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(9.7%). The major chickpea producing countries in the region are Pakistan, Turkey, Morocco, Iran and Syria. Although in terms of production, chickpeas are the most important of the food legumes grown in the region, their productivity is amongst the lowest. In fact, whereas the productivity on the world basis has shown an increase in the period 1949-52 to 1976-80, it has shown a small decline (by about 1.6%) in the ICARDA region and the increase of about 11.1% in production over this period has come from an increase in area. The countries in the ICARDA region where production has increased are Turkey, Syria, Tunisia, Algeria, Iraq and Egypt. The countries registering a decr. ase in production are Pakistan, Iran and Jorain. The increase in production of chickpeas in the region, which as mentioned earlier has all come from increased area, has not been able to keep pace with the increase in the population in the last 25 years, thus resulting in reduced per caput availability. Prices have risen, thus making this important legume out of reach for some of the lower income groups. Need for an increase in the productivity of chickpeas is therefore urgent. Use Chickpeas are used in a variety of ways. Major usage in the Indian subcontinent isin the form of 'dhal'. Chickpea flour is used for making sweets and snacks. One of the major chickpea preparations in parts of West Asia is 'Hommos-Bi-Tahineh'. Roasted chickpeas are also widely used as snacks. In North Africa and Spain, seeds are soaked overnight, boiled for an hour and sold in the market. Green seeds are eaten raw or cooked. Dry stems and seed hull are used as animal feed. Quality characters desired for different preparations are not well documented and therefore there is a need for the survey of the region for consumer preference and usage of chickpeas. Such information could be helpful in varietal improvement programs. Trade Although relatively insignificant in the world trade of food'grain, both export and import of chickpeas have increased substantially in the 1970. During 1971, 106,735 mt at a value of US$ 23 million were exported. The export went up to 167,069 mt at a value of US$ 123 million in 1980 (Tab. 2a). Major exporting countries of the world are: Mexico, Turkey, Spain, Morocco, Chile, Ethiopia and Tunisia. Likewise, import of chickpeas during 1971 was 70,265 mt at a value of US$ 16 million which rose to 147,335 mt at a value of US$ 123 million during 1980 (Tab. 2b). Major importing countries are: Spain, Algeria, USA, Jordan, 195
196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by some major countries during 1971-1980. 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 Country $ $ $ $ $ World 106735 23317 105824 25832 149626 48827 122849 42841 111004 37892 Ethiopia 17565 2446 10654 1292 8112 1712 8182 2677 945 252 Morocco 30737 5154 3665 1149 19211 6435 20967 7070 22586 7327 Tunisia 1099 364 2407 865 1038 406 93 41 1521 677 Mexico 12304 2865 33164 8200 56813 21738 43625 19047 40617 17016 Chile 867 1255 165 66 332 143 120 58 573 532 Turkey 16874 5282 26299 7673 51071 14704 30610 8594 20488 5824 Spain 65 16 524 174 292 112 2256 931 146 92 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 MT 1000 93642 34507 127718 66066 153854 98792 174528 141474 167069 123831 332 82 30,882 9616 11612 4514 758 79 900 200 28163 10041 7536 4061 16436 12357 8984 6910 6726 3649 4878 1614 10211 5455 797 805 1499 1425 378 405 28450 11478 46522 27290 94151 56290 103246 85723 84080 61207 395 300 1209 790 1191 1937 5000 4000 1500 1300 24280 8455 25434 15612 20635 165d6 45352 35942 55030 45293 Source: FAO 1981. 249 158 473 416 2622 2079 5304 4168 13994 8991
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
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132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
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134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
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136 appears adequate, therefore no
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138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
Page 241 and 242: 242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
Page 243 and 244: 244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
Page 247 and 248: soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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