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Table 3 Screening chickpea lines for tolerance to cold at Hymana, Turkey, during 1979-80. Rating No. of entries % of entries I 4 0.13 2 2 0.06 3 23 0.73 4 283 8.96 5 2846 90.12 Total 3158 100.00 ate elevations in the continental Mediterranean environment. The results of screening at Hymana have been published earlier (Singh et al. 1981). The results of cold tolerance screening at Tel Hadya and Terbol, which represent a fairly wide range of thermal regimes for the lowland zone are very interesting. They reveal that the cold conditions of winter months in the lowland zone can be tolerated by "he majority of the accessions, and therefore these cold conditions of the region are no b. -rier to the introduction of chickpeas as winterplanted crop. At the intermediate elevations, i.e. towards the plateau zone, where the cold is more scvere, the tolerance of most of the lines was rather poor. Only four lines could tolrate the severe winter conditions at Hymana, and even those showed death of some tissues and other symptoms of cold injury. However, the fact that there were lines, albeit few, that did survive indiates that chickpea cultivars could be developed for winter planting in Turkey, Iran, northern Iraq and similar areas of intermediate to high elevation in the region. Of the 24 genotypes that showed 1,2 and 3 ratings in the evaluation at Hymana, 15 originated from India (Tab. 4). The tolerance to severe cold in lines originating from India is rather difficult to explain, as the winters in these chickpea growing areas are seldom severe. However, since desi types are predominately grown in India, there is a possibility that more sources of tolerance to cold might be available in desi germplasm. It would, therefore, be worthwhile to evaluate the desi germplasm maintained at ICRISAT for tolerance to cold. The cold-tolerant lines were again sown at Hymana during 1980-81 season for confirmation of their toierance. These lines are also being simultaneously used in the crossing program. Physiological studies on the mechanism of tolerance will be taken up in lines in which the tolerance is confirmed. 171
172 Table 4 Origin of lines having 1, 2 and 3 ratings for cold tolerance at Hymana, Turkey. Rating ILC Origin Rating ILC Origin Number Number 2 2636 India 3 187 USSR 410 Iran 2487 India 2479 India 3177 Turkey 2491 India 3180 Turkey 3195 Unknown 2406 Unknown 3204 Unknown 2529 India 3226 Unknown 1950 India 3 413 Iran 2486 India 1878 India 2505 India 2449 India 3072 India 189 Bulgaria 3073 India 191 USSR 2408 India 193 USSR 2443 India 606 Algeria 3253 Unknown 3083 India Studies on Tolerance to Late Frost The need for tolerance to a sudden late frost for chickpeas grown in the lowland zone of the region during winter has been emphasized earlier. Again, little published information is availiable on tlis aspect. In North India, where chickpeas are planted in autumn, they often suffer severe damage from winter frost, if that coincides with the onset of the reproductive growth (Sharma et al. 1971). Field screening for tolerance to late frost It is difficult to plan a study for screening against sudden frost damage under field conditions, as its nccurrence and magnitude are unpredictable. For example, Harris (1979) reported that frost may occur as late as the first week of April once in every 13 years in the ICARDA site at Tel Hadya. Fortunately the 1980-81 cropping season has proved to be one such season. On the night of April 1, 1981, the minimum air temperature dropped to -2.5°C. The crop at this stage was growing rapidly as the minimum air temperature up to this stage ranged from 3.5 to 10C and the mean air temperature from 10.7 to 14.3°C. On April 2 the minimum temperature was again sub-zero (-2.2°C), and by April 3 the crop showed severe frost damage. The occurrence of this frost was used to evaluate tolerance among the germplasm material planted in winter for seed increase, entries in spring-planted trials and new cultivars planted in a date of planting x variety trial. The winter-planted
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
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108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
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110 the program for the development
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112 where they are not present. See
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114 cides have been found to be eff
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116 indicates that this propagate i
Page 125 and 126: 118 Great care must be exercised in
Page 127 and 128: 120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130: 122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
Page 131 and 132: 124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
Page 217 and 218: carried out at the same time with w
Page 219 and 220: Table 4 Topographical classificatio
Page 223 and 224: were absorbed by the canning indust
Page 225 and 226: 223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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