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220 Table 2 Imports, exports and consumption of chickpeas. Year Imports Exports Consumption 2 t Cl/t, t C£/t, t 1960 570 41.1 45 63.6 830 1970 113 72.8 55 116.8 363 1971 105 80.1 509 103.8 256 1972 95 142.9 195 116.8 306 1973 410 153.9 27 134.0 485 1974 257 119.7 5 160.8 567 1975 176 129.7 33 264.8 448 1976 325 137.5 52 342.8 679 1977 302 198.3 143 292.4 769 1978 221 217.5 294 386.2 527 1979 167 260.1 20 371.6 997 1980A 0 - 5.4 343.9 1. C1 I = US $2.6. 2. Consumption = production + imports - exports a. Until November 1980. IIN GID Chickpea area Figure I. Chickpea-growing areas in Cyprus.
were absorbed by the canning industry in those 2years. This situation stimulated the high production of 1979 which, associated with considerable imports, led to a serious problem of surplus. Consequently prices fell and latest reports put them at as low as CI 120 per tonne on the local market; both area and production were reduced in 1980 and further reduced in 1981 (official statistics are not available yet.) These events indicate that marketing of chickpea is difficult and inreliable and this constitutes one of the major limiting factors to increasing production. Consequentl) lhe cost of production needs to be reduced. Problems like mechanization (especially harvesting) and weed control also continue to be limiting factors. Production Practices Chickpea is grown in rotation with cereals or vegetables under rainfed conditions. Occasionally spate (i.e. river-flood) irrigation is practised, especially in the central area, to flood the fields, usually prior to sowing. Producers obtain their seed from their previous crop or from other chickpea growers. The Seed Production Centre finds it difficult to dispense seed of the local variety but they anticipate that seed of new, improved varieties will be easily dispensed. At present, all chickpea fields are sown almost exclusively with the local landrace which has a high purity percentage. Recent variety trials have shown that new, improved cultivars could replace the local landrace (Xenophotos, E., personal communication). Fields are prepared by plowing, followed by one or two lighter cultivations, as soon as the weather and field conditions permit it in January or early February. The majority of sowing is done from the middle of February to the middle of March. Winter sowing is not practised. Seed rates used are low, around 75 kg/ha, and they vary considerably. Higher rates of 100-125 kg/ha are recommended by the Department of Agriculture. The seed is either broadcasted or hand sown in furrows; some progressive growers are now using locally constructed cereal drills. Small doses of N fertilizer (up to 20 kg N/ha) and P fertilizer (40-50 kg P20 5/ ha) are applied at sowing. Weed control is by hand hoeing. Diseases are not a problem and occasional attacks by insects are controlled with readily available insecticides. At harvest, plants are hand pulled, heaped to dry and then threshed with stationary threshers. The straw is used for feeding the livestock, and is highly priced. Generally, chickpea is grown on a limited scale in scattered fields. Some major limitations to chickpea production are: (a) local consumption is very low (Haricot beans and faba beans are preferred); (b) cost of production is high due to the 221
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
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Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 221: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
Page 251 and 252: 253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 255 and 256: Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
Page 257 and 258: 260 however, remained almost static
Page 259 and 260: 262 Agricultural Universities and s
Page 261 and 262: 264 greatest at flowering and fruit
Page 263 and 264: 266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
Page 265 and 266: 268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
Page 267 and 268: 270 vars. It was assumed that the d
Page 269 and 270: Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
Page 271 and 272: 0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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