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234 fodders. The farmers used this practice widely this season. This helps to reduce the quantum of inoculum in the fields. 3. Crop rotation is practiced in area's where feasible so that infected fields are not brought under chickpea. 4. Mix-cropping with wheat, barley, rape and mustard etc., is also practiced. Ascochyta Blight Research in Pakistan The disease was present in the North West Frontier Province decades earlier than the official report of its occurrence (Sandhu 1972). In 1926-27 heavy losses were reported in the Attock district (Singh 1927). Pathogenicity tests with Acochyta rabiei indicated that distinct physiological races of the pathogen do not exist in Pakistan. However, different isolates exhibit some cultural and morphological differences (Arif and Jabbar 1965). Host resistance has received major attention as a control measure. At the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, CS 30, V-i 73 and V-132 were found to be tolerant to blight. The resistance of V-132 broke down at the flowering stage while CS 30 and V-133 were poor in grain yield compared with C 727. To make use of tolerance of these lines, their seed was mixed with other high-yielding cultivars having similar seed characters, in a 50:50 ratio. It was expected that during blight-free years the loss in grain yield would be compensated by the high yielding component, while during blight years at least 50% of crop could be saved. AUG 480 (a mixture if CS 30 and AUG 426) withstood blight in Piplan, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad during 1978-79. To date, screening for blight at the University of Agriculture has shown that strains 626, 6190, 6212, KT-59/3, KT 60/3 and KT-63/3 are tolerant to chickpea blight (Aslam et al. 1980). At the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture arid Biology, Faisalabad, an induced mutation breeding program was initiated during 1978-79 to induce resistance against ascochyta blight in chickpea. Segregating material consisting of 20,000 M, single-plant progenies, 208 true breeding advanced mutant lines in M 5 generation and 23 pure lines/cultivars was screened at Faisalabad undee artificial, and at Attock under natural epiphytutic conditions. Two mutant lines, CM 68 and CM 72, showed resistant reaction at both locations (Ahsanul Haq and Shakoor 1980). The germplasm obtained from iCRISAT and ICARDA plus local collections have been screened under artificially created heavy pressure of inoculum during the 1979-80 and 1980-81 seasons at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Peshawar (Tarnab) and the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thirty-seven lines (kabuli and desi) have been identified as resistant on a 1-9 scale: ICC 76, 607, 641, 1121, 1467,1468,1591,7513,7514,7520,1772, ILC 72, 183, 191,195,201,202,484,
182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,200, NEC 138-2, NEC 1526, NEC 1256, PCU 15, 128, AUG 480, CM 72, 68, 66, 67, 57. References AHMAD, T., HASANIAN, S.Z. and SA1TAR, A. 1949. Some popular methods of plant disease control in Pakistan. Agriculture Pakistan 1:18-22. AHSANUL HAQ, M. and SHAKKOOR, A. 1980. Use of induced mutations for the induction of resistance against Ascochyta blight in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)and yellow mosaic virus in mung bean (Vigna radiata). Induced mutations for improvement of grain legume production. IAEA, Vienna 63:67. 1980. Success story of breeding gram resistant to Ascochyta ASLAM, M., Khan, M.A. and Khai, i. blight. Proc. Ag. Res. Conference, 23-26 Feb 1980, Islamabad. ARIF, A.G. and JABBAR, A. 1965. A study of physiologic specialisation in Mycrosphaerellarabiei Kovicevaski Ascochyta rabie (Pass.) Lab., the causal organism of gram blight. West Pakistan J. Res. 3:103-121. SANDHU, T.S. 1972. New sources of resistance to gram blight disease (Ascochyta rabiei Kovacevaski) Madras Agric. J. 59:41. SHAKOOR, A., and AHSANUL HAQ, M. 1980. Plant architecture in chickpea and mung bean. Induced mutation for the improvement of grain legume production. ISEA, Vienna. 59-62. SING H, R.D. 1927. Annual report of the Cerealist td the Government, Punjab, Lyallpur, for the year ending 30th June 1926. Report on the operat~ons of the Department of Agriculture, Punjab for the year ending 30th June 1926, Part II (1):1-45. Discussion G.C. Hawtin In view of the high and frequent incidence of aschochyta blight in Pakistan, it might well be expected that resistance could be present in local landraces. To what extent have these been collected, especially from NWFP and other endemic areas, and tested for resistance? M. Aslam I agree with Dr. Hawtin that there is a need for a thorough survey of chickpea crop in Punjab and NWFP to select resistant genotypes under natural conditions and ICARDA or ICRISAT could very well help in carrying out such surveys. Y.L. Nene Dr. Malik mentioned that in Pakistan infected plants are fed to cattle. I may mention that according to a report from Pakistan the spores which pass through the animal lose their viability. 235
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
Page 251 and 252: 253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 255 and 256: Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
Page 257 and 258: 260 however, remained almost static
Page 259 and 260: 262 Agricultural Universities and s
Page 261 and 262: 264 greatest at flowering and fruit
Page 263 and 264: 266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
Page 265 and 266: 268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
Page 267 and 268: 270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270: Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
Page 271 and 272: 0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
Page 273 and 274: 277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
Page 275 and 276: Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
Page 277 and 278: would be pure extension. Diffusion
Page 279 and 280: 284 7. The role of crop debris as a
Page 281 and 282: 286 involving only a few treatments
Page 283: 288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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