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36 Results Epiphytotic Spread of the Disease In both years three different cultivars were used but this report includes only results of the susceptible local landrace ILC 1929 and the resistant selection ILC 482. They were studied at four different planting dates, but in the 1979-80 season the seedlings from the two later planting dates were destroyed by birds. Figure 1 shows the epiphytot'.; curves for disease incidence percentage and disease intensity for 1979-80. It is worth noting that at the date of the first reading in early March the disease incidence of the early planted susceptible crop was already 30%, which indicates that disease development must have started by mid-February. Both cultivars developed a very high percentage of diseased plants but differed significantly in their disease intensity ratings. Though nothing is known on the type of resistance in ILC 482, it may be partly associated with the fungus growth rate and sporulation after infection. The data obtained up to April 28 in the 1980-81 growing season are presented in Figure 2. They confirm all findings from the previous season and also indicate the effect of late planting on the epiphytotics. Only the latest planting date brought the disease intensity of the susceptible cultivar down to acceptable levels. Again, the disease did not occur before mid-February, even with the earliest planting date. A striking feature in both years was the extremely fast disease development that began during mid-March. Infection Conditions The results presented above raise the question about the environmental factors that control infection. As spores are only released from pycnidia if they are wet, wetness of the plant surface must be a pre-condition for surface contamination and effective short or long distance spread by wind. A study of the wetness duration and temperature requirements for successful infection was therefore carried out to determine the climatic conditions necessary for disease development. It was found that the disease intensity increased with increased wetness duration over a wide range of temperatures (Fig. 3). However, a steep increase at shorter wetness durations of up to 10 hours was only apparent between 9 and 21'C. The irregularities occurring at 15'C were not significant and probably stemmed from insufficient environmental control in the growth chambers used. If one excludes all infection data below 1%as insignificant, the limiting conditions for infection can be defined. Figure 4 shows that no infection occurred below 6C irrespective of the wetness duration and under wetness periods shorter than 6 hours irrespective of the prevailing temperature. The maximum temperature allowing infection must be close to 30'C.
100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC 482 70 / S60 50 40 30 Planting Date 20- /15 Nov 1979 20/.... -15 Dec 1979 9 7 " 6 S3 0 I I March April May 1980 2 1 . -. -- C482 March April May 1980 Figure 1.Ascochyta disease developments on two chickpea lines - local landrace ILC 1929 (susceptible) and selection ILC 482 (resistant) in the 1979-80 growing season. If these data are compared with the climatic data from the Aleppo region it is apparent that daily average air temperatures do not increase above 6C before mid-February and above 10C before mid-March. A mo.re detailed analysis of • 37
Page 1 and 2: A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
Page 3 and 4: WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
Page 5 and 6: Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
Page 7 and 8: VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The advancing of sowing da
Page 11 and 12: Editors' Note The idea to hold this
Page 13 and 14: Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
Page 15 and 16: 4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
Page 17 and 18: 6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
Page 19 and 20: 8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
Page 21 and 22: 10 Table I Mean yield and range of
Page 23 and 24: 12 International Yield Trials A 10-
Page 25 and 26: 14 small plots on farmers' fields i
Page 27 and 28: 16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
Page 29 and 30: 18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
Page 31 and 32: 20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
Page 33 and 34: 22 surface. However, the fungus los
Page 35 and 36: 24 observed small reddish brown spo
Page 37 and 38: 26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
Page 39 and 40: 28 suggested the application of pot
Page 41 and 42: 30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
Page 43 and 44: 32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
Page 45: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 49 and 50: 30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
Page 51 and 52: I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
Page 53 and 54: infected seed is a much more potent
Page 55 and 56: Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 57 and 58: early February were found to give e
Page 59 and 60: pot assembly consists of a stem tha
Page 61 and 62: Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
Page 63 and 64: inoculating the plants by uniformly
Page 65 and 66: Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
Page 67 and 68: Table I Cultural characteristics of
Page 69 and 70: Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
Page 71 and 72: India and Iran were highly sporulat
Page 73 and 74: LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
Page 75 and 76: J.S. Grewal There are more chances
Page 77 and 78: 68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91 and 92: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 93 and 94: 84 ing of the remaining collections
Page 95 and 96: 86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
Page 97 and 98:
Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
Page 99 and 100:
Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
Page 101 and 102:
R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
Page 103 and 104:
96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130:
122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148:
Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150:
Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164:
Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168:
162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170:
164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172:
166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174:
168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176:
170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178:
172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180:
174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182:
176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184:
Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186:
There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192:
KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194:
190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196:
192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204:
Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220:
Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250:
Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Page 255 and 256:
Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270:
Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
Page 283:
288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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