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Figure 1. Distribution of cbickpea cultivation in Jordan. Numbers rainfall in mm. on the countours show annual A OMAAN A =100 ha C~ilckpea area O 'A\ ~('A' ~ re / d I /Q I I I, 1 ! I I ,jarash "\,. o Ii |- A. O Irbid 0 \. ' 300 212
Seedbed preparation is very minimal; disc plowing is used directly after harvesting the cereal crop. Then prior to planting and after the rain, the land is disced for weed control. If an animal plow is used, seed is put into the plow furrows which are 30-40 cm apart. The distance between seeds in the furrow is 10-15 cm. Where tractors are used, seeds are han<strong>ii</strong> broadcasted and covered by a disc harrow. The local seeds are planted at 80-100 kg/ha. Hand weeding is practised. Harvesting is done by hand; the crop is pulled from the ground,gathered in small heaps, left to dry for a while, then hauled by tractors to larger piles in the farmer's yards in the village. Threshing iscarried out by animals, tractors or local stationary machines; yield losses are high due to these operations. Fertilizers are not used, the Rhizobium inoculation is not practised. However, natural Rhizobia have been found to exist in all areas of chickpea production. Very good nodulation in all the experimental sites in the different areas was observed this year. Utilization and Marketing Chickpea is considered to be a very useful protein source in the diet. Very small amounts are utilized directly as fresh seeds before the full maturity of the crop. However, chickpea is mainly used as dry seeds. They are soaked, cooked and utilized in many dishes, the most popular being "Homos Bethenah" which is a dish served in most homes and in all restaurants. Chickpea is also included in some small industries. Jordan imports relatively large quantities of this crop (Table I); in some years imports have been valued at about one million US dollars. Ascochyta Blight and Winter Sowing The history of ascochyta blight on chickpea in Jordan is not well documented. Pathologists believe that the disease has existed for many years. Severe outbreaks on chickpeas have not been reported. The main reason is that farmers grow chickpea as a spring crop in March-April, when the disease incidence is largely reduced. It is very difficult to estimate the losses due to this disease, since many factors are responsible for ,he low yields; some of these are late planting, Heliothis damage and the very primitive cultural practices used by the farmers. In Jordan it seems that farmers delay planting to avoid "cold damage", (which is their interpretation of the disease). They are aware that "cold damage" is associated with early sowing. None of the farmers is aware that the damage is caused by ascochyta blight. This year, demonstration trials were conducted in three parts of Jordan in 213
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table I The timing of reproductive
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Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
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Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
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BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
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crops extended deeper than under wi
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(as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
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eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 213: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
Page 251 and 252: 253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
Page 255 and 256: Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
Page 257 and 258: 260 however, remained almost static
Page 259 and 260: 262 Agricultural Universities and s
Page 261 and 262: 264 greatest at flowering and fruit
Page 263 and 264: 266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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