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180 Chickpea Pests and their Potential for Damage The insect pests that have been recorded on chickpea crops in the eastern Mediterranean region are listed in Tao. 1.As for chickpeas grown in other areas of the world, the pesi. list is surprisingly short. Chickpea is relatively free from many potential pest ,, probably because of the very acid droplet'. exuded from the glandular hairs which cover these plants. By far the most important pests listed are the pod borers (Heliothis spp.) and the leaf miner (Hariri 1979). Table I Insect pests reported on chickpea in the eastern Mediterranean region. Insect pest Family Damage Reference LEPIDOPTERA: Heliothis armigera (HB.) Noctuidae Pod borer 1,2,3*,4 H. viriplaca (Hufn.) Noctuidac Pod borer I H. peltigera (Schiff) Noctuidae Pod borer I Marasmarchaechrenbergiana Zell Pterophoridae Leaf/Pod? NR Agrotis ypsilon (Hufn.) Noctuidac Leaf/Stem 4 A. segetum (Schiff) Noctuidae Leaf/Stem I Autographa gamma (L.0 Noctuidac Leaf I Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) Noctuidae Leaf I DIPTERA: Liriomyza cicerina Rond. Agromyzidae Leaf miner I L. congesta (Beck). Agromyzidac Leaf miner 5 COLEOPTERA: Sitona crinitus Hbst. Curculionidae Leaf HEMIPTERA: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr. Aphididae Sap feeder I Aphis craccivora Koch Aphididae Sap feeder I I = Hariri (1979); 2 = Talhouk (1969); 3 = Moradeshaghi (1977-); 4 = Kawar (1979); 5 =Jaffari (1975) NR =New record; ? = To be confirmed. * = This report lists H. obsoleta which is considered to be a synonym of H. armigera.
There is little information availabi,; on the extent of losses caused by the insect pests. Kawar (1979) recorded about 6%pod damage by Heliothisin March- and April-sown crops in Lebanon, and later-sown crops had even less damage. There arc reports of leaf miner being "important" in Syria (Hariri, 1979 and Kemkemian, 1979), in Turkey (Gentry 1965; Giray 1970) and in Spain, Israel and USSR (Kay 1979). However, an estimate of yield loss is only available from Tadzhikistan (USSR) where Koinov (1968) estimated the loss to range from 10-40%. In Spain, Cubero (1975) reported that yield loss estimates were inadequate, in spite of several years of study on leaf miner. At ICARDA preliminary attempts have been made to quantify the yield losses caused by the pests, through observation and through pesticide trials on winterand spring-sown crops. It was hoped to partition the losses caused by leaf miner and Heliothis spp. by differentially controlling these pests. Unfortunately, it was not possible to identify pesticides that would adequately control either pest and not affect the other. Also inter-plot effects, largely caused !,v the dispersal of the mobile pests, obscured any differences in these replicat_, small plot trials. It was found that methidathion at 0.5 kg a.i./ha gave good control of both Heliothis spp. and leaf miner. However, the yields from treated and pesticide-free plots were disappointingly lcw and differences were not consistent (Tab. 2). The cultivar used was Syrian Local, which is susceptible to ascochyta blight. This disease was particularly damaging in the large, pesticide-protected, winter-sown block. These obviously affected the comparisons of yields. This data, however, indicate that factors other than pests may be the major determinants of yield and that the unprotected winter crop gave yie, Is equal to, or better than, those obtained from the protected spring crop. Pod damage by He<strong>ii</strong>othisspp. was greater in the pesticide-free winter crop as compared with the spring crop. Heliothis spp. are generally attracted to well grown crops and presumably the better crop growth in this limited unprotected area of winter crop was more attractive to the insect and so the damage was greater. The leaf miner attack apparently starts in March-April in most years in the Aleppo area. Then, the winter-sown crop is well established with good growth, but the spring-sown crop is only in the seedling stage. In May 1980 there was a moderate attack of leaf miner across all plots of chickpea at the ICARDA Center (T2' Hadya), Aleppo, both on winter and spring sown. By this time, however, the wintersown crop was in the late podding stage and it is unlikely that the foliar damage by leaf miner would result in much yield loss, if any. Presumably such leaf miner attacks would be more damaging to the .3pring-sown crop which was in the early pod stage at that time. The other insects listed in Tab. 1were either not found or were relatively rare, during the 1980 observations, and were not important. However, while consider 181
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
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118 Great care must be exercised in
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120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
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122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
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124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
Page 227 and 228: 226 cultivars which could be plante
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Area, production and yicld
Page 233 and 234: 233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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