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280 4. The dynamics of the disease, with cycles ranging from extreme severity to an almost disappearance. Research Gn ascochyta blight in Spain has been limited. In 1961, Jos6 Puerta set up for the first time a program on 'rabia' in chickpeas. Puerta (1964) studied the disease in different regions, described the characteristics, importance and frequency of its occurrence (Tables 2 and 3), examined the fungus from a mycological viewpoint, set up a screening technique for resistance and evaluated fungicides for the control. Cubero (1965) working with Puerta undertook mainly the mycological studies and determined the nutritional rcquirements and media conditions for the growth of the fungus. Winter Sowing It seems that winter sowings were previously in use in Spain but only for fodder. It is doubtful if they have been practised in the last 50 years. Agronomists as well as farmers have received with great interest the possiblity of winter sowings. The aim would be to grow chickpeas only for human consumption; thus, the main socio-economic factor to solve would be to eliminate or to restrict the importations. The lowlands of Andalucia are the best sitcs for winter sowings, followed by the Badajoz province. In these zones, winters are mild with extreme minimum temperatures of -5°C,. excepting really exceptional years. The limiting factor here will be ascochyta blight attacks, and perhaps fusarium wilt in humid soils. In Castille there is an additional constraint - hard winters with temperatures going to-10°C. Resistance to low temperatures, as well as to ascochyta blight, would be essential. In between these two extremes (Andalusian and Castillian zones) there are areas where the late frosts may limit winter sowing. Here, adjustment of date of sowing coupled with frost resistance would be needed. Spanish cultivars are large to extra-large seeded, so collections of these types would have to be tested. Strategy for Introducing Winter Planting Winter planting will require more fertilizers, more herbicides, more pesticides, more care of the crop and good farmers. Thus, the best zone would be the Andaluciz lowlands. In other zones, simple demonstration trials (date of sowing, pesticides, and fertilizers) would also have to be set up. Once the first results were obtained, different trials could be extended to other zones. The role of research would include the study of collections in order to choose the most appropriate cultivars for each region. But most of the work to be done
would be pure extension. Diffusion of results can be made through the 'Hojas Divulgadoras' of the Extension Service, automatically distributed to all extensionists, and also through several journals in agriculture. References 281 CUBERO, J.1. 1965. Studies on nutrient elements needed and medium conditions demanded by the fungus P. rabiei (in Spanish). Boln. Patol. Veg. Ent. Agr. 28:147-182. PUERTA, J.R. 1964. Gram blight: isolation of the fungus P. rabiei and the study of gram varieties possibly resistant to it (Spanish). Boln. Patol. Veg. Ent. Agr. 27:15-52.
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 229 and 230: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
Page 251 and 252: 253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 255 and 256: Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
Page 257 and 258: 260 however, remained almost static
Page 259 and 260: 262 Agricultural Universities and s
Page 261 and 262: 264 greatest at flowering and fruit
Page 263 and 264: 266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
Page 265 and 266: 268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
Page 267 and 268: 270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270: Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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Page 273 and 274: 277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
Page 275: Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
Page 279 and 280: 284 7. The role of crop debris as a
Page 281 and 282: 286 involving only a few treatments
Page 283: 288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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