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60 Table 3 Disease grades produced on three cultivars by 13 isolates. Isolated CULTIVARS Isolate from chickpea line/cultivar 1-13 EC 26435 C 235 G-31 C24 1 3 3 G-51 C235 1 3 3 G-52 F8 1 3 3 R-21 Pb7 1 3 3 L-24 C235 1 3 3 L-60 Galben I 3 3 J-101 Pb7 3 5 3 L-I EC 26446 5 5 7 L-11 Pb7 5 5 7 G-5 EC26435 5 5 7 G-20 V138 5 5 7 G-32 C168 5 5 7 D-30 1-13 .5 5 7 Table 4 Disease grades produced on promising lines/cultivars by race 2 of A. rabiei. Line/Cultivar Country of orip . DiseasL grade 1528-1-1 Morocco 1 12-074-06625 Iran 5 C 727 Pakistan 5 Bulgarian Israel 5 EC 21629 - do - 5 EC 26414 - do - 5 EC 26435 - do - 5 EC 26446 - do - 5 F 8 India 7 C235 - do - 7 C1234 Pakistan 7 Galben Rumania 7 V138 Mexico 7 VIR 32 USSR 7 K279 USSR 7
India and Iran were highly sporulating as compared with those from Turkey and West Pakistan. He also observed differences in virulence of the isolates on differential chickpea lir-... However, he did not make any attempt to correlate sporulating capacity of an isolate to its pathogenicity. To reduce losses by ascochyta blight disease, resistant cultivars were released from time to time. These have subsequently been found to succumb to the pathogen (FAO 1963; Grewal 1969) indicating the possible appearance of new virulent strains of the pathogen. The fact that a given cultivar performed well for some years before it succumbed to the pathogen indicates the slow appearance of new strains. This may be due to the absence of the perfect state of the pathogen in the main chickpea-growing regions of the world. Attempts to establish races of the pathogen were made by Aujla (1964). Pathogenic variation among isolates of the pathogen has also been reported by Kaiser (1973). The studies carried out at New Delhi indicate that the 13 morphological forms of the pathogen could be distinguished as two pathogenic races on the basis of disease reaction produced on three chickpea cultivars. Resistant type of disease reaction was produced by cultivars 1-13, EC 26435 and C 235 against race I represented oy fast-growing and less-sporulating isolates mentioned above. These cultivars were, however, moderately susceptible to susceptible to slow-growing and more-sporulating isolates representing race 2, except isolate J-101 which incited resistant type of infection (disease grade 3) on cultivars 1-13 and C'235, and was distinguished as a biotype of race 2. Pathogenicity tests with 15 well known blight-resistant lines from all over the world against race 2 of the pathogen showed that all of them except the highly resistant line 1528-1-1 from Morocco were moderately susceptible to susceptible to race 2. The observation that cultivar C 235, previously thought to be resistant in India, was susceptible to race 2 indicates that race 2 is a newly evolved or introduced race of the pathogen. It is also probable that the highly slorulating isolate of A. rabiei reported by Kaiser (1973) from Iran may belong to race 2 of the pathogen. Some new blight-resistant lines have been identified in Bulgaria (Geneva and Matsov 1977; Radkov 1978) and Syria (Eingh et al. 1981). Summary Occurrence of Ascochyta rabiei and its variations have been reported from chickpea-growing countries. In view of the breakdown of resistance in known ascochyta blight resistant cultivars of chickpea in Ildia, studies were undertaken to find out physiologic specialization in the pathogen. Two hundred and sixtyeight isolates of A. rabiei were collected, purified and grouped into 13 forms. One representative isolate of each form was used for further studies. Six fastgrowing and low-sporulating isolates gave a resistant type of reaction on cultivars 1-13, EC 26435 and C 235 and ':onstituted race I of the pathogen. Six other slow 61
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
Page 19 and 20: 8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
Page 21 and 22: 10 Table I Mean yield and range of
Page 23 and 24: 12 International Yield Trials A 10-
Page 25 and 26: 14 small plots on farmers' fields i
Page 27 and 28: 16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
Page 29 and 30: 18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
Page 31 and 32: 20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
Page 33 and 34: 22 surface. However, the fungus los
Page 35 and 36: 24 observed small reddish brown spo
Page 37 and 38: 26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
Page 39 and 40: 28 suggested the application of pot
Page 41 and 42: 30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
Page 43 and 44: 32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
Page 45 and 46: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 47 and 48: 100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
Page 49 and 50: 30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
Page 51 and 52: I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
Page 53 and 54: infected seed is a much more potent
Page 55 and 56: Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 57 and 58: early February were found to give e
Page 59 and 60: pot assembly consists of a stem tha
Page 61 and 62: Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
Page 63 and 64: inoculating the plants by uniformly
Page 65 and 66: Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
Page 67 and 68: Table I Cultural characteristics of
Page 69: Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
Page 73 and 74: LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
Page 75 and 76: J.S. Grewal There are more chances
Page 77 and 78: 68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91 and 92: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 93 and 94: 84 ing of the remaining collections
Page 95 and 96: 86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
Page 97 and 98: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
Page 99 and 100: Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
Page 101 and 102: R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
Page 103 and 104: 96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
Page 105 and 106: 98 3. Identification of as many sou
Page 107 and 108: 100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
Page 109 and 110: 102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
Page 111 and 112: 104 and by the time a multilinc cul
Page 113 and 114: 106 lines will then be made availab
Page 115 and 116: 108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
Page 117 and 118: 110 the program for the development
Page 119 and 120: 112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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