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107 Variation in disease reaction has been observed from location to location. Although a few lines have been identified as resistant across all sites so far tested, many more lines have reacted differentially. One reason for this may be the existence of different pathotypes and further information on variation in virulence of the pathogen is urgently required. It is necessary that all resistant lines developed at ICARDA should be widely tested in as many environments as possible. It is also imaportant to reevaluate the germplasm collection in other environments as other sources of resistance may exist which may not have been identified by the screening conducted at Tel Hadya. In order to ensure that this widespread testing is carried out effectively it is essential thait ICARDA and the national programs work together in close collaboration. In several countries, adequate facilities and manpower already exist for carrying out the work. In others, ICARDA may be able to make a special input in terms of training, frequent visits, etc. In order to work more closely with the national programs, ICARDA is currently developing several subregional programs (e.g. for North Africa) through which it is hoped to achieve a greater degree of coordination of the research efforts. The joint efforts of all concerned scientists in the region are required if the advantages of ascochyta-resistant cultivars are 'o be realized on farmers' fields in the region. References AHMED, T.S., HASANAIN, N. and SATITAR, A. 1949. Some popular methods of plant disease control in Pakistan. Agric. Pakist. 1:18-22. ALLARD, R.W. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 485 pp. ANONYMOUS. 1963. Rockef,.ller Foundation. Program in Agric. Sci. Annu. Rep. 1962-63. 310 pp. AZIZ, A.M. 1962. C 727 - a new blight-resistant gram variety forBarani areas. W. Pakist. J.Agric. Res. 1:165-166. BEDI, K.S. and ATHWAL, D.S. 1962. C 235 is the answer to blight. Indian Fmg. 12.9):20- 2 2 . BORLAUG, N.E. and GIBLER, J.W. 1953. The u c of flexible composite wheat varieties to control the constantly changing stem rust pathogen. Page 81 in Abstsr. Annu. Meeting of Am. Soc. Agron. BORLAUG, N.E. 1959. The use of multiline or composite varieties to control airborne epidemic diseases of self-pollinated crop plants. Pages 12-26 in Proc. 1st. Intern. Wheat Genet. Symp., Winnipeg, 1959. BORLAUG, N.E. 1965. Wheat, rust, and people. Phytopathology 55:1088-1098. CANDOLLE, A. de. 1882. L'origine des plantes cultivecs. Paris. CUBERO, .1.1975. The research on the chickpea (Cicer arietinumi) in Spain. Pages 117-122 in International workshop on grain legumes, ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P., India. ESER, D. 1976. Heritability of some important plant characters, their relationship with plant yield and inheritance of Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.). Ankara University Zira:at Faklutesi Yayinlari 620. 40 pp. FREY, K.J., BROWING, J.A. and SIMONS, M.D. 1977. Management systems of host genes to control disease loss. In Genetic Basis of Epidemics in Agriculture. Annals. New York. Sci. 287:255-274.
108 GILL, K.S., NANDA, G.S., SINGH, G. and AUJLA, S.S. 1979. Multilines in wheat: A Review. Indian J.Genet. 39(!):30-37. GREWAL, J.S. and VIR, S. 1974. Varietal resistance of gram to Ascochyta blight.Indian Phytopath. 27:643-645. GROENEWEGEN, L.J.M. 1977. Multilines as a tool in breeding for reliable yields. Cereal Rec. Commun. 5:125-132. GROENEWEGEN, L.J.M. and ZADOKS, J.C. 1979. Exploiting within field diversity as a defence against cereal disease: A plea for polygenotype varieties. Indian J.Genet. 39 (1):81-94. HAFIZ, Aand ASHRAF, M. 1953. Studies on the inheritance of resistance to mycosphacrella blight in gram. Phytopathology 43:580-581. HAQ, M A., SHAKOOR, A., SADI K, 10. and EL-HASAN, M. 1981. Induction of Ascochyta blight resistant mutants in chickpea. Mutation Breeding Newsletter. Issue No. 17:5-6. HAWTIN, G.C. and SINGH, K.B. 1983. Problems and potential of winter sowing of chickpea in the Mediterranean region. This volume, pp. 7-16. HELBACK, G. 1959. Domestication of food plants in old world. Science i30-3372:365-372. JENSON, N.F. 1952. International diversification in oat breeding. Agron. J. 44:30-34. KAUSAR, A.C. 1976. Development of disease-resistant chickpea varieties. Pag(.s 213-220 in Genetic Diversity in Plants. Proc. International Sym. held in 1976 at the Agricultural University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. LADIZINSKY. G. 1975. A new Cicer from Turkey. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 34:201--202. LUTHRA, J.K. and RAO, M.V. 1979. Escape mechanism operating in multilines and its significance in relation to leaf rust epidemics. Indian J. Genet. 39 (1):38-49. LUTHRA, J.S., SATTAR, A.and BEDI, K.S. 1941 Determination of resistance to blight disease, Mycosphaerella rabiei Kovaceveski= Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. in gram types. Indian J.Agric. Sci. 11:249-264. NELSON, R.R. 1978. Genetics of horizontal resistance to plant diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 16:359-378. NENE, Y.L. 1983. A review of Ascochyta blight of chickpea (Cicer arielinum L.) This volume, pp. 17-33. RAJARAM, S., SKOVMAND, B., DUBIN, H.J., TORRES, E., ANDERSON, R.G., ROELFE, A.P., SAMBROSKI, D.J. and WATSON, I.A. 1979. Diversity of rust resistance of the CIMMYT multiline composite, its yield potential and utilization. Indian J.Genet. 39(l):60-7i. REDDY, M.V. 1980. Calixin M-An effective fungicide for eradication of Ascochyta rabiei in chickpea seed. International Chickpea Newsletter No. 3:12. RETING, B. and LEHRER, W.L. 1977. Breeding chickpeas (Cicer arietinuin) for resistance to Ascochyta rabiei blight. Phytoparasitica 51:61-62. ROBINSON, R.A. 1976. Plant Pathosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 184 pp. SINGH, K.B., NENE, Y.L., and REDDY , M.V. 1983. International screening of chickpea for resistance to Ascochyta blight. This volume, pp. 65-85. SINGH, K.B. and REDDY, M.V. 1983 Inheritance of resistance to Asocochyta blight inchickpea. Crop Sci. (Accepted) VAN DER MAESEN. L.J.G. 1972. Cicer.L. -. A monograph 'of the genus with special reference to the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), its ecology and cultivation. H.Veenman 2 Zoncn, N.V. 72-10, Wagcningen. 342 pp. VAN DER PLANK, J.E. 1968. Disease Resistance in Plants. Academic Press, N.Y. 206 pp. VAVILOV, N.i. 1926. Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Inst. Appl. Bot. Plant Breed., Leningrad. VIR, S., GREWAL, J.S. and GUPTA, V.P. 1975. Inheritance of resistance to Ascochyta blight in chickpea. Euphytica 24:209-211.
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A14 ""..."W~e S~wn ofCh all il NM I
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WORLD CROPS: PRODUCTION, UTILIZATIO
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Copyright (c) 1984 by ICARDA All ri
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VI THIRD SESSION: WINTER SOWING Agr
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Foreword The advancing of sowing da
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Editors' Note The idea to hold this
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Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ope
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4 including stunt virus (pea leaf r
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6 in with Iarmers'plans and proposa
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8 about 130 to over 200 days, where
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10 Table I Mean yield and range of
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12 International Yield Trials A 10-
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14 small plots on farmers' fields i
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16 HANOUNIK, S.B. 1979. Diseases of
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18 diospores (Khune and Kapoor 1980
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20 2. Reproduction Asexual. The ase
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22 surface. However, the fungus los
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24 observed small reddish brown spo
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26 Reddy and Nene (1979) developed
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28 suggested the application of pot
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30 ASKEROV, I.B. 1968. Ascochytosis
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32 NEMLIENKO, F.E. and LUKASHEVICH,
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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100/ ILC 1929 90 -80./ 8o0 / ILC
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30 24 18 12 6 Temperature (°C) t6
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I I -I - --ii ' Disase Ic I ii I'll
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infected seed is a much more potent
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Proceedingsof the Workshop on Ascoc
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early February were found to give e
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pot assembly consists of a stem tha
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Table I A quantitative 9-point rati
Page 63 and 64: inoculating the plants by uniformly
Page 65 and 66: Proceedings ofthe Workshopon Ascoch
Page 67 and 68: Table I Cultural characteristics of
Page 69 and 70: Line/ Table 2 Disease grades produc
Page 71 and 72: India and Iran were highly sporulat
Page 73 and 74: LUTHRA, J.C. and BEDI K.S. 1932. So
Page 75 and 76: J.S. Grewal There are more chances
Page 77 and 78: 68 Table I Summary of results of sc
Page 79 and 80: 70 Table 3 Summary of results of sc
Page 81 and 82: 72 ery originated from the USSR, Sp
Page 83 and 84: Table 7. Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 85 and 86: Table 8 Contd. Rating on 1-9 Scale
Page 87 and 88: Table 9. Contd. Entry Origin Rating
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Differential reaction of s
Page 91 and 92: 82 1069, 1467, 1591 were found resi
Page 93 and 94: 84 ing of the remaining collections
Page 95 and 96: 86 AUJLA, S.S. 1964. Study of eleve
Page 97 and 98: Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascac
Page 99 and 100: Parents diallel cross F1 diallel cr
Page 101 and 102: R.Pieters Malic acid is known to ha
Page 103 and 104: 96 (Hawtin and Singh 1983). Asv.-,h
Page 105 and 106: 98 3. Identification of as many sou
Page 107 and 108: 100 Germ. Evaluation Disease Res. M
Page 109 and 110: 102 Robinson (1976) has further dev
Page 111 and 112: 104 and by the time a multilinc cul
Page 113: 106 lines will then be made availab
Page 117 and 118: 110 the program for the development
Page 119 and 120: 112 where they are not present. See
Page 121 and 122: 114 cides have been found to be eff
Page 123 and 124: 116 indicates that this propagate i
Page 125 and 126: 118 Great care must be exercised in
Page 127 and 128: 120 nature. Ascochyta propagules on
Page 129 and 130: 122 ZACHOS, D.G., PANAGOPOULOS, C.G
Page 131 and 132: 124 0 40 g30 Max 30 20. .,,10 Min ,
Page 133 and 134: 126 ranged from November 22, 1978 t
Page 135 and 136: 128 Genotypes Table 2 Grain yield o
Page 137 and 138: 130 Response to Plant Population Th
Page 139 and 140: 132 ILC 1929 at Tel Hadya and ILC 4
Page 141 and 142: 134 Data in Tab. 5 emphasize the im
Page 143 and 144: 136 appears adequate, therefore no
Page 145 and 146: 138 Discussion F. EI-Sayed I am ass
Page 147 and 148: Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
Page 149 and 150: Table I The timing of reproductive
Page 151 and 152: Table 3 Accumulated water use by sp
Page 153 and 154: Es x (1 - a) x Eo t where t is the
Page 155 and 156: BRIDA cm Water /Depth Interva', 3 4
Page 157 and 158: crops extended deeper than under wi
Page 159 and 160: (as at Jindiress), the winter-sown
Page 161 and 162: eduction in the size of the crop's
Page 163 and 164: Discussion G.C. Hawtin You raised a
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Table I Nodutation and total drymat
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162 Inoculation with single strain
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164 These results indicate that pho
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166 T.S. Sandhu Is there any techni
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168 April for Tal Abaid (36*42'N, 3
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170 At the end of the severe cold p
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172 Table 4 Origin of lines having
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174 stage (Tab. 6). Of the five cul
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176 HERZOG, H. 1978. Wachsturnsverh
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Proeedings of the Workshop on Ascoc
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There is little information availab
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of the major and minor pests in thi
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attack any other important crop pla
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KAY, D.E. 1979. Food Legumes - Crop
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190 On the other hand, two items th
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192 M.V. Reddy It looks as if the c
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Country World ICARDA region Algeria
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196 Table 2a Export of chickpeas by
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198 India, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
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Proceedings ofthe Workshop on Ascoc
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Chickpea Cultivation 203 In Syria m
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Table 2 Comparison of the growth, s
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Proceedings of the Workshop on Asco
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Excessive postharvest losses. Posth
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Seedbed preparation is very minimal
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carried out at the same time with w
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Table 4 Topographical classificatio
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were absorbed by the canning indust
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223 The advantages of winter sowing
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226 cultivars which could be plante
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Table 2 Area, production and yicld
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233 Threshing is mostly done by bul
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182, 192,'194,1069, 1772,3279,2380,
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238 4. Mycosphaerella pinodes and A
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240 Kausar (1960) discussed the rea
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242 Date Tale 2 Maximum temperature
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244 Table 4 Maximum temperature and
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soil moisture and therefore it is a
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Table 2 Characteristics of chickpea
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253 Table 5 Results of a trial on w
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Conclusion Chickpea in Tunisia has
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260 however, remained almost static
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262 Agricultural Universities and s
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264 greatest at flowering and fruit
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266 Basis of Resistance Kunzru and
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268 Discussion M. Aslain What is yo
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270 vars. It was assumed that the d
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Proceedings of the Workshop an Asco
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0- 400 ha ® Em 401 -1000 ha 1001 -
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277 Castille and even (1500 kg/ha)
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Table 3 'Rabia' attacks - environme
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would be pure extension. Diffusion
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284 7. The role of crop debris as a
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286 involving only a few treatments
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288 MAKKOUK, Khalid, Faculty of Agr
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