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Fifty years ago, three pure lines of Cicer arietinumwere reported to be completety resistant to ascochyta blight from North Africa (Anonymous 1931). Since then there have been many reports of resistant genetic material from India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Morocco, North Africa, France, Bulgaria and the USSR. So far as many as 135 sources of resistance have been reported (Tab. 13). Screening of 9372 kabuli and desi germplasm lines from 1978 to 1981 at ICARDA Center has helped to identify 677 additional resistant lines to ascochyta blight. Even though sufficient sources of resistance are available, screen- Table 13 List of chickpea lines reported resistant/tolerant to ascochyta blight. Year Source/authors 1931 Anonymous 1938 Luthra et as. 1938 Anonymous 1943 Luthra et al. 1949 Anonymous 1952 Hafiz 1960 Bushkova 1962 Aziz 1962 Bedi and Athwal 1964 Solel and Kostrinski 1966 Vedysheva 1967 Aujla and Bedi 1970 Radkov 1972 Kaiser 1972 Sandhu et al. 1974 Grewal and Vir 1974 Khil'ko 1976 Aslam et al. 1976 Eser 1977 Ganeva and Matsov 1978 Reddy and Nene 1978 Singh 1979 Morocco Program (Pers. Commun.) 1981 Singh et al. 1981 Haq et al. Lines 83 Two pure lines of C.arietinum var album and one pure line of C.arietinum var nigrum. Pois chiches Nos. 180, 199, 281. 4F32. Three cultivars from France. Natural hybrid No. 62-18. Lines 99/21, 21, 142. Pois chichesNos. 4732, 199, 281 renamed as F8, F9 and FIO respectively. Kubauskii, 16; Krasnotkutskii, 195; Krasnogradskii, I; Ustoichi-vyi, 2; Askokitous-toichiyyi, I. C 727 C 235 Bulgarian Dobrudzauskyi, Plovdiv 19. 11/48-7, B.N. 3118, P-36, Broach G.G. pedapuram, Al:ock 234, 337, 172/3, 436, 84, 241/1. Gbraztsov chiflik 6 (No. 180), Gbraztsov chiflik 7 (No. 307). 1-13 (12-074-06625). EC 21629, EC 26414, EC 26435 EC 26446 Selection P 1528-1-1, 1-13 (12-074-06625). K 1459, K 1469, K 1488, K 1502 AUG 480 Code No. 72-012 Vars. Sovkhozuyi 14, Kubanskivi 199, VIR 32, No. 222, Resursi 216. Four moderately resistant lines. Ejalben, EC 26414, 26435, 26446. Pch 15, Pch 34, Pch 128. 55 lines CM 68, C 72.
84 ing of the remaining collections of desi germplasm maintained at ICRISAT Center and future collections of 'the kabuli germplasm will be continued. The availability of a large number of resistant lines in desi and kabuli background should help breeders to develop-resistant and high-yielding cultivars. It was earlier believed that kabulis lack resistant genes to ascochyta blight but screening a large collection revealed many lines having a high level of resistance. However, it is worth noting that none of the extra large seeded kabulis had the desired level of resistances. Most of the resistant lines had small seed size. But is evident that desis (10.91%) have a higher proportion of resistance thon the kabulis (0.65%). Most o1 the resistance sources have their origin in the USSR, Iran, India, Afghanistan and Turkey., which are belived to be the primary and secondary centers of the origin of chickpea. The majority of the desi resistant lines was folad to be black st:eded originating from Iran. Kaiser (1973) also found most of the resistant lines to be black seeded in Iran. Additional search for sources of resistance in black-seeded types originating from Iran should result in greater success. More collections from the region on a priority basis is suggested before the landraces are replaced by new genotypes. In the past, lines identified as resistant at one location were usually not tested out at other locations (Grewal and Vir 1974; Nene et al. 1979). A strong need is feit to collect all sources of resistance and test them at other locations to identify lines with a broad spectrum resistance. Also, a line may have become susceptible in its original habitat due to the emergence of a new race but it may still be r-,;tant to the original race that may be prevalent elsewhere. For example, C 235, identified as resistant in India during 1962 is now found susceptible there (Bedi and Athwal 1962) b'it has shown resistance in Syria and some other places. The international testing of resistant lines through CIABN helped in the identification of six lines, namely, ILC 72, 191, 194, 202, 3279 and PCh 15, resistant across locations and/or years. These lines seem to possess location/race nonspecific or broad spectrum resistance and should be very useful in the future breeding programs. Such lines were not available earlier. In addition, a large number of lines, such as ILC 182, 183, 200, 201, 2380 and ICC 1903 were found promising across locations and years. The differential reaction of some lines at different locations strongly indicates the presence of races. Aujla (1964) and Bedi and Aujla (1969) have indicated the possible existence of races in A. rabiei in India. Later Vir and Grewal (1974) identified two races and a biotype. The present study indicates the variability in the blight pathogen in the wider geographic region. Maximum effort has gone into tackling the blight problem in Pakistan since the early 1930s, yet the solution is nowhere near. It could be due to lack of either durable sources of resistance or sustained effort on the part of plant breeders. It is not only true for Pakistan but also for other parts of the world. In the Mediter
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
Page 41 and 42: 30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
Page 43 and 44: 32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
Page 45 and 46: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 47 and 48: 100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
Page 49 and 50: 30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
Page 51 and 52: I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
Page 53 and 54: infected seed is a much more potent
Page 55 and 56: Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 57 and 58: early February were found to give e
Page 59 and 60: pot assembly consists of a stem tha
Page 61 and 62: Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
Page 63 and 64: inoculating the plants by uniformly
Page 65 and 66: Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
Page 67 and 68: Table I Cultural characteristics of
Page 69 and 70: Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
Page 71 and 72: India and Iran were highly sporulat
Page 73 and 74: LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
Page 75 and 76: J.S. Grewal There are more chances
Page 77 and 78: 68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 95 and 96: 86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
Page 97 and 98: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
Page 99 and 100: Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
Page 101 and 102: R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
Page 103 and 104: 96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
Page 105 and 106: 98 3. Identification of as many sou
Page 107 and 108: 100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
Page 109 and 110: 102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
Page 111 and 112: 104 and by the time a multilinc cul
Page 113 and 114: 106 lines will then be made availab
Page 115 and 116: 108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
Page 117 and 118: 110 the program for the development
Page 119 and 120: 112 where they are not present. See
Page 121 and 122: 114 cides have been found to be eff
Page 123 and 124: 116 indicates that this propagate i
Page 125 and 126: 118 Great care must be exercised in
Page 127 and 128: 120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130: 122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
Page 131 and 132: 124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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