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VIR, S. and GREWAL, J.S. 1975a. Role of free amino acids in disease resistance to gram blight. Indian Phytopath. 28: 206-208. VIR, S. and GREWAL, J.S. 1975b. Change in catalase activity of gram plant induced by Ascochyta rabiei infection. Indian Phytopath. 28: 223-225. VIR, S. GREWAL, J.S. and GUPTA, V.P. 1975. Inheritance of resistance to Ascochyta blight in chickpea. Euphytica 24: 209-211. ZACHOS,D G. 1951. Studies on the disinfection of chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L.) infected with Ascochyra rabiei (Pass.) Labr. (in French). Ann. Inst. Phytopath. Benaki, 5, 2: 76-87. ZACHOS, D.3. 1952. A case of parasitism of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds by Stemphyllium botryosum Wallr. (in French). Ann. Inst, Phytopath. Benaki, 6, 2: 60-61. ZACHOS, E.G., PANAGOPULOS, C.G. and MAKRIS, S.A. 1963. Researches on the biology, epidemiciogy and the control of anthracnose of chickpea (in French). Annis. Inst. Phytopath. Benak*, N.S., 5(2): 167-192. ZALPOOR, N. 1963. Mycosphaerella rabiei Kovacevski (Ascochyta rabiei) (Pass.) Lab. (in Farsi). Ent. Phytop. Appl., Tehran 21: 10-12. Discussion M. Aslam What is your idea about the frequency of occurrence of ascochyta blight in Punjab (India), that is,whether the disease is increasing there or decreasing? Y.L. Nene The disease was not actually increasing, but there are areas in Punjab (India) like Gurdaspur where the disease can occur and has been seen to occur. T.S. Sandhu There was a severe epidemic of blight during 1967-68, but after that it has not been observed. K.B. Singh In Punjab State of India blight epidemic in chickpea occurred in a form during the 1967-68 season that the farmers did not even harvest the crop. But the next year and subsequent years this disease was not even seen. So I feel that epidemiology is not fully understood and more needs to be known. Y.L. Nene Iwould like to say that there isno increase in the frequency of ascochyta blight epidemic in India. The disease is endemic in Gurdaspur, and depending upon weather conditions, it reaches epidemic proportions in certain years. 33
Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascochyta Blight and Winter Sowing ofChickpeas (Saxena, M.C and Singh. K.B.. eds.), ICARDA. 4-7 May 1981, Aleppo. Syria Epidemiological Aspects of Chickpea Ascochyta Blight H.C. WELTZIEN and H.J. KAACK Deputy Director General (Research) and Visiting Research Associate, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, respectively A devastating plant disease such as the one caused by Ascochyta rabiei on chickpeas has to be thoroughly understood if control is to be achieved with a reasonable degree of certainty. Within the framework of the ICARDA/ICRI- SAT effort to study and control ascochyta blight, we have tried to understand some of the epidemiological aspects of this disease. Taking into account the massive epiphytotics as the ones reported from Pakistan in the last two seasons or those noted on susceptible winter-planted chickpeas in Syria, the question arises as to how such massive outbreaks are biologia!ly achieved and how they can be manipulated by changing the genetic resistance and the planting date. In this paper we discuss some findings on four different aspects of the disease cycle: (1) the epiphytotic spread of the disease on growing plants, (2) the climatic conditions for infection, (3) the role of contaminated plant debris for disease initiation, and (4) the role of infected seeds for disease initiation. Methods and Material A disease assessment key was developed, based on nine grades between I and 100% leaf and stem area infected. Conditions for infection were studied in growth chambers and the saturated atmosphere required was maintained under plastic bags. Plants were dried with afan after the required times and placed in a plastic greenhouse for 14 days to allow disease development. All field trials mentioned here were conducted at the Tel Hadya Research Station near Aleppo, Syria. All seeds were supplied by th, Food Legume Improvement Program of ICARDA. 35 Previous Page Blank
Page 1 and 2: A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
Page 3 and 4: WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
Page 5 and 6: Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
Page 7 and 8: VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The advancing of sowing da
Page 11 and 12: Editors' Note The idea to hold this
Page 13 and 14: Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
Page 15 and 16: 4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
Page 17 and 18: 6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
Page 19 and 20: 8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
Page 21 and 22: 10 Table I Mean yield and range of
Page 23 and 24: 12 International Yield Trials A 10-
Page 25 and 26: 14 small plots on farmers' fields i
Page 27 and 28: 16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
Page 29 and 30: 18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
Page 31 and 32: 20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
Page 33 and 34: 22 surface. However, the fungus los
Page 35 and 36: 24 observed small reddish brown spo
Page 37 and 38: 26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
Page 39 and 40: 28 suggested the application of pot
Page 41 and 42: 30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
Page 43: 32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
Page 47 and 48: 100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
Page 49 and 50: 30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
Page 51 and 52: I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
Page 53 and 54: infected seed is a much more potent
Page 55 and 56: Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 57 and 58: early February were found to give e
Page 59 and 60: pot assembly consists of a stem tha
Page 61 and 62: Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
Page 63 and 64: inoculating the plants by uniformly
Page 65 and 66: Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
Page 67 and 68: Table I Cultural characteristics of
Page 69 and 70: Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
Page 71 and 72: India and Iran were highly sporulat
Page 73 and 74: LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
Page 75 and 76: J.S. Grewal There are more chances
Page 77 and 78: 68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91 and 92: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 93 and 94: 84 ing of the remaining collections
Page 95 and 96:
86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
Page 127 and 128:
120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130:
122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134:
126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148:
Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172:
166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176:
170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178:
172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180:
174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182:
176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192:
KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196:
192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204:
Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206:
Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Page 215 and 216:
Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Page 231 and 232:
Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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Page 247 and 248:
soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
Page 267 and 268:
270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270:
Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
Page 273 and 274:
277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
Page 281 and 282:
286 involving only a few treatments
Page 283:
288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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