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Proceedings of the Workshop on Ascochyta Blight and Winter Sowing ofChickpeas (Saxena.M.C. and Singh, K.B.. eds.), ICARDA, 4-7 May 1981, Aleppo. Syria Control of Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea Through Clean Seed W.J. KAISER Research Plant Pathologist, USDA-SEA-AR, Regional Plant Introduction Station, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164,USA One of the most important diseases affecting chickpea (Cicerarietinum)in many countries is ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei. It can inflict serious damage to the chickpea crop when cool, wet weather occurs during part of the growing season, particularly at flowering and fruiting (Kaiser 1973a; Luthra et al. 1935; Sattar 1933). Infected chickoea seed and trash are important in the epidemiology of the disease (Kaiser 1972; Luthra and Bedi 1932; Luthra el al. 1935; Sattar 1933; Zachos et al. 1963). One approach to control of ascochyta blight would be to produce pathogen-free seed for planting purposes. This paper reviews the information available on infection, survival, and transmission of A. rabiei in seed and relates this information to the production of Ascochyta-free seed. Spread of the Pathogen in Infected Seed Ascochyta blight of chickpea is widely distributed in the Middle East, North Africa and Southeast Asia (Commonwealth Mycological Institute 1979; Punithalingam and Holiday 1972). It has also been recorded from Canada, Australia and Tanzania (Biggs 1944; Cother 1977a,b; Morrall and McKenzie 1974). The incidence of A. rabiei. in naturally infected seed from countries where the disease is endemic may be higher than realized. Maden et al.(1975) demonstrated that A. rabieiwas present in 1-46+% of the seed in samples collected from six provinces in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Infected seed was responsible for the introduction of the pathogen into new areas, as occurred in 1973, when ascochyta blight of chickpea was reported for the first time in North America (Morrall and McKenzie 1974). A similar introduction on seed appears to have occurred in southwestern Iran in 1968 (Kaiser 1972) and Australia in 1973 (Cother 1977a,b). 117
118 Great care must be exercised in the movement of chickpea seed for research and commercial purposes from ascochyta blight infested areas to prevent the inadvertent introduction of the pathogen into new areas, or more virulent isolates or strains of A. rabiei into already infested regions. Survival in Infected Seed Ascochyta rabieisurvives adverse environmental conditions for extended periods on internally or externally infected chickpea seeds, which may give rise to infected plants under favorable blight conditions. In Iran, the fungus survived 117 weeks in naturally infected chickpea seeds in a weather station shelter where temperatures rose to 45+°C during the summer (Kaiser 1972; Kaiser 1973a). The pathogen was still viable in over 50% of infected seed stored for 5 years at 2 5OC (W.J. Kaiser, unpublished data). On the Indian subcontient, A. rabieisurvived over 2 years on infested chickpea debris left in the field after harvest (Luthra et al 1935). However, the pathogen lost its viability rapidly when the infested refuse was buried (Kaiser 1973a; Luthra et al. 1935). Ascochyta spores survived on the surface of chickpea seeds after 5 months at 25-35°C (Sattar 1933), while one-third of those washed from heavily infected seeds germinated after 14 months at about 3°C (Maden et al. 1975). In nature, infected seed is thought to be the primary source of infection in many countries, e.g., Canada (Morall and McKenzie 1974), Greece (Zachos et al. 1963), India (Sattar 1933), Iran (Kaiser 1972; Kaiser 1973a) and Israel (Halfon-Meiri 1970). However, in some countries, infested trash may play an important role in local spread of the pathogen (Luthra et al. 1935; Zachos et al. 1963). Site of Infection in Seed Research by Halfon-Meiri (1970), Luthra and Bedi (1932) and Maden et al. (1975) has provided valuable information on the localization of the pathogen in chickpea seed. Infection of seed may occur during cool, wet weather while immature or mature seeds are still in the pod, or during the harvesting and thrashing operations. Halfon-Meiri (1970) observed that 50-80% cf the seed from chickpea pods with Ascochyta lesions were infected with A. rabiei,but that the pathogen could not be detected in seeds from apparently healthy pods collected from diseased plants. Infected seeds may not show signs of fungal infection (Halfon-Meiri 1970; Luthra and Bedi 1932; Luthra et al. 1935; Maden et al. 1975). On seeds of white
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
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inoculating the plants by uniformly
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Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
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Table I Cultural characteristics of
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Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
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India and Iran were highly sporulat
Page 73 and 74: LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
Page 75 and 76: J.S. Grewal There are more chances
Page 77 and 78: 68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91 and 92: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 93 and 94: 84 ing of the remaining collections
Page 95 and 96: 86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
Page 97 and 98: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
Page 99 and 100: Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
Page 101 and 102: R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
Page 103 and 104: 96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
Page 105 and 106: 98 3. Identification of as many sou
Page 107 and 108: 100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
Page 109 and 110: 102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
Page 111 and 112: 104 and by the time a multilinc cul
Page 113 and 114: 106 lines will then be made availab
Page 115 and 116: 108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH,
Page 117 and 118: 110 the program for the development
Page 119 and 120: 112 where they are not present. See
Page 121 and 122: 114 cides have been found to be eff
Page 123: 116 indicates that this propagate i
Page 127 and 128: 120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130: 122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
Page 131 and 132: 124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
Page 165 and 166: Table I Nodutation and total drymat
Page 167 and 168: 162 Inoculation with single strain
Page 169 and 170: 164 These results indicate that pho
Page 171 and 172: 166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
Page 173 and 174: 168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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