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J. VON BRAUN UND D. VIRCHOW<br />
biologischer Vielfalt fort<strong>zu</strong>setzen und <strong>zu</strong> forcieren. Die Reduzierung <strong>die</strong>ser Anstrengungen<br />
<strong>zu</strong>gunsten ökologischer Ziele, z.B. Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt, wäre ethisch ungerechtfertigt,<br />
unrealistisch und ökonomisch kurzsichtig. Armutsreduzierung (mit verbessertem Bildungsstandard)<br />
wird <strong>die</strong> Pflege der biologischen Vielfalt erleichtern.<br />
Summary<br />
1) The conditions of the access to and the use of genetic resources in agriculture and nutrition<br />
comes more and more an important topic, because<br />
– new technological processes (biotechnology) increase the demand for genetic resources<br />
– a reduced biological diversity and the recognition of its value leads to the realization of risks<br />
and scarcities, and<br />
– the world is continously challenged by the fact that in the next decades the world population<br />
growing in absolute numbers has to be fed from non-growing agricultural resources with the<br />
help of sustainable new technologies.<br />
2) Because of the increasing scarcity in the supply and demand of genetic resources, they change<br />
from a public commodity to commodities that will have direct or indirect costs. Today, a market<br />
is only in the state of development, and will need a long period of time to come into being, in the<br />
course of this showing institutional frictions. On the institutional level, it is necessary to create<br />
efficiently working international markets for genetic resources in agriculture and nutrition.<br />
3) In spite of their importance, it is difficult to determine the overall economic value of genetic<br />
resources, especially in view of evaluation problems over the time span of several generation.<br />
Economic approaches have to concentrate today on the political basis for market creation and<br />
regulations for the access to and the use of genetic resources for agriculture. The apparatus discussed<br />
at the moment for the preservation and the use of genetic resources as part of the biological<br />
diversity, will be developed anyway from current circumstances and leaves aside political and<br />
economic plans. The question of the efficiency of the instruments used will have to be put in the<br />
forefront of the discussion on the realization of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The<br />
emphasis of the economic approaches is on the overcoming of failures of the market, institutions<br />
and politics as well as the selection of adequate incentives in relation with legal and administrative<br />
regulations for the promotion of sustainable use of biological diversity and specifically the genetic<br />
resources.<br />
4) The conservation of biological diversity of agricultural crops by ex-situ and in-situ conservation<br />
is difficult to evaluate, but examples of their direct usefullness seems to justify them<br />
economically. At the same time, their usefullness is increasing because of the progress in bio- and<br />
genetechnologies and the economic possibilities developed from them, which also justifies the<br />
rising costs for the maintenance of genetic resources.