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Proceedingsofthe Workshop on Ascochyta Blightand Winter Sowingof Chickpeas (Saxena. M.C. and Singh, K.B.. eds.). ICARDA. 4-7 May 1981. Aleppo, Syria Third Session: Winter So%.ag Agronomic Studies on Winter Chickpeas M.C. SAXENA Agr.,nomist/Crop Physiologist, Food Legume Improvement Program. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria The productivity of an agro-type can be maximized by developing the agronomic practices and crop genotypes that would ensure matching of various phases of crop growth and development with the periods of crop season when most of the physical factors of environment are at their optimum for these phases: The winter planting of chickpeas, in the 'lowland' zone of West Asia and North Africa, which is characterized by coastal to continental Mediterranean climate, is one such exercise inoptimizing the matching of growth phases with the environment. The climatic endowments of the 'lowland' zone of the West Asia and North Africa region have been discussed in detail by Harris (1979), Kassam (1981) and Smith and Harris (198 1). From these studies, it isclear that in most of this zone, a favorable soil moisttre balance (because of increasing rainfall and low evaporative demand, coupled with mild temperatures) permits the winter period to be quite suitable for extending the potential growing season of a crop like chickpea, which is traditionally planted in spring. The general trends ;n the physical environment in relation to various stages of ontogenic development of achickpea crop, when planted on different dates, are shown in Fig. 1. It isapparent that the period of vegetative and reproductive growth of the winter-planted crop is exposed to relatively lower thermal and better moisture regimes than that of the spring-planted crop. Thus, the winter planting obviously results in the development of plants with a larger vegetative frame capable of supporting a bigger reproductive structure, thus leading to increased productivity. Data have beer, generated, in the past, to support this. They will be briefly discussed in !ater sections. 123
124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min , 0100 25 80- 20 0 . 60 Radiation Evaporation 15 0 0 W4010 Rainfall -5 0 1i I I I I I " 1 - " ' ! - - t - 0 N D J F M A M J J A SNOV 12 _________________ DEC 18 _ __ • . , JAN FEB 12 12 _____ PE F M MAR 15 Figure 1 Phenological development of chickpeas at Tel Hadya, under different sowing dates, in relation to the long-term average climatological conditions. P, planting; E, emergence; F, flowering; M, matuity. Owing to the differences in the physical environment, the winter-planted crop develops at a rate and produces the total phytomass and the economic yield which are substantially different from those of a spring-planted crop. It is logical, therefore, to expect that the agronomic requirements of the former might be
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
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LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
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J.S. Grewal There are more chances
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68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91 and 92: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 93 and 94: 84 ing of the remaining collections
Page 95 and 96: 86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
Page 97 and 98: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
Page 99 and 100: Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
Page 101 and 102: R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
Page 103 and 104: 96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
Page 105 and 106: 98 3. Identification of as many sou
Page 107 and 108: 100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
Page 109 and 110: 102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
Page 111 and 112: 104 and by the time a multilinc cul
Page 113 and 114: 106 lines will then be made availab
Page 115 and 116: 108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
Page 117 and 118: 110 the program for the development
Page 119 and 120: 112 where they are not present. See
Page 121 and 122: 114 cides have been found to be eff
Page 123 and 124: 116 indicates that this propagate i
Page 125 and 126: 118 Great care must be exercised in
Page 127 and 128: 120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129: 122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
Page 175 and 176: 170 At the end of the severe cold p
Page 177 and 178: 172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
Page 179 and 180: 174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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