
Grots ions.
4,072
3,930
4,070
6,993
5,907
7,897
9,530
12,438
1880
1881
1882
1887
Yean.
Gross tons.
17,503
18,827
19,610
21,941
30,262
30,956
42,841
42,498
Yews.
1888....
1890
1891
1892
1893
1884
Gross tons.
48.901
76,623
133,180
179,131
81.118
120,180
Imports of Pig Iron.—In the following table we give the imports
of pig iron into the United .States in the calendar years
from 1871 to 1894. The imports of spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese,
and ferro-silicon are included in the figures given. In recent years
these articles have formed more than one-half of the total imports.
1872
1873
1876
Years.
Gross tons.
219,228
264,256
138,132
54,612
74,939
74,171
59,697
66,504
Year*.
1879
1880 ...
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
Gross tons.
304,171
700.864
465,031
540,159
322,648
184,269
146,740
361,768
Years. | Gross ions.
1887 467.522
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
197,237
148,759
134,955
67,179
70.125
54,394
15,582

Ill IRON ORE, COAL, TIG IRON, AND
Steel.—The productiou of steel in the United States in the census
year 1810 is returned at 917 gross tons, of which 531 tons
were made in Pennsylvania, the remainder being made in Massachusetts.
Rhode Island, New Jersey, Virginia, and South Carolina.
It was probablv all blister steel. We have no further statistics of
the production of steel in the United States until the census year
1860, when 11,838 gross tons are reported to have been made at
13 establishments, of which Pennsylvania made 9.890 tons at 9
establishments. The production of I860 was in part blister steel
and in part crucible steel.
No additional statistics of the production of steel in the United
States are of record until 1863, when the total production is estimated
to have fallen to 8,075 tons. In 1864 the production is
estimated to have been 9,258 tons; in 1865, 13,627 tons; and in
1866, 16,940 tons. From 1867 until 1894 the production of all
kinds of steel is shown in the following table, in gross tons.
Bessemer
Ingots.
2,679
7,589
10,714
37,500
40,179
107,239
152,368
171.369
335,283
469,639
500,524
653,773
829,439
1,074,262
1,374,247
1,514,687
1,477,345
1,375,531
1,519,430
2,269,190
2,936,033
2,511,161
2,930,204
3,688,871
3,247,417
4,168,435
3,215,686
3,571,313
Open-hearth
ingots.
893
1,339
1,785
2,679
3,125
6,250
8,080
19,187
22,349
32,255
50,259
100,851
131,202
143,341
119.356
117,515
133,376
218,973
322,069
314,318
374,543
513,232
579,753
669,889
737,890
784,936
Crucible
ingots.
16,964
19,197
19.643
29,911
31,250
26,125
31,aw
32.436
35,180
35,163
36,098
88,309
50,696
64,664
80,145
75,973
71,835
53,270
57,599
71,973
75,376
70,279
75,865
71,175
72,586
84,709
63,613
51,702
All other
steel.
6,911
12,244
5,672
11,256
9,202
10,647
7,640
4,879
7,558
2,720
2,691
4,999
4,563
1,515
2,367
5,594
3,682
5,120
3,793
4,484
4,548
2,806
4,081
Total,
19,643
26,786
31,250
68,750
73,214
142,954
198,796
215,727
389,799
533,191
569,618
731,977
935,273
1,247,335
1,588,314
1,736,692
1,673,585
1,550,879
1,711,920
2,562,503
3,339,071
2,899,440
3,385,732
4,277,071
3,904,240
4,927,5S1
4,019,995
4,412,032

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES, ii
Iii the following table is given the production of Bessemer >t..-l
ingots by States from 1874 to 1893, in gross tons.
Years—Gross tons. Fcniuylvniifn. Illinois. Ohio. Other SMmJ Total.
1874..
1875..
1876..
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884.,
1885..
1886..
1887..
1888..
1889..
1890..
1891..
1892..
1893.,
The
76 ,461 55,796 22,334 18,788 171,3611
1 ,477 121,746 37,609 43,451 335,283
230 761 153,538 44,355 40,985 469,639
293 ,392 99,374 45,470 62,288 500.524
380 ,787 160,263 57,970 54,748 653,773
480 ,076 224,089 79,563 66,711 829,439
574 ,905 271,977 99,799 127,581 1,074,262
754 ,019 335,503 105,363 179,362 1,374.247
s:« ,599 854,854 98,214 228,020 1,514,687
932 ,496 244,040 108,929 HM.NSO 1,477,345
920 ,968 302,739 72,721 79,103 1,375,531
990 ,213 327,374 101,545 100,298 1,519,430
1,346 ,051 478,216 199,436 245.488 2,269,190
1,564 ,683 765,637 232,532 373,181 2,936,033
1,421 ,990 554,336 258,560 276,275 2,511,161
1,762 ,094 660,715 295,802 211,593 2,930,204
2,253 ,057 757,814 361,933 316.H67 3,i;ss,.*71
2,048 ,330 605,921 333,666 259,500 3,247,417
2,397 220 879,952 409,855 480,644 4,168,435
2,126 .;; 1,829 348,141 426,496 3,215,686
following table gives the production of open-hearth steel
ingots by .States from 1874 to 1893, in gross tons.
1874
1875
1876
1882
1884
1885
Years—Gross tons.
Eastern
Sutes.
4.732
2,687
5.433
5,939
7.346
13,089
20,797
26,429
27,622
18,664
14,911
16,306
20,877
16,466
12,212
17,337
27,635
32,815
88,131
42,350
Pennsylvania.
1,518
3,786
6,738
6,938
10,921
17,478
42,860
56,574
60,555
61,904
72,769
84,731
153,700
241,706
265,123
312,225
417,612
472,607
551,010
616,516
West ami
South.
1,607
7,016
9,472
13,988
19,692
37,194
48,199
55,164
38,788
29,835
82,S39
44,396
63,897
46,983
44,981
68,085
74,331
80,748
79,024
Total.
6,2.W
8,080
19,187
22,349
32,255
50,259
100,851
131,202
143,341
119,356
117,515
133,376
218,973
322,069
314,318
374,543
613,232
579,753
669,889
787,890

12 IRON ORE, COAL, PIO IRON, ANI>
The following table gives the production of crucible steel ingots
by States from 1874 to 1893, in gross tons.
1«74
1875
1876
1*77
1878
1879
1880
1881
1888
1884
188ft
1886
1887.
1888
1889
1*911
1891.
iv-
1893.
Yi'iirs—

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. 13
Steel Rails.—The manufacture of Bessemer steel rails in the
United States as a commercial product dates from 1867, although
they had Imjcii made experimentally in the two preceding years.
The first Bessemer steel rails ever made iu this country were
rolled at the Chicago Boiling Mill on May 24, 1865, from ingots
made at the experimental steel works at Wyandotte, Michigan.
Several of these rails were laid in the track of one of the railroads
running out of Chicago and were still in use iu 1875. The
manufacture of open-hearth steel rails in the United States commenced
in 1878, but it has never attained any commercial importance.
It has of late been confined chiefly to California.
All kinds of Rails.—The following table gives the production
of all kinds of rails in the United States from 1867 to 1894.
Yea is.
Grow tons.
Open-henrth i Total
steel rails.
Iron rolls.
steel rails, i steel roil*.
1867.
2,277
2,277
1868.
6,451 j
6,451
8.616 |
8,616
1870
80,357
30,357
1871
84,162
34,152
1872
83.991 I
83,991
1873
115,192 |
115,192
1874
129.414
129,414
1875
259.699
259,699
1876
368.269
368,269
1877
3S5.S65 8,390 385.865
1878
491,427 8,168 499,817
1879
610,682 12.157 618.850
1881.
852,196 22,515 864,353
1882.
1,187,770 20,325 1,210,285
1,284,067 8,202 1,304,392
1884.
1,148,709 2,381 1,156,911
:--•..
996,983 4,279 999,367
1886.
959,471 4,692 963,750
1887.
1,574,703 17,145 1,579,395
1888.
2,101,904 4,693 2,119,049
1,386,277 2,988 1,390,975
1,510,057 3,588 1,513,045
1892.
1,867,837 5,883 1,871,425
1893.
1,293,053 3,819 1,298,936
1894.
1,537,588
968 1,541,407
1,129,400 1,085 1,130,368
1,016,013
1,017,098
To Ul iron ami
steel mils.
410,319 412,596
115,972 452,423
521,372 529,9-8
523,214 553,571
658,467 692,619
808,866 892.857
679,520 794,712
521,848 651,262
447,901 707,600
417,114 785,383
296,911 682,776
288,295 788,112
375,143 993,993
440,859 1,305.212
436,233 1,646,518
203,459 1,507,851
57,994 1,214,905
22,821 1,022,188
13,228 976,978
21,142 1,600,537
20,591 2,139,640
12,725 1,403,700
9,159 1,522,204
13.882 1,885,307
8,240 1,307,176
10,437 1,561,844
6,090 1,136,458
Included in the rail statistics above given is the 4.674 production 1,031,772 of
street and electric rails. The annual production of these rails
from 1874 to 1894 has been as follows, in gross tons.

11 IRON ORE, COAL, PIO IRON, AND
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1S79
1880
Years.
Gross ions.
6.IH7
14,589
11,684
6,263
8,240
7,720
15,084
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
>"r
Years.
Grow tons.
19,245
19,898
17,357
27,997
32,134
42,865
51,216
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1684
Year..
Gross tons.
44.951
70,120
81,302
111,680
133,423
157,457
The following table gives the production of Bessemer steel rails
by States from 1874 to 1894, in gross tons.
Years—Gros* ions.
1374.
59,734
1875.
100,753
1876.
181,920
1877.
223,688
1878.
275,083
1879.
328,738
1880.
442,604
1881.
614,532
1882.
678,146
1883.
731,736
1884.
681,449
1885.
657,609
1886.
992,117
1887.
1,140,040
1888.
1890
1891
1892
'893
"W
830,482
1,019,062
1,312,937
901,159
728,231 961,937
714,935
1'i-niisylvanlu. Illinois. Other stale*.
43,107
99,276
119,387
79,928
128,380
176,680
229,984
309,172
300,109
206,567
259,094
275,216
384,799
650,470
436,285
466,120
524,587
364,725
450,553
233,697
226,306
26,573
59,670
66,962
82,249
87,964
105,264
179,608
305,812
210,406
56,440
26,646
197,787
311,394
119,510
24,875
30,813
27,169
125,048
167,472
74,772
Total.
129,414
259,699
368,269
385,865
491,427
610,682
852,196
1,187,770
1,284,067
1,148,709
996,983
959,471
1,574,703
2,101,904
1,386,277
1,510,057
1,867,837
1,293,053
1,537,588
1,129,400
1,016,013
Annual Mileage of Xew Railroads.—The following table, compiled
from Poor's Manual of Railroads, gives the number of miles
of new railroad actually constructed in the United States in each
year from 1880 to 1894. The figures given denote only the length
of the railroad lines upon which track has been laid, without regard
to the number of tracks or miles of sidings.
1880
1881
1882
I8SJ
Y.'.ir--.
Miles.
7,174
9,779
11,599
6,819
3.974
Years.
1885....
1886
1887
Miles.
3,131
8,128
1889 ««w
Years.
1894 (about).
Miles.
5,657
4,648
2,828
2,000

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. 10
Consumption of Rails.—The consumption of rails in the United
States is approximately ascertained by addiug the quantity imported
to the total production. In the following table is given
the approximate consumption, in gross tons, of all kinds of rails
from 1867 to 1893, no allowance being made for the vcrv small
quantity of rails which has been exported during these years.
1868
1869
1870
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
Years—Gross tons.
Production.
412,596
452,423
529,988
553,571
692,619
892,857
794,712
651,262
707,600
785,383
682,776
788,112
993,993
1,305,212
1,646,513
1,507,851
1,214,905
1,022,188
976,978
1,600,537
2,139,640
1,403,700
1,522,204
1,885,307
1,307,176
1,551,844
1,136,458
1m porta lion.
145,580
223,287
279,609
356,387
505,537
473,973
231,046
96,706
17,364
256
31
•
39,417
259,543
344,929
200,113
84,801
2,829
2,189
41,587
187,830
63,037
6,217
204
253
847
2,888
Approximate
rons nm puon.
558,176
675,710
809,597
909,958
1,198,156
1,366,830
1,025,758
747,968
724,964
785,639
682,807
788,121
1,033,410
1,564,755
1,991.447
1.707.964
1,249,706
1,025,017
979,167
1,642,124
2,277,470
1,466,737
1,528,421
1,885,511
1,307,429
1,552,191
1,139.346
The year of largest consumption of rails was 1887, which was
also the year of largest production. It was also the year of largest
mileage of new railroad construction in the United Slates. 12.984
miles of new railroad having been built in that year. The decline
in the production and consumption of rails in the United
States in recent years is primarily due to the great decline which
has taken place in railroad construction. Only 2,828 miles of
new railroad were built in 1893, and about 2,000 miles were built
in 1894. In recent veal's more than one-half of the rails annually
produced has been used for repairs and extensions of the
tracks of steam railroads and for street and electric lines.

16 IRON ORE, COAL. PIG IRON, AND
The heavv decline in the imports of rails from 1873 to 1879
was caused by the panic of 1873 and the business depression
which followed and continued until 1879. The almost complete
cessation of the imports of rails since 1887 is due chiefly to the
cheapening of the prices of domestic rails, which in turn has been
due to the perfecting of facilities for their production and t«> the
cheapening of the cost of raw materials.
Tiiiii/iitr.

STEEL IS ALL COUNTRIES. 17
eign values. Great Britain furnishing virtually all the tinplates
imported during the whole period of twenty-four years.
1871
1872
1873
1874
1878
1880
1881
1882
Years.
(iros- tons. Values. Yenrs.
82,969 S51946 37S i I8R3
85,629
97,177
79,778
91,054
$9,946
112,479
107,864
154,250
158,049
183,005
213,987
13,893,450
14,240,868
13,057,658
12,098,885
9,416,816
10.679.028
9,069,967
13,227,659
16,478,110
14,886,907
17,975,161
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Gross Ions. Value*.
221,233
216,181
228,596
257,822
283,836
298,238
331,311
329,435
327,882
268,472
253,155
215,068
S1S,156,773
16,858,650
15,991,152
17,504.976
18,699,145
19,762,961
21,726,707
23,670,158
25,900,305
17,102,487
15,559,423
12,053,167
The total quantity of tinplates imported in the twenty-four
years from 1871 to 1894 was 4,687,416 gross tons, the foreign
"value being 8377,956,786.
Nails.—The production of iron and steel cut nails in the
United States from 1856 to 1894 has been a3 follows, in kegs of
100 pounds. In 1883 the production of steel cut nails in the
United States iu commercial quantities was commenced, and in
1889 and 1890 about two-thirds of the total production of cut
nails were made of steel. Since 1890 the use of steel in the manufacture
of cut nails has still further displaced the use of iron.
1856
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
Years.
Keg*. Yew*.
1,824,749
4,065,322
4,024,704
4,912,180
4.726,881
4,157,814
4,828,918
4.396.130
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1886
Keg*.
5,011,021
5,370.512
5,794,206
6,147,097
7,762,737
7,581.379
6,696,815
8,160,973
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
Years.
Kegs.
6,908.870
6,493.591
5,810,758
5,640,946
5,002,176
4,507,819
3,048,933
2,423,060
The production of wire nails in the United States from 1886
to 1894 is given in the following table, in kegs of 100 pounds.
1886
1687
1888
Years.
Kecs.
600,000
1,250,000
] 1,500,000
1889
1890
1891
Year*,
Kegs. Year*.
2,435,000
3,135,911
4,114,385
1893
1894.,,,..
Ki-cv
4,719,524
5.095,945
5.681,801

IS IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IBOS, AM'
GREAT BRITAIN.
As we years ago explained in detail, the iron industry of
Great Britain hail a very slow growth until the last quarter of
the last century. For many years prior to this period the domestic
production of pig iron especially had almost ceased, and other
countries were called upon to supply her with this raw material.
Iu 1740 the production of pig iron in Great Britain was only
17,350 gross tons, and as late as 1788 it was only 08.300 tons.
The British colonies in America, as has already been shown in
this paper, exported pig iron to the mother country for many
years before the Revolution, and we have no doubt that in 1740
the colonies exceeded her production in that year.
The onward march of the iron industry of Great Britain which
began near the end of the last century has until recently left far
in the rear the iron industry of every other country, but it is a
curious fact that iu the closing years of the present century it
shows signs of again entering upon a period of serious reaction
in many leading branches. Other progressive countries not onlv
successfully contend with her for the supply of their own iron
markets, but they are with equal success invading neutral markets
which she has heretofore monopolized, and are even formidably
confronting her in her own home markets.
Iron Ore. —The following table of the production of iron ore
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1*55
to 1893 we have compiled directly from Mr. Richard .Meade's
Coal and Iron Industrie* of the United Kingdom (London: 1882)
and from the annual reports of Her Majesty's Inspectors of
Mines, otherwise known as Mineral Statistic*.
1855
Years.
1838
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866..-
1867
Gm*s tons.
9,553,741
10,483,309
9,573,281
8,040,959
7,880,316
8,024.205
7,215,518
7,562,240
9,088,960
10,064,890
9,910,045
9,965,012
10.021.058
1868
1869
1870
1871
1372
1873
1874
1875
«"«
1877
1878
1879
1880
Years.
Gross ions.
10.169,231
11,508,525
14,370,655
16,334,888
15,584,357
15,577,499
14,844,936
15.821,060
16,841,584
16,692,802
13,726,370
14,379,735
is, 026,050
1S«I
1882
1883
1884
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1893
Year*.
Gran ion*.
17,446,065
18,031,957
17,383,046
16,137.887
15,417.982
14,110.013
13.098.041
14,590,713
14.546.105
13,780,767
12,777.689
11,312,675
11.203.476

STEEL IN ALL COINTRI1CS. 19
It will be observed that in 1882 the maximum production of
iron ore in Great Britain was reached, and that there has since
been a great decline in production, due iu part to the increased
use of steel, which has called for iron ores of a purer quality than
are found in many of the iron-ore districts of the United Kingdom,
and iu part to the facility and cheapness with which steelmaking
ores can be obtained from Spain and other countries.
Of the iron ore mined in 1893 Ireland produced 07,292 tons,
England and Wales. 10,288,778 tons, am! Scotland, 847,406 tons.
Imports of Iron Ore.— As the production of iron ore in Great
Britain lias declined the iinjwirtatnm of foreign iron ore has steadily
increased, allowance being made for years of depression in the
iron trade. We have compiled from the annual reports of Her
Majesty's Inspectors of Mines the following table of the imports
of iron ore into the United Kingdom from 1873 to 1893, to which
we have added for comparison the annual domestic production of
iron ore during the same period. The purple ore referred to in
the table is the residuum from imported cupreous irou pyrites.
Yeais.
Gross tons.
1878
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
Iron ore
imported.
967,536
754,141
458,693
672,235
1,142,308
1,173,411
1,085,045
2,632.601
2,450,698
3,284,946
3,191,073
2,730,829
2,822,598
2,878,469
3.765,788
3,562,071
4,031,265
4,471,790
3,180,543
3.780.503
4,065,864
Purple ore
imported.
275,000
255,000
280,000
300,000
415,000
400,000
332,300
427,730
352,500
408,000
390,000
422,304
490,890
417,741
447,580
464,207
483,257
492,669
462,168
453,308
459,613
Total ore
imported.
1,242,536
1,009,141
738,693
972,235
1,557,308
1,573,411
1,417,346
3,060,331
2,803,198
3.692.946
3,581,073
3,153.133
3,313,488
3,296,210
4,213,368
4,026,278
4,514,522
4,964,459
3,642,711
4,233,811
4,523,477
Production of Approximate
donu-stic ore. vonsumption.
15,577,499
14,844,936
15,321,060
16,841,584
16,692,802
15,726,370
14,379,735
18,026,050
17,446,065
18.031,957
17,383,046
16,137,887
15,417,982
14,110,013
13,098,041
14,590,713
14.546,105
13,780.767
12,777,689
11,312,675
11,203.476
16,820,035
15,854,077
16,559,753
17,813,819
18,250,110
17,299,781
15,797,080
21,086,381
20,249,263
21,724,903
20,964,119
19,291,020
18,731,470
17,406,223
17,311,409
18,616,991
19,060,627
18,745,226
16,420,400
15,546,486
15,728,953
Coat.—Thus far in her history Great Britain has not been dependent
upon any other country for any part of her supply of
mineral fuel; she is, indeed, an exporter of coal in large qtianti-

20 IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
ties. We subjoin the official statistics of the total annual production
of coal in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland from 1854
to 1894, for which we are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. James
B. Jordan, of the Home Department of Her Majesty's Government.
1-'.-,
1S.V1
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
Yciir*.
Gross torn.
64,661,401
64,453,070
66,645,450
65,394,707
65,008,649
71,979,765
80,042,698
83,635,214
81,638,338
86,292,215
92,787,873
98,150,587
101,630,544
104,500,480
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
Years.
Gross tons.
103,141,157
107,427,557
110.431,192
117,352,028
123,497,316
128,680,131
126,590,108
133,306,485
134,125,166
134,179,968
132,612,063
133,720,393
146,969,409
154,184,300
1882
1863
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Gross tons.
156,499,977
163,737,327
160,757,779
159,351,418
157,518,482
162,119,812
169,935,219
176,916,724
181,614,288
185,479,126
181,786,871
164,325,795
188,277,525
During the whole period covered by the above table, with the
exception of one year, Ireland produced annually over 100,000
tons but less than 200,000 tons. Details of the production of
coal in the United Kingdom in 1893 are as follows: England,
113,685,352 tons; Scotland, 25,482,918 tons; Wales, 25,051,847
tons; Ireland, 105,678 tons: total, 164,325,795 tons.
Exports of Coal.—Great Britain exports her coal and coke to
all parts of the world, her best customer l>ciiig France, which
took 4,709,050 tons of coal and coke in 1893; Italy took 3,793,-
484 tons in the same year; Germany, 3,720,581 tons; Sweden
and Norway, 2,449,613 tons; Russia, 1,659,868 tons; Denmark,
1,451,042 tons; Egypt, 1,432,998 tons. Other countries increased
the aggregate to 29,031,955 tons, and in addition 8,126,372 tons
were shipped for the use of steamers engaged in foreign trade.
Pig Iron.—In the following table we give the official statistics
of the production of pig iron in the United Kingdom from 1740
to 1894. A few years before the year first mentioned, iu the
reign of George the Second, the iron industry of Ireland came to
an end in consequence of the scarcity of timber, the competition
of English iron, and the unsettled condition of the country, so
that the figures contained in the table relate solelv to the production
of pig iron by England, Scotland, and Wales. This table
has also been verified for these pages by Mr. Jordan.

1740
1788
1796
1823
1827
1836
1839
1840
1842
1843
1845
1847
Years.
Grosa tons.
17,350
68,300
125,079
243,851
325,000
400,000
455,166
581,367
690,000
703,184
677,417
700,000
1,000,000
1,248,781
1,396,400
1,099,138
1,215,350
1,999,608
1,512,500
1,999,508
2,701,000
STK1X IN ALL COUNTRIES. 21
Years.
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
j 1874
.,r...- loll*.
3,069,838
3,218,154
3,586,377
3,659,447
3,456,064
3,712,904
3,826,752
3,712,390
3,943,469
4,510,040
4,767,951
4,825,254
4,523,897
4,761,023
4,970,206
5,445,757
5,963,515
6,627,179
6,741,929
6,566,451
5,991,408
• British Iron Trade Association.
1875
"»«
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1890 1889
1891
1892
1893
]S94
Yvni*.
Gn»» Ion*
6,365,462
6,555,997
6,608,664
i.;.3s l,n.M
5,995,337
7,749,233
8,144,449
8,586,680
8,529,300
7,811.727
7,416,469
7,009,754
7,659,518
7,998,969
8.322,824 7,904,214
7,406,064
6,709,255
6.976,990
,-7,364,745
The productiou of pig iron in the United Kingdom in 1893
was divided as follows: England and Wales, 6,183,935 tons; Scotland,
793,055 tons: total, 6,976,990 tons. Great Britain's maximum
production of pig iron was reached in 1882.
Steel.—It is a common saying that the invention in the decade
between 1850 and 1860 of the Bessemer process for making steel
wrought a complete revolution iu the world's iron and steel industries.
Originating in England it speedily increased the total
annual production of steel in Great Britain, accomplishing this
result during the decade beginning with 1860, but more notably
and rapidly after 1870. During the same decade between 1860
and 1870 the Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth, process of making
steel was perfected in Englaud and France, and in the following
decade steel made by this process also greatly increased the total
quantity of steel produced in Great Britain. Authentic statistics
of the "production of steel in Great Britain by these processes do
not go back to the early years of their use in that country. AVe
are indebted to Mr. J." S. Jeans, Secretary of the British Iron
Trade Association, for the statistics we shall now present of the
production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel in Great Britain.
The productiou of Bessemer steel ingots in Great Britain from
1868 to 1893 has been as follows, in gross tons of 2,240 pounds.

9.9 IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
Years.
1868
1869
1870....
1873
1874
1875
1876 .
Gross ions.
110,000
160,000
215,000
329,000
410,000
496,000
540,000
620,000
700.000
1377
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
Yean.
Gross tons.
750,000
807,527
834,511
1,044,382
1,441,719
1,673,649
1,553,380
1,299.676
1,304.127
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
Years.
i;.m" ion-.
1,570,520
2,089,403
2,032,794
2,140,791
2,014,843
1,642,005
1,500,810
1,493,354
The production of open-hearth steel ingots in Great Britain
from 1873 to 1893 has been as follows, in gross tons.
1873
1876
1877
1878
1879
Yrars.
Gross tons.
77,500
90,500
128,000
137,000
175,500
175,000
1SS0
1381
1882
1883
1--I
1885
1886
Yean.
Gross ions.
251,000
338,000
436,000
455,500
475,250
583,918
694,150
1387
1888
1889
1891
1892
1893
Years.
Gross tons.
981,104
1,292,742
1,429,169
1,564,200
1,514,538
1,418,830
1,456,309
The following table gives the total production of steel in Great
Britain from 1873 to 1893. the estimated production of crucible and
other steel being added to that of Bessemer and open-hearth steel.
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
Year*.
Gross tons.
653,500
710,500
788,000
908,000
967,000
1,063,027
1,089,511
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
Years.
Gross ions.
1,375,382
1,859,719
2,189,649
2,088,880
1,854,926
1,968,045
2,344,670
1888
1S89
1890
1891
1892
1893
Year*.
Gross tons.
3,150,507
3,405,536
3,669,960
3,679,043
3,256,543
3,019,640
3,049,663
Steel Rails.—Mr. Jeans gives the production of Bessemer steel
rails in Great Britain from 1876 to 1893 as follows, in gross tons.
1876
1877
1878
1879
I860
1881
Yean.
Gross tons.
400,000
508,400
622,390
520,231
732,910
1,023,740
1882
1883
1834
1885
1886
1887
Years.
Gross tons.
1,236,785
1,097,174
784,968
706,583
730,343
1,021,847
1890
1891
1892
1893
Yean.
Gross ton*.
979,083
943,048
1,019,606
662,676
535,836
579,386

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES, o;;
Stumnarg.—Great Britain was the largest producer of pig iron
until 1890, when its place was taken by the United Stales. In
1879 the production of Bessemer steel rails in the United States
exceeded the production of Great Britain, and one year later the
production of Bessemer steel ingots in the United States exceeded
that of the mother country. After three years of restored British
pre-eminence the United States again took the lead in 1884 in
the production of Bessemer steel ingots, and this jMisitiou she has
ever since retained. But Great Britain still produces more openhearth
steel than the United States, although in the production
of all kinds of steel the United States has been uniformly in
advance of it.- rival since 1890. It was al«o first as a steel producer
in 1886 and 1887. It has been first as a producer of steel
rails since 1*79. In the production of pig iron the position of
first place which the United States secured in 1MH) and maintained
in 1891,1892, and 1893, was restored to its rival in 1894.
GERMANY.
Germany has rapidly developed all her industries since the
adoption by the Reichstag, on July 12, 1879, under the leadership
of Prince Bismarck, of a protective tariff, which is still in force.
Statistics of the iron and steel and mining industries of Germany
always include the production of the Grand Duchy of
Luxemburg, which forms a part of the German Zollverein. Germany
ranks next to the United States and Great Britain in the
production of coal, pig iron, and steel, and is abreast of both
countries in the production of iron ore. We are indebted to Dr.
H. Rentzsch, the statistician of the Association of German Iron
and Steel Manufacturers, for the official statistics of the production
of iron ore, pig iron, and steel in Germany, including Luxemburg,
in recent years, and to Dr. Hermann Wedding, of Berlin,
for statistics of the production of coal and lignite. All German
statistics are in metric tons of 2,204 pounds.
Iron Ore.—In Johann Pechar's admirable and uncqualed volume
on Coal and Iron in All Countries, prepared for the Paris
Universal Exposition of 1878, we find the following figures of the
production of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg at various
periods prior to 1869. We quote as follows : 1848, 693,72 "> metric
tons; 1853,903,236 tons; 18-57, 1,962.054 tons; 1862, 2.216,021
tons; 1866. 2.996,021 tons; 1867, 3.264,464 tons; 1868, 3.634.-
369 tons. The production of iron ore in Germany and Luxemburg
from 1869 to 1894 is given by Dr. Rentzsch as follows.

24 IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, ANI>
Yean. Germany. Luxemburg.
Total.
Metric tons.1
1MB.
Luxem* Total.
Germany.
burs Metric ions.
1869.. . 3,129,425 924.382 4,053,807
5,786,449 2,476,805 8,263,254
1870.. . 2,927.627 911,695 3,839,222 1883.. 6,180,641 2,575,976 8.756,617
1871.. . 3,382,546 985,479 4,368,025 1884.. 6,554,342 2,451,454 9,005,796
1872.. . 4,724,735 1,170,939 5,895,674 1885.. 6,509,379 2,648,490 9,157,869
1873.. . 4,845,833 1.331,743 6,177,576 1886.. 6,051,579 2,434,179 8,485,758
1374.. . 3,694.802 1,442,666 6,187,488 1887.. 6,701,395 2,649,711 9,S51,IH6
1875.. . 3,677.948 1,052,405 4,730,353 1883.. 7,402,382 3,261,925 10,664,307
1876.. . 3,515,982 1,196,000 4,711,982 1889.. 7,831,569 3,170,618 11,002,187
1877.. . 3,715,756 1,262,825 4,978,581 1890- 8,046,719 3,359,413 11,406,132
1878. . 4,050,842 1,411,217 5,462,059 1891.. 7,555,461 3,102,060 10,657,521
1879.. . 4,245,046 1,614,393 5,859,439 1892.. I 8,168,841 3,370,292 11,539,133
I . 5,065,176 2,173,464 7,238,640 | 8,105,595 3,351,938 11,457,533
1881.. . 5,438,919 2,161,882 7,600,801 | 8,445,477 5,958,281 12,403,758
The imports of iron ore into Germany and Luxemburg in 1894
amounted to 2,093,007 tons, and the exports to 2,558,729 tons.
Coal.—The following table, for which we are chiefly indebted
to Dr. Wedding, gives the aggregate production of coal and lignite
in Germany and Luxemburg from 1848 to 1894, in metric tons.
Yen tS. Metric ions. TMO, Metric ton*.
Years. Metric ton*.
1848 | 5,800,985 | 1870 34,003,004 1883 1 70,442,648
1858 ' 10,714,556 1871
37,856,110 1884 72,113,820
1857 14,867,121 1872 42,324,467 1885 73,675,515
1860 16,730,492 1873 46,145,194 1886 73,682,584
1861 18,755.361 1874 46,658,145 1387
76,232,618
1862 | 20,660,677 1875 47,804.054 1888 81,960,083
1863 | 22,366,203 1876 49,550,461 1889 84,788,609
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
25,612,899
28,552,762
28,162,805
30.802,889
32.879,123
34,343,913
1877
1878
1879
I860
1881
1882
48,229,882
50,519,899
53,470,716
59,118,035
61,540,485
65,378,211
1890
1892
1891
1893
1894
89,051.627
'
94,252,278
92,544,030
95,426,153
98,376,105
Of the total production of coal and lignite in 1893 there w„.
ere
21.573,823 tons of brown coal, or lignite, and of the total pro
duction in 1894 there were 22,103,446 tons of brown coal. Germany
is both au importer and exporter of coal.
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron in Germany and Luxemburg
in 1844 is said by Dr. Wedding to have amounted to
only 171,000 metric tons, and Herr Pechar says that in 1848 it
amounted to 205,342 tons. It was not until 1866 that the production
reached one million tons, in which year it is said bv

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. 25
Dr. Wedding to have amounted to 1,046.954 tons. Since 186!)
it has been as follows, in metric tons, according to Dr. Rentzsch.
Year*. Gcrniimy.
1869... 1,288,990
1870... 1,261,683
1871... 1,420,830
1872... 1,807,845
1873... 1,983,163
1874... 1,660,208
1875... 1,759,052
1876... 1,614,687
1877... 1,717,359
1878... 1,899,264
1879...; 1,965,351
1880... 2,468,372
1881... 2,620,394
Luxemburg.
120,439
129.441
142,852
180,549
257,411
246.054
270,337
231,658
215,366
248,377
261,236
260,666
293,615
Total.
Metric tons.
1,409,429
1,391,124
1,563,682
1,938,394
2,240,574
1,906,262
2,029,389
1,846,345
1,932,725
2,147,641
2,226,537
2,729,038
2,914,009
Years.
•—»| "ST
Total.
Metric ton..
1882... 3,004,218! 376,587 3,380,805
1883... 3,135,031 334,688 3,469,719
1884... 3,234,614 365,998 3,o(>0,(>12
1885... 3,267,823 419,611 3,687,434
1886... 3,128,016 400,641 3,528,657
1887... 3,531,914 492,039 4,023,953
1888... 3,813,845 523,776 4,337,121
1889... 3,962,324 561,734 4.524..V.S
1890... 4,099,537 558,913 4,658,450
1891... 4,096,223 544,994 4,641,217
1892... 4,350,945 586,516 4,937,461
1893.. 4,427,714 558,289 4,986,003
1894... 4,736,183 679,817 5,416,000
Steel.—The following table gives in metric tons the production
of finished steel of all kinds in Germany from 1866 to 1894.
Yean
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871....
1872....
1873
1874
Metric tons.
83,737
88,589
92,696
109,753
125,814
143,305
285,582
310,425
361,947
347,337
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1885
Years.
Metric tons.
377,910
391,110
489,151
500,900
660,591
897,425
1,074,806
1,060,592
1,138,499
1,202,090
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Ynirs.
Metric tons.
1,376,356
1,738,404
1,862,676
2,095,479
2,232,099
2,562,549
2,756,217
3,163,442
3,621,000
Steel Rails.—Dr. Rentzsch gives the productiou of steel rails
iu Germany from 1871 to 1893 as follows, in metric tons, presumably
all made of Bessemer steel ; certainly nearly all.
1872
1873
1874
1875
Years.
Metric tons.
128,406
179,092
186,643
237,894
241,505
253,746
294,831
374,762
Years. Metric tons.
1878 885,828
1880 407,731
1881 1 504,132
1882 ' 505,133
1883 473,560
1884 400,248
1885 422,349
1886 391,635
1887
1888
1889
1390
1891
1892
1893
Years.
Metric Ions.
456,219
435,189
427,899
559,746
596,209
535,494
483,228

28 IKON ORE, COAL, PIU lltON, AND
FRANCE.
All the statistical tables for tins country which we shall present
have been specially compiled for these pages by H. Pinget,
of Paris, Secretary of the Grtniti des Forges de France.
Iron Ore,—The production of iron ore in France from 1860 to
1893 (not including Algeria) has been as follows, in metric tons.
Year*, j Metric Ions.
Years.
Metric tons. Years.
Metric tons.
I860 3,604,637 1874
2,516,648 1884 . 2.976.948
1865
3,658,464 1875
2,505,870 1885 2.318.104
1866......
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
3,790,168
3,279,395
3,005,094
3,461,672
2,699,593
2,099,706
3,081,026
8,051,124
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
2,393,340
2,426,278
2,469,953
2,271,173
2,874,263
3,032,070
3,467,251
3,297,853
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
2,285,648
2,579,465
2,841,767
3,070,389
8,471,718
3,679,286
3,706,748
3,517,438
The production of iron ore in Algeria, which is now regarded
as a part of the French Republic, is reported to have been 393,-
921 metric tons in 1893. The shipments of iron ore in the same
year amounted to 223,880 tons. The production in 1882 is reported
to have amounted to 567,119 tons, which was the largest
ever attained. All the Algerian iron ore that is mined is exported,
chiefly to France. France also imports iron ore from
Spain, Germany, and other countries, and she is also an exporter
of iron ore in small quantities to neighboring countries.
Cml.—The production of coal and lignite in France from 1787
to 1894 has been as follows, in metric tons, about one ton in
fifty of her total production being lignite.
1787
1802
1812
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
Years.
Metric tons.
215,000
844,180
835,523
1,093,658
1,862,665
3,003,382
4,433,567
8,309,622
11.652,755
12,234,455
12,533,335
13.330,826
13.509,745
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1376
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
Years.
Metric tons.
Years.
13,179,788
13,240,135 1884
16,100,773 [j 1885
17,479,341 | 1886
16,907,913 ! 1887
16,956,840 'j 1888
17,101,448 1889
16,804,529 1890
16,960,916 1891
17,110,979
19,361,564 1893
19,765,983 IBM
Metric tons.
21,333,884
20,023,514
19,510,630
19,909,894
21,287,689
22,602,894
24,303,509
26,083,118
26,024,893
26,178,701
25,650,981
27,459,137

STKKI. IN AU, COUNTRIES. 27
France annually imports from Great Britain, Germany, Belgium,
and other countries about two-fifths as much coal anil coke
as she produces. Her exports of coal and coke amount to about
one million tons annually.
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron iu France from 1819 to
1894 has licen as follows, in metric tons.
1819
1830
1840
I860
1856
1869
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
Years.
Metric UXH.
112,500
266,361
347,773
405,653
849,296
356,152
898,353
966,894
1,090,837
1,156,875
1,212,750
1,203,710
1,260,348
1,229,044
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
Years.
Metric tp-iis.
1,235,308
1,380,965
1,178,114
859,641
1,217,838
1,381,626
1,415,897
1,448,272
1,435,212
1,506,827
1,521,274
1,400,286
1,725,293
1,886,350
Years.
1882...
1833...
1834
1385
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Metric una.
2,089,067
2,069,430
1,871,537
1,630,648
1,516,574
1,507,622
1,683,349
1,733,964
1,962.196
1,897,387
2,057,258
2,003,096
2,077,647
Steel.—Mr. Pmget informs us that complete statistics of the production
of Bessemer, open-hearth, and other steel in ingots are not
of record, and that only the statistics of finished steel, including
castings, are obtainable. The following table gives the production
of all kinds of finished steel in France from 1860 to 1894.
Years.
Metric tons. | Yean.
Metric ions.
I860
29,843 1872
141,705
1861
1862
1863
1865
1806
1867
1869
87,777
47,096
87,583
41,559
40,574
37,764
46,477
80,564
110,224
1873............
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
150,529
208,787
256,393
241,842
269,181
312,921
333,265'
388,894
422,416
JSr
18*1
:;•::;
458,238
521.820
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Metric tons.
502,908
553,839
427,589
493,294
517,294
529,302
581,998
638,530
682,527
664.032
663,264
Separate statistics of steel rails in France for a long period
are limited to the roils consumed by the leading railroad lines.
W e omit the figures of consumption. All the rails annually produced
are, however, included in the above table of finished steel.

28 IRON ORE. COAL, PIC. IRON, AND
BKI.GIUM.
This country is rich in coal but poor iu irou ore. obtaining
the greater part of its supply of the latter from other countries.
The statistics of the mining and metallurgical industries of
Belgium which we shall present are official government statistics.
obtained directly from the Belgian Minister of the Interior and
of Public Instruction.
Iron Ore.—The production of iron ore in Belgium from 1840
to 1893 has been as follows, in metric tous.
Years.
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871 ..,
Metric tons.
191,812
394,544
299,272
852,134
809,176
1,018,231
886,641
602,829
519,740
628,046
654,332
697,272
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1881
1882
1883
Years.
Metric tons.
749,781
503,565
527,050
365,044
269,206
234,127
207,157
195,212
253,499
223,412
208,867
215,670
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
Years.
Metric tons.
176,005
187,118
152,508
172,436
185,542
181,526
172.291
202.204
209,943
238.783
The imports of iron ore in 1892 amounted to 1,679,485 metric
tons. The exports in the same year amounted to 228,804 tons.
Coal.—The production of coal in Belgium from 1830 to 1894
has been as follows, in metric tons.
1830
1840
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
1866
186S
1869
Yean.
Metric tons.
2,568,054
3,929,962
4,919,257
5,820,588
8,409,330
9,610,895
11,840,703
12,774,662
12,755,822
12,298,589
12,943,994
13,697,118
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1879
1880
1881
1832
Y'cars.
Metric tons.
.... 15,658,948
.... 15,778,401
.... 14,669,029
.... 15,011,331
.... 14,329,578
.... 13,669,077
.... 15,447,292
.... 16,886,698
.... 16,873,951
.... 17,590,989
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1838
1889
1890
Year*.
Metric lous.
18,177,754
18,051,499
17,437,603
17,285,543
18,378,624
19,218,481
19,869,980
20,365,960
19,675,644
19,583,173
19,410,519
20,458,827
Belgium imports over a million tons of coal and coke annually
and exports a much larger quantity of both coal and coke. The
exports of coal aud coke from Belgium in 1892 amouuted t

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. 29
5,530,000 metric tons, in 1893 to 5,780,900 tons, and in 1894
to 5,416,254 tons. The imports of coal and coke into Belgium in
1892 amounted to 1,682,808 metric tons.
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron in Belgium from 1*45
to 1894 has been as follows, iu metric tons.
1845
1850
1855
I860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
Yeats.
Metric ions.
Years.
134,563 1 1870
144,452 1871
294,270 | 1872
319,943 1873
311,838 ; 1874
356,550 | 1875
392,078 1 1876
44;-,875 [| 1877
470,767 1K7S
482.404
428,069
435,754
534,319
1879
1680
1881
Metric tons. H Years.
563,468
609,230
655,565
607,373
532,790
1883
1884
1835
1836
1887
541,805 1888
490,508
470,488
518,646
389,330
608,084
624,736 726,946
1889
1890....
1891....
1892....
1893
1894
Metric tons.
783,433
750,812
712,876
701,677
755,781
826,850
832,226
787,836
684,126
753,268
745,264
810,940
Steel.— Belgian statistics of steel in ingots are incomplete, as are
those of Germany aud France, and we consequently give the production
of finished steel only, which will be found in the following
table, from 1865 to 1894, iu metric tons. Steel rails are included.
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
Yean*.
! Metric tons.
j 545
930
1.420
1,857
2,826
4,062
6,622
12,389
18,533
3U.932
Years.
1875
1876
1877
1878
1679
1880 ...
1 1881
1882
1833
1884
Metric tons.
45,536
..I 64,543
90,646
102,259
88,952
102,772
119,237
151,291
156,301
J 153,999
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
Years.
Metric tons.
125,461
137,771
191,445
185,417
214,561
201,817
206,305
208,281
224,922
344,776
Steel Rails.—The production of steel rails alone in Belgium
from 1881 to 1893 has been as follows, in metric tons.
1881
1882
1883
1884
1835
Years.
Metric tons.
87,047
109,809
118,138
112,930
76,744
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
Years,
Metric ton*.
71,769
108,184
101,194
139,356
122.370
1891
1892
1893
Years.
Metric tons.
131,601
125,648
104.496

SO IKON ORE, COAL, PIO IRON, AND
BWEDEH.
We are indebted to the courtesy of Professor Richard Akernian,
General Director of the School of Mines, Stockholm, for the
following table of the production of iron ore, pig iron, ami crude
steel (Bessemer, open-hearth, and crucible ingots, and blister steel)
in Sweden from 1860 to 1893, in metric tons.
Years.
Metric
tons.
I""">
1865
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
Years.
Iron ore. Tis iron, i Crmk
•Jeel.
Metric
tons.
117,337
517,092 226,720 7,412
1>--I
1882
630,739 300,470 12,185 1883
662.832] 298,893. 12,051 1884
732,7531 339,559 • 15,867 1885
832,8571 345,872 ' 16,993 1886
926,825 j 327,997 22,958 1887
822,290: 350,525 21,883 1 1888
796,957 , 352,622 24.079 I 1889
738,803 344,536
677,348 340,857 | 25,918 ' 1891
645,365 342,547 28,582 ' 1883
775,344 405,713 39.281 ' 1893
Iron ore.
826,137
892,8i;3
885,124
WW. 553
873,362
872,479
903,18'i
959,540
985,904
841,241
987.405
1.293,583
1.483,762
Pig Iron.
435.428
398,945
422,627
430,534
464,737
442,457
456,625
457.052
420,665
456,102
490,913
485.664
453,421
Grade
steel.
52,227
62,193
69,505
74,841
80,550
78,231
111,565
114,537
137,821
169,286
172,774
160,471
167,509
Iron Ore.—It will be noticed that there was a great increase
in the production of iron ore in Sweden in 1892 and 18113. which
is attributable to the opening up of a new and very important
iron-ore field in the province of Norrbotten, in the northeastern
part of the kingdom, which is known as the Gellivara district.
The production of this new district in 1891 is reported to have
amounted to only 200 tons; in 1892 it was 178,181 tons; and
iu 1893 it was 306,594 tons. The Gellivara ore is of Bessemer
quality and is very rich in iron. The ore of tins district is
mostly shipped to Westphalia and Silesia, in Germany, but a
considerable quantity goes also to Great Britain. Shipments are
made from the port of Lulea, on the Gulf of Bothnia, which iconnccted
with the mines by a railroad over 100 miles long.
CW.—The coal deposits of Sweden which have been developed
are all situated in the extreme southern part of the kingdom.
The production is small, never having exceeded 200,000
metric tons in any year. The production of 1893 is the lamest
yet recorded, amounting to 199,933 metric tons.
Export'.—Sweden export- a large part of her iron and stwl
products, which trade she owes chiefly to their superior quality.

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. 31
UI -IA.
Russian stnlistics of production are given in poods, each of
which the Treasury Department of the United States Government
regards as the equivalent of 36.112 pounds. The reductions
to metric tons which we have mode in the following tables
have Iwen made on this basis.
The tables herewith presented have Iwen compiled in pari from
data furnished us in 1890 by Mr. George Komensky, of the Imperial
Mint at St. Petersburg, and in part from an official publication
printed in English at St. Petersburg in 1893 by the Russian
Government for use in connection with the Russian mining and
metallurgical exhibits at the World's Columbian Exposition at
Chicago in that year, and prepared by Mr. A. Keppen. mining
engineer. The statistics of Finland are included in the statistics
we shall present. It is to Iw regretted that statistics of the production
of iron ore, coal, pig iron, and steel in Russia can not
be presented in a more satisfactory form.
Iron Ore.—The production of iron ore in Russia from 1886 to
1890 was as follows, in metric tons: 1886, 1.061.242 tons; 1887,
1,355,912 tons; 1888, 1,433,930 tons; 1889, 1.640.242 tons; 1890,
1,796.130 tons. These figures are derived from Mr. Keppen's book.
The production in 1892 is rei>orted to have Iwen 1,577,015 tons.
Coal.—The production of all kinds of coal in Russia, nearly
all of which is of good quality, was as follows from 1870 to 1890,
the figures from 1*78 to 1887 inclusive being Mr. Kamenskv"s
and the others being reductions from Mr. Keppen's statistics.
1870...
1875...
1878...
1879...
1880...
1881...
1882...
ISSM...
Year*,
Mctrii- tons.
696.673
1,709,718
2,483,575
2,874.790
3,238,470
3.439,787
3,672,782
3.916.105
1884.
1835.
1886.
1887.
I ••-•-.
1889.
1890.
Yens.
Metric ton".
4.207.905
4.506.027
4.464,174
5.187,312
6,215,577
6,016,525
The production of coal of all kinds in Russia in 1891 is said
to have been 6,233,020 metric tons, and in 1892. 6.816,323 tons.
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron in Russia from 187-S
to 1890 was as follows, in metric tons, the figures from 1*78 to
1887 inclusive being Mr. Kameusky's and the others being reductions
from Mr. Keppen's statistics.

32 IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON. ANIl
Years. Metric tons.
1878 410,994
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
426,511
441,359
462,129
471,580
474,359
501,702
1885
1888
1887
1888
1889
1890
Yen i*. Metric tons.
519,460
523,958
602,649
667,116
740,268
926,723
The production of pig iron in Russia in 1892 is reported to
have amounted to 1,014,252 metric tons, and in 1893 it is reported
to have amounted to 1,1-59,704 tons.
Steel.—The production of crude steel of all kinds in Russia
from 1881 to 1890 was as follows, in metric tons, which we have
reduced from Mr. Keppen's figures.
1882
1883
18S4
Years.
Metric tons.
293,408
247,741
221,948
207,025
192,951
"2
Years.
1889
1890 ...
Mclrie tons.
241,861
2 2.\. ',4:.
222,353
258,810
378,534
The production of steel in Russia in 1892 is reported to have
amounted to 305,484 metric tons, and in 1893 to 488,124 tons.
Stcl Rail'.—The production of steel rails in Russia from 1881
to 1890 was as follows, in metric tons, reduced from Mr. Keppen's
figures. This branch of the Russian iron industry has
made no progress since 1881.
1882
1883
1884
Y'ears. Metric ton*.
206,642
153,309
128,700
98,286
95,550
1887
1888
1889
1890
Year*.
Metric tons.
114,034
86,998
63,048
88,385
166,156
Russia imports considerable quantities of dial and it exports
small quantities. It also imports much larger quantities of iron
and steel than it exports.
AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY.
Our statistics for the Austria-Hungarian Empire are chiefly derived
from correspondence with Herr Pechar, of Prague, Bohemia,
and with Herr J. Pizzala and Herr V. Wolff, both of Vienna.

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES, 33
Iron Ore.—The production of iron ore in Austria and Hungary
from 1887 to 1893 has been as follows, in metric tons.
1889...
1890....
1891 ....
Years-Metric ions.
Austria.
846,866
1,009,320
1,115,158
1,361,548
1,231,248
993,290
1,109,112
Uungary.
566,061
634,457
649,210
792,241
875,563
920.541
973,471
Total.
1,412,627
1,643,777
1,764,363
2,153,789
2,108,811
1,913,831
2,082,583
Iron ore is found in all parts of the Austria-Hungarian Empire,
and owing to this fact and to the extreme richness of the
ores that are mined but little ore is imported. The exports of
iron ore from the empire are also very small.
Coal.—In both Austria and Hungary the larger part of the
coal that is mined is brown coal, or lignite. W e give below, in
metric tons, the quantity of each kind of fuel that has been annually
produced in these countries from 1887 to 1893.
Year*.
Metric ton?.
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
Austria.
Brown coal. Black coat.
11,573,173' 7,796,151
12,860,255 , 8,274,461
13,845,863 j 8,592,876
15,329,057 | 8,931,065
16,183,077 9,192,885
16,190,273 9,241,126
16,815,955 9,732,651
Hungary.
Brown coal. 1 Black coal.
1,723,440 786,408
1,874,201 850,691
1,952,226 937,452
2,249,098 994,812
2,427,926 1,019,352
2,554,365 1,052,214
2,917,900 982,798
Total.
21,879,172
23,859,608
25,328,417
27,504.032
28,823,240
29,037,978
30.449,304
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron in Austria aud Hungary
from 1887 to 1893 has been as follows, in metric tons.
Y«ar«-Mctrie tons Austria,
511,777
586,121
617,012
666,273
617,145
630,790
663,345
Hungary.
192,753
204,106
238,801
299,107
304,701
309,857
319,362
Tolal.
704,530
790;227
855,813
965,380
921,846
940.647
982,707
Both Austria aud Hungary import and export coal. The imports
come principally from Germany; some coke is also imported.
Both Austria and Hungary import small quantities of pig iron.

34 IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
Steel.—The Bessemer process received early recognition in Austria,
the erection of the first Bessemer works in that country having
Iwen commenced in 18G2 at Turrach, in Upper Styria. The
production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel in Austria-Hungary
amounted to 499,600 metric tons in 1890. The production of
puddled and other kinds of steel in 1890 is reported to have
amounted to 58,995 metric tons. The production of steel rails
in Austria and Hungary in 1890 was 144,046 metric tons; in
1891 it was 112,839 tons; and iu 1892 it was 102,808 tons.
SPAIN.
We subjoin such statistical information concerning the coal,
iron, and steel industries of this country as appears to be trustworthy.
The official statistics for 1891 are for the fiscal year.
Iron Ore.—The total production of iron ore in Spain in 1890
is reported to have been 5,788,743 metric tons; in 1891 it is reported
officially to have been 5,679,600 tons; in 1892 it is reported
to have been 5,405,170 tons; and in 1893 it is reported
to have been 5,497,540 tons. The province of Biscay, in which
is situated the important port of Bilbao, annually produces over
five-sixths of the total iron-ore production of Spain. Of the total
production of the country more than five-sixths are exported.
Of the irou ore produced in Spain in 1892 there were exported
4.773,827 tons, of which there were shipped from Bilbao 3,918,-
544 tons, Great Britain taking 2,650,753 tons; Germany, 766,-
302 tons; France, 390,319 tons; Belgium, 75,249 tons; the
United States, 34,164 tons; and other countries, 1,757 tons.
Coal.—The production of bituminous coal in Spain in 1892
is reported to have been 1,424,185 metric tons, and the production
of lignite is given as 37,011 tons: total of coal and lignite,
1,461,196 tons. Spain also produces a very small quantity of
anthracite coal. The production of all kinds of coal in 1891 is
officially given as 1,287,988 tons. Spain is a large importer of
coal, chiefly from Great Britain.
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron in Spain in 1890 appears
to have been 179,433 metric tons; in 1892, 247,329 tons;
and iu 1893, 260.450 tons.
Steel.—The production of Bessemer and other steel in Spain
in 1890 is said to have been 63.011 metric tons, and in 1891 it
is officially stated to have amounted to 78,413 tons.
The recent progress iu the development of the iron and steel
industries of Spain is largely due to the aid of English capital.

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. :;:.
ITALY.
We are indebted to the Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and
Commerce of the Kingdom of Italy for >tati>tics of the mining
and metallurgical industries of that country for 1893, from which
we compile the following information.
In 1881 the Government restricted to 200,000 tons the quantity
of Elban ore to l>c mined each year, and iu 18x5 it further limited
the annual production to 180.000 tons. These quantities have
respectively been mined each year, but, while the quantity annually
mined has been a fixed number, the quantity annually
shipped has fluctuated.
The production of iron ore in the whole of Italy in 1893 was
191,305 metric tons; the production of all kinds of mineral fuel,
or coal, was 317,249 tons; the production of pig irou was 8,038
tons; and the production of steel was 71,380 tons. Italy imports
most of the pig iron used in its iron and steel works, and
it also imports, large quantities of coal, chiefly from Great Britain.
We have received from Mr. Herbert Scott, chemist at the
Royal Mines of Elba and Iron AVorks of Follonica, a detailed
account of the exportation of the iron ores of Elba to various
countries from July 1,1851, to June 30, 1894. The total exports
in these years were as follows, in metric tons, the exports to the
mainland of Italy being included.
Years.
1851-52
1852-53
1853-54
1854-55
1855-56.-
1856-57
1857-58
1858-59
1859-60
1880-61
1861-62
1862-63
1863-64..
1865-66
Metric tons.
22,663
25,994
48,262
60,530
61,418
72,875
50,279
44,010
35,690
54,440
67,739
106,572
101,625
114,488
98,417
Years.
1866-67
1867-68
1868-69
1869-70.
1870-71
1871-72
1872-73
1878-74
1874-75
1875-76
1878-77
1877-78
1878-79
1879-80.
1880-81
Metric tons.
72,583
60,047
55,075
60,162
47,765
127,187
173,575
219,153
174,617
202,912
182,545
180,740
202,966
318,394
349,294
v. ,,.
1881-82
1882-83
1883-84
1884-85
1885-86..
1888-87-
1887-88
1888-89
1889-90
1890-91-
1891-92.
1892-93-
1S93-94
Metric tons.
213,349
177,595
230,458
176,672
170,418
175,097
195,825
126,614
213,598
160,712
208,581
115,124
172,089
We regret that lack of space prevents the incorporation in this
paper of all the interesting statistics sent to us by Mr. Scott.
The exports to "America" are all the details which we can give.

::r, IRON ORE, COAL, PIG IRON, AND
These exports appear to have commenced in the fiscal year 1881-
82, when 19.856 tons were-exported. The quantities since annually
exported to "America " have been as follows, in metric tons.
Years.
1889-88.-
1884-85
1885-86
Metric tons.
50,751
147.936
121,612
145,016
Years.
1886-87
1887-88
1888-89
1889-90.
Metric tons. Years.
140.334 1891-92
61,875 | 1892-93
118,613 |; 1893-94
Metric tons.
136,021
171,066
19,836
2,239
GREECE.
The production of iron ore iu Greece, practically all that is
mined being exported, was as follows from 1888 to 1892. in metric
tons, according to a report by the Greek Ministry of Finance:
1888, 123,441 tous; 1889, 134,340 tons; 1890, 207,509 tons; 1891,
180,245 tons; 1892, 244,405 tons. Greece also produces annually
a few thousand tons of lignite. In 1890 it produced 3,500 tons.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
Statistical details of the coal and iron industries of the Dominion
of Canada are derived from the Statistical Year Book and
from other Canadian authorities.
Iron Ore.—The production of iron ore in Canada in 1890 was
76,511 net tons; in 1891 it was 68,979 tons; aud in 1892 it
was 103,248 tons. The production of iron ore in Nova Scotia
alone was 57,311 net tons in 1891,75,000 net tons in 1892, and
89,000 gross tons in 1893.
Coal.—The production of coal in Nova Scotia in 1892 was
1,942,780 gross tons, and in 1893 it was 2,223,033 tons. The
production of coal in British Columbia in 1891 was 1,152,588
net tons, in 1892 it was 925.495 net tons, and iu 1893 it was
1,095,689 net tons. In the Northwest Territories there were produced
213,015 net tons of coal in 1893, of which 65,000 tons
were classed as anthracite. New Brunswick produced 8,400 net
tons of coal in 1893. The total production of coal in the Dominion
of Canada in 1893 was 3,806.901 net tons.
Pig Iron.—The production of pig iron in Canada in 1890 was
21.772 net tons; in 1891, 23,891 net tons; in 1892, 42,443 net
tons; in 1893, 55,947 net tons; and in 1894. 50,166 net tons.
Steel.—Steel is produced in Canada by only one company, the
Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Company Limited, of New Glasgow,
Nova Scotia. In 1894 this company produced 25,685 gross
tons of open-hearth steel.

STEEL IN ALL COUNTRIES. 37
OTHER COUNTRIES.
Coal is mined in Turkey on the Asiatic coast of the Black Sea.
The only record of production which we regard as trustworthy is
that for 1880, in which year 33,000 metric tons were mined.
Servia is credited with the production of 87,650 metric tons of
coal in 1891, the authority being Mr. A. Leveson-Gowcr, of
Belgrade, in a report to the British Foreign Office. Portugal
produces but little coal. In 1872 only 12,387 metric tons were
mined, and the production has not since greatly increased.
The production of coal in New South Wales in 1890 was
3,060,876 gross tons; in 1891, 4,037,929 tous; in 1892, 3,780,-
968 tons; in 1893, 3,278,328 tons. The production of coal in
New Zealand in 1890 was 637,397 gross tons; in 1891 it was
668,794 tons; in 1892, 673,315 tons; in 1893, 691,548 tons.
The production of coal in Tasmania in 1890 was 53,812 gross
tons; in 1891 it was 45,524 tons; in 1892 it was 35,669 tons.
In Queensland in 1890 it was 338,344 gross tons; in 1891
it was 271,603 tons; in 1892 it was 265,086 tons; and in 1893
it was 264,403 tons. Iu Victoria in 1892 it was 23,363 tons
and in 1893 it was 91,726 tons. The production of brown coal,
or lignite, in Victoria in 1892 was 6,600 tons. The total coal
and lignite productiou in 1892 in the Australasian countries mentioned
was 4,785,001 tons.
The production of coal in India in 1891 was 2,328,577 gross
tons; in 1892 it was 2,537,696 tons; and in 1893 it was 2,529,-
855 tons. The production of coal in China is always an unknown
quantity. It has been variously estimated at from 100,000
to 3,000,000 tons annually. The production of coal in Japan
in the fiscal year 1891 amounted to 3,147,930 gross tons and that
of lignite amounted to 14,878 tons. The exports of coal by Japan
in 1893 are said to have amounted to 1,505,413 tons.
The production of iron ore in India in 1890 was 17,853 gross
tons; in 1891 it was 33,335 tons; and in 1892 it was 23,161 tons.
About 10,000 tons of pig iron are annually made in India.
The production of iron ore in Ja|>an in 1891 was 18,231 gross tons.
The annual productiou of pig iron is probably less than 10,000 tons.
In the fiscal year 1893 Natal produced 129.255 gross tons of
coal, and in 1892 Cape of Good Hope produced 41,717 tons.
Mexico produces but little iron and coal. In South America
the only coal producer worthy of mention is Chili, which annually
mines about 500,000 tons. In all South America the production
of iron is only nominal.

38 SUMMARY,
SUMMARY.
The following table, gives the production of iron ore, coal, pig
iron, and steel in all countries in the latest years for which complete
statistics are available. Tons of 2,240 pounds are used in
giving the productiou of the United States. Great Britain, Canada,
and " other countries," and metric tons of 2,204 pounds are used
for all the Continental countries of Europe.
United Slates
fireat Britain
S|win
Italv
Countries.
Percentage of the United States..
omntrtea.
United States
Great Britain
(ii-niiiiiiy .11 nI Luwiiitnu-'.'
France
Belgium
Austria and Hungary
Russia
Sweden
Spain
Haly
Canada
Other countries.......................
Total.
Percentage of the United States..
Years.
1894
1893
1894
1893
1893
1893
1892
1893
1893
1893
1892
1894
Yearn.
1894.
1893.
1893.
1893.
1893.
1893.
1894.
Iron Ore.
Tons.
11,879,679
11,203,476
12,403,758
3,517,438
238,783
2,082,583
1,577,015
1,483,762
5,497,640
191,305
92,186
1,000,000
Pig Iron.
51,167,625
23.2
Year*.
1893
1894
1894
1894
1894
1893
1892
1893
1892
1893
1893
1894
Coal.
Ton*.
162,814,977
188,277,525
98,876,105
27,459,137
20,458,827
30,449,304
6,816,323
199,933
1,461,196
317,249
3,399,019
552,649,595
seti.
29.4
Ton*. Year*. Tons.
6,657,388
7,364,745
5,416,000
2,077,647
810,940
982,707
1,159,704
453,421
260,450
8,038
44,791
80,000
25,315,831
2C.2
1894 4,412,032
1893 1 3,049,663
1894. 3,621,000
663,264
1890
1893
1893
1891
1893
1894
1894
344,776
558,595
488,124
167,509
78,413
71,380
25,685
5,000
l.;.-!-.Vin
32.7
The percentage of iron ore produced by the United States is
seen by this table to have been 23.2; of coal, 29.4; of pig iron,
26.2; and of steel, 32.7

3 18 2 03268 6116
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