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254 social and technical problems may be identified and an appropriate improvement strategy developed. References BONNENFANT, C. PAPY. 1975. Cultures maraicheres et industriclles, epices et lcgumincuscs ouvragz public par Atlas du Maroc. BOORSMA. 1978. Rapport IPHIR station centralcs des legumineuses alimentaires, INRA. DAE-ONICL. Documentation de l'office National des Cereales et des Legumincuses, ONICL. FICHIER ENTHOMOLOGIE. Section Zoologie, INRA. IONESCO, T. 1965. Considerations bioclimatiques ft phyto ecologique sur les zones arides au Maroc cahier Rech. Agro. No. 19 carte No. 18. JANATI and SCHLUTER, A. 1977. Lutte contre 'anthracnose du pois-chiche. RIEUF, P. 1971. Parasites et saprophytes des plantes au Maroc cahier Rech. Agro. No. 29 et 30. Statistiques Agricoles/Division des Affaires Economiques de 1972 a 1980.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Ascocl'yta Blight and Winter Sowing ofChickpeas (Saxena, M.C. and Singh. K.B.. eds.). ICARDA. 4-7 May 1981, Aleppo, Syria Chickpea Improvement in Tunisia A. MLAIKI and SALAH BEN HAMADI* *Chef du Labwatoire de Cryotagamie et Vacteriologie, INRAT-ARIANA, Tunis, Tunisia; Office des Cerdales, Tunis, Tunisia, respectively. Agriculture is the main source of the Tua<strong>ii</strong>sian economy. Grain legumes cover ony 6% of the total area cultivated with food grains in Tunisia. Faba beans and chickpeas, which are grown as rainfed crops, sre the dominant graiti legumes (86%). Chickpea culture covers around 23,000 ha especially in the northern part of the country. Two areas are important for chickpea proouction: the primary area includes Bizerte, Beja, and Jendouba: the secondary area where production is less important includes Kef, Siliana, Tunis, and Nabeul. The chickpea area and production vary from year to year (Table 1) depending on the amount and distribution of rainfall during the whole sLason. Generally, total rainfall in these regions varies from 400 to 800 mm. Major Factors Limiting Increased Production Diseases, rainfall, and seed production capacity are the main problems. Diseases: During the rainy springs, most of the damage caused is due to ascochyta blight; however, during the dry springs fusarium wilt is predominant. Rainfall: Its distribution prevents the early sowing of chickpeas. Seeds and Cultivars: There are no improved Tunisian cultivars; local landraces such as Amdoun are seeded, which could be considered a limiting factor & : ie production because these cultivars are low yielding. Production Technology Crop is commonly grown in a three- or four-course rotation system, for example forage, chickpea, wheat; and sugar beet, wheat, forage, chickpea, respectively. 255
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
Page 251: 253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 255 and 256: Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
Page 257 and 258: 260 however, remained almost static
Page 259 and 260: 262 Agricultural Universities and s
Page 261 and 262: 264 greatest at flowering and fruit
Page 263 and 264: 266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
Page 265 and 266: 268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
Page 267 and 268: 270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270: Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
Page 271 and 272: 0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
Page 273 and 274: 277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
Page 275 and 276: Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
Page 277 and 278: would be pure extension. Diffusion
Page 279 and 280: 284 7. The role of crop debris as a
Page 281 and 282: 286 involving only a few treatments
Page 283: 288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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