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ules and the nodule mass for both winter- and spring-planted crops. However, all strains of Rhizobium resulted in more nodules and nodule mass during the winter season than in spring, in both years. Although some strains caused very good nodule development in the winter season, these failed in spring. Some strains of Rhizobium (for example, IC-26 and Cp-5b) performed well during both winter and spring season. Even these strains produced only 35-75% nodule mass in spring as compared to the winter. It was also observed that in winter the plants formed more primary nodules and the secondary nodules were well distributed in the root system, whereas the spring-planted crop had fewer primary nodules which were located only in a portion of the roots immediately below the surface. This possibly resulted from the differences in the availability of moisture and/or soil temperatures during the two seasons. Application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer to the plants considerably reduced the nodule mass development. The drymatter production reflected the nodule development pattern of the plants (Table 1). Irrespective of the treatments, the plants produced more dry matter in the winter than in the spring. In the 1979-80 growing season, the plants generally formed more nodule tissues and total dry matter than in 1978-79, possibly because of more rainfall. The winter-planted crop also produced more grain during 1978-79 than the spring-planted crop, i.e. 33-66% more, depending on the Rhizobium strain. Reliable yield data could not be obtained during the 1979-80 growing season because the winter-planted crop was severely damaged at the pod filling stage by ascochyta blight, in spite of repeated spraying with fungicides, and the springplanted crop was damaged by birds at the early seedling stage. These results indicate that planting chickpeas in winter results in better nodulation, possibly because of more available moisture in the soil profile. Better nodulation might partly be responsible for higher grain yield in winter-planted chickpeas. Response to Inoculation with Single, Double and Multiple Strains of Rhizobiurm The results described above showed that artificial inoculation greatl: increased both nodulation and yield of winter-planted chickpeas. However, the growing season of winter-planted chickpea is characterized by two contrasting weather conditions, i.e. very cold wet weather at early vegetative stage which changes rapidly to hot dry weather during pod filling and maturity stage. It was thus thought necessary to compare the performance of single versus multiple strains of chickpea Rhizobium. Accordingly, during 1978-79 growing season three strains of Rhizobium (3827, Ca-7 and IC-26) were used either singly or in combination with ILC 1929 chickpeas planted in winter (Islam 1980). 161
162 Inoculation with single strain (Ca-7 or IC-26) produced more nodules than the combination of strains (Table 2). Though the number of nodules differed considerably in the different inoculation treatments, the total nodule dry weight per plant remained more or less similar irrespective of the number of strains used. i'he plants inoculated with IC-26 alone or in combination with Ca-7 or with Ca 7 + 3827 produced higher grain yield. The other two strains alone or in combination did not affect grain yield when compared with uninoculated treatments. The combination of IC-26 with 3827 also had similar effect. These results indicate that the presence of one effective strain as an inoculant is sufficient to produce adequate nodulation and to increase the yield of chickpeas and that the efficiency of such a strain can be lost by combining with a less effective strain. Therefore, it is suggested that an effective strain is identified by screening a large number of strains for each location. Table 2 Nodule number, nodule dry weight, and grain yield of winter-planted chickpeas as affected by single, double, and multiple strain inoculants of Rhizobium at Tel Hadya, 1978-79. Treatment Nodule Nodule dry wt. Yield No./plant (mg/plant) (kg/ha) Noninoculated 6.4 27.7 1801 3827 26.C 65.8 1966 Ca7 41.4 50.4 1855 IC-26 40.5 62.1 2335 3827 + Ca-7 24.4 65.8 1990 Ca-7 + IC-26 31.2 60.5 2330 3827 + IC-26 12.8 65.9 1860 3827 + !C-26 + Ca-7 51.1 68.5 2284 LSD (5%) 8.4 10.5 266 Response to Phosphate and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Field experiments were started in November 1980 to (i) determine the amount of phosphate fertilizers required for optimum nodulation and yield, (<strong>ii</strong>) study the effect of small amounts of nitrogen fertilizers on nodule production and yield, and (<strong>ii</strong>i) identify superior strains of Rhizobium suitable for soils containing low and high levels of available phosphorus and nitrogen. In one of the experiments, the influence of phosphorus fertilizer (triple super phosphate) applied at the rate of 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P20/ha was investigated. In another experiment, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg N/ha was examined. Four strains of Rhizobium
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
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70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
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72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
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Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
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Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
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Table 10 Differential reaction of s
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82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
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84 ing of the remaining collections
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86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
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Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
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R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
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96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
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98 3. Identification of as many sou
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100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
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102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
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104 and by the time a multilinc cul
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106 lines will then be made availab
Page 115 and 116: 108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
Page 117 and 118: 110 the program for the development
Page 119 and 120: 112 where they are not present. See
Page 121 and 122: 114 cides have been found to be eff
Page 123 and 124: 116 indicates that this propagate i
Page 125 and 126: 118 Great care must be exercised in
Page 127 and 128: 120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130: 122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
Page 131 and 132: 124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
Page 181 and 182: 176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
Page 183 and 184: Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
Page 185 and 186: There is little information availab
Page 187 and 188: of the major and minor pests in thi
Page 189 and 190: attack any other important crop pla
Page 191 and 192: KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
Page 193 and 194: 190 On the other hand, two items th
Page 195 and 196: 192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
Page 197 and 198: Country World ICARDA region Algeria
Page 199 and 200: 196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
Page 201 and 202: 198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
Page 203 and 204: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
Page 205 and 206: Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
Page 207 and 208: Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
Page 211 and 212: Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
Page 215 and 216: Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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