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Table 2b Import of chickpeas by some major countries during 1971-1980. 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 1000 Country S $ $ $ $ World 70265 16255 89836 24639 93165 32810 69257 27583 72377 30542 Algeria 5253 1966 12469 4219 2164 762 11629 3998 U.S.A. 3699 1111 4192 1209 3912 1383 6217 2328 4551 1867 India 858 76 99 9 1355 179 384 67 255 51 Iraq 2158 371 2815 567 2468 807 10685 3372 6017 2215 Jordan 3683 621 2251 585 2755 1015 2394 799 1589 496 Saudi Arabia 1783 310 1888 416 2049 587 2967 911 2183 500 Spain 27357 8104 30045 10648 37632 13769 24745 11654 30375 14868 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 MT 1000 $ MT 1000 S MT 1000 S MT 1000 $ 197 MT 1000 S World 74385 35550 79894 53777 98663 77405 135959 1145A9 147335 123425 Source: FAO 1981. 13952 4989 10176 8226 8924 9286 43073 41488 43000 48000 3705 1841 11298 6681 10775 7540 10468 8403 12769 9627 201 24 1367 100 3018 667 3000 670 3000 670 2994 1397 2000 1000 2000 1100 2000 1200 2000 1400 890 276 1179 741 2313 1955 7768 6021 7800 7000 3142 1013 1785 1075 2028 1536 3155 2257 2600 2206 31928 16949 28538 23262 55874 43698 46986 41484 46241 36733
198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and Iraq. Unfortunately, production lags far behind the demand. Production Constraints The major constraints to production are: (i) inherently low yield potential of landraces and local cultivars, (<strong>ii</strong>) lack of stability in production, mainly due to susceptibility to diseases, insect pests and environmental stress, (<strong>ii</strong>i) lack of information on appropriate agronomy and/or lack of inputs, (iv) lack of mechanization of production practices and (v) inadequate research support. In the major parts of West As*.i and North Africa, the crop is sown in ihe end of the rainy winter on conserved moisture and thus made to complete its reproduct.ive growth during the period of increasing heat and soil moisture stress. The practice of spring sowing seems to stem from the need to avoid the damage from ascochyta blight and perhaps cold, both of which pose a serious threat to chickpea crops when sown in winter. Ascochyta blight was first reported from the region in 1921 (Gonzalez 1921), but it must have existed for a longer period before being reported. Since chemical control does not seem to be conomical, development of Ascochyta-tolerant lines with adequate resistance to cold is a prerequisite to realize high yield potential of winter-sown crops. ICARDA has made significant progress towards this objective. ICARDA's Role in Increasing Chickpea Production ICARDA has assembled over 3500 kabuli germplasm accessions from all over the world. Evaluation of these for 27 characters revealed wide genetic diversity for morphological and economic traits and stress conditions. The information and material is available to scientists working in national programs for their use in breeding programs. For the past 4 years, ICARDA has concentrated on the development of genetic stocks and cultivars for use by national programs. Breeding lines which will meet the requirements of national programs for spring and/or winter sowing, and for mechanical harvesting have been developed. In addition, material has been generated with seed size ranging from small to large to fulfill consumer preference in different countries. Efforts have been made to develop, and help national programs in developing, improved production technology, covering herbicidal control of weeds, fertilizer and Rhizobium inoculation needs, optimum sowing date and plant geometry, crop rotation, integrated control of diseases and pests, etc. One of the major aims of the program is to assist the national programs in
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 209 and 210: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
Page 249 and 250: Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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