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276 Area (000 ha) 400 Prodn. E X---X Production (000 t ) 200 Yield O-O Yield (q/ha) Area 9 I 1oo 6 3 3006 / / 200 200- / 0 II 0 LA / I \i /o- 0 r, 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year Figure 3.Evolution of the chickpea cultivated area, production and yield inSpain. Table I Chickpea imports and exports (t). Year Imports Exports Production 1968 3,319 603 141,300 1969 9,210 552 106,700 1970 21,633 181 89,300 1971 27,357 65 69,100 1972 30,045 524 88,000 1973 37,632 292 87,900 1974 24,745 2,256 78,100 1975 30,375 146 56,300 1976 31,928 249 55,000 1977 28,538 473 55,800 1978 55,874 2,622 71,000 Source: Anuario de Estadistica Agraria 1978.
277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha) in W. Andalucfa, but in many other places the yields are not so high because of both climatic and edaphic constraints. The sowing date is generally in the second half of March; in Andalucia they can be sown late in February or early in March, according to the climatic conditions of the year. Harvesting is in June (Andalucia) to July (Castille). Ascochyta Blight Traditionallly, ascochyta blight ('rabia', 'quema', 'socarrina') was considered by farmers to be the most serious problem when growing chickpeas. The disease appeared suddenly after a short shower followed by sunshine, or after a late dew. This fact explains why many farmers and even old agronomists thought that blight was caused by the 'lens effect' of rain or dew drops. It also explains why many farmers in the severely attacked regions walked through the plots with a cord whose extremities were held in such a way by two men that the plant canopies were shaken, throwing most of the water drops off the leaves. There are no data on the distribution of the disease for the pre-war period; comments by farmers suggest that it was endemic in all the regions cultivating chickpeas. Farmers do not realize the existence of different degrees of the attack so when they refer to the presence of 'rabia', they admit the complete loss of the harvest. It was usual to plow in the chickpea plants as soon as the first symptoms were noticed. In the post-war period there are records of blight in all the regions (Table 2) but it is not possible to speak about 'epidemics', perhaps.because the main area growing chickpeas, that is, the west of Spain, is cut into three subregions by two mountain chains. These subregions are characterized by different important agronomical features as, for example, growth rates of the crop, harvesting periods, daily temperature fluctuations, general climatic conditions, etc. (Table 3). Also, chickpea fields never formed a continuous carpet as is the case with other crops (wheat for example). Therefore the spread of the disease to a large area was never easy. During the last fifteen years no serious ascochyta blight attack has been observed in the Cordoba province; in Seville province, good farmers growing chickpeas with modern techniques are much more worried about fusarium wilt than about ascochyta blight because they look for soils retaining enough water to support greater yields and also because they use both seed and plant treatments against ascochyta blight. In the Jaen province (more exactly in the 'Loma de Ubeda', i.e., Ubeda highlands, a zone traditionally growing chickpeas) one farmer has reported the existence of 'rabia'; in this case he was capable of separating ascochyta blight and fusarium wilt. In Salamanca province (and probably in the Old Castille region) ascochyta
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 221 and 222: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
Page 251 and 252: 253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 255 and 256: Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
Page 257 and 258: 260 however, remained almost static
Page 259 and 260: 262 Agricultural Universities and s
Page 261 and 262: 264 greatest at flowering and fruit
Page 263 and 264: 266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
Page 265 and 266: 268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
Page 267 and 268: 270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270: Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
Page 271: 0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
Page 275 and 276: Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
Page 277 and 278: would be pure extension. Diffusion
Page 279 and 280: 284 7. The role of crop debris as a
Page 281 and 282: 286 involving only a few treatments
Page 283: 288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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