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186 large plot comparisons of plant densities under protected and pesticide-free conditions. It has been reported that in Bulgaria, deep plowing gives considerable reduction of the leaf miner populations (van der Maesen 1972). The effects of this and other agronomic practices on pest-caused losses also need to be studied at ICARDA. The natural enemics can play an important role in limting pest populations. Indiscriminate pesticide use can destroy the beneficiai fauna and eventually lead to greater pest problems. It may be possible to augment the natural control elements and some research in this area might be profitable. The first essential, however, would be to obtain basic information on the biology and ecology of the pests and their natural enemies in the present system in this region. A cursory scan of literature has revealed a surprising lack of basic information on the major chickpea pests. Until such information is available it is not possible to plan for adequate pest management on this crop. The lack of knowledge of the basic biology and ecology of the pests has also forced speculations about the effect of winter sowing of chickpeas. A better knowledge would have allowed model predictions for such a change. It is necessary to accumulate data that will allow us measurements of the impact of winter-sown crops on the insect pest populations. If there is an unusually heavy attack of leaf miner on spring-sown chickpea or of Heliothisspp. on an:', of the spring or summer crops in the next few years, there will be no shortage c. people who will attribute the blame to the winter-sown chickpea development. It is important to accumulate facts and knowledge that will allow scientists to de'end t.s development against ill-informed criticism. References CUBERO, J.i. 1975. The research on the chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Spain. Pages 103-106 in Proceedings of the international Workshop on Grain Legumes, ICRISAT, 13-16 Jan., 1975, Hyderabad, A.P., India. GENTRY, J.W. 1965. Crop Insects of North East Africe - South West Asia. Agriculture Handbook No. 273: USDA, ARS. Pub. 106 pp. GIRAY, H. 1970. (Investigations on the morphological characters, brief biology and type ofdamage of Liriomyza cicerina Rond. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) (inTurkish) Ege Univ. Ziraat. Fak. Izmir, Turkey, No. 171, 34 pp. HARIRI, G. 1979. Insect pests of chickpea and lentils inthe countries of the eastern Mediterranean: A review. Pages 120-123 in Food Legume Improvement and Development (Hawtin G.C. and Chancellor, G.J. cds.), ICARDA-IDRC Publication. 216 pp. JAFFARI, J. 1975. The status of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Iran. Pages 103-106 inProc. intntl. Workshop on Grain Legumes, 13-16 Jan. 1975, Hyderabad, A.P., India. KAWAR, N.S. 1979. Insect pests of food legumes in the Middle East. P..6es 112-119 in Food Legume Improvement and Development (Hawtin, G.C. and Chancellor. G.J. eds.), ICARDA- IDRC Publication. 216 pp.
KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop and Product Digest No. 3. Tropical Products Institute, London, 435 pp. KEMKEMIAN, A.A. '1979. Some insect pests of leguminous crops in Syria. Pages 124-125 in Food Legume Improvement and Development (Hawtin, G.C. and Chancellor, G.J. eds.), ICARDA- IDRC Publication. 216 pp. KOINOV, G.M. 1968. Nagut, Ocer arietinurn. Sofia. p. 191. MORADESHAGHI, M.J. 1977. Pests of legume crops. Pages 87-92 in Food Legume Crops Improvement and Production, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 9, Rome 1977, 248 pp. TALHOUK, A.M.S. 1969. Insects and mites injurious to crops in the Middle Eastern countries. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin. VAN DER MAESEN, L.J.G. 1972. Cicer L. - A monograph of the genus with special reference to the chickpea (Cicer arietinum), its ccology and cultivation. H. Veenman and Zonen, N.V. Wageningen. 342 pp. Discussion S. Hanounik Woid you please cc<strong>ii</strong>ment on the relationships between leaf miner and viral diseases of chickpeas? There have been some reports on such relation in other crops. S. Sithanantham As for disease transmission, the known groups are only aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis craccivora.As for Liriomyza, there is no reported association with diseases, except for a casual mention of possible association with Ascochyta rabie, but this could not be confirmed. 187
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
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126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
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128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
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130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189: attack any other important crop pla
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
Page 235 and 236: 182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
Page 237 and 238: 238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
Page 239 and 240: 240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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