Nanotechnologie in Lebensmitteln - DLR Online: Deutsche ...

Both instrumental methods used shows very similar results
for Cd concentration and only in some cases the results obtained
by FTSCP method were slightly higher in comparison
to ZGFAAS method. Also, the accuracy and limit of
detection were similar (0.03 μg Cd/l).
Comparison of our results for Cd content determined in
Croatian wines with the previously published results shows
the following. Our value of mean Cd content in Croatian
wines of 0.02 to 0.25 μg Cd/l, are generally in agreement
with results reported by: Freschi et al. 16) (average Cd
concentration of 0.03 to 0.20 μg Cd/l in Brazilian red and
white wines), Kim 20) (mean Cd concentration of 0.41 μg
Cd/l for white and 0.48 μg Cd/l in red wines on the Korean
market), Coetzee et al. 23) (the average concentration of 0.03
to 0.78 μg Cd/l in South African red and white wines), and
Cvetković et al. 18) (cadmium content from 0.21 to 0.97 μg
Cd/l in red and from 0.12 to 0.79 μg Cd/l in white
Macedonian wines). Some authors reported a slightly
higher concentration of Cd, like e.g. Brainina et al. 26) (mean
Cd content between 0.11 and 1.41 μg Cd/l in wines on
Russian market), and Lara et al. 17) (mean Cd content of
1.2–3.6 μg Cd/l in Argentine wines). However, some
authors reported significantly higher Cd content (then
above cited authors), like e.g. Dugo et al. 27) (they reported
the mean Cd concentration in some Italian wines from 2.0
to 12.4 μg Cd/l. Such differences of Cd content in wines,
reported in papers of different authors, are normal due to
different brands of grape and wines, different conditions of
grape and wine production, different type of soil, etc.
The content of Cd in wine can be attributed (like also for Pb)
to two mainly sources: “natural” Cd content (which come
through transfer of cadmium from the soil via the roots to
the grapes and finally to wine) and secondary contamination
during the grape and winemaking process (like e.g. the use of
insecticides and fungicides which contained cadmium salts,
due to the contact of must or wine with the apparatus used
in wine production and packaging process, etc.).
Generally, the cadmium content in wines has been found to
be very low. However, cadmium is highly toxic element
that accumulates in the human body and has a long halflife
(about 30 years). Its toxicity is manifested by a variety
of syndromes and diseases which include kidney dysfunction
and damage, hypertension, hepatic injury, reproductive
toxicity, lung damage, bone effects, etc. 1,2) . Because of
its high toxicity and the concern from a health safety point
of view, many countries have set limits of the content of Cd
in foods. Thus, European Commission (EC) settings the
maximum level for cadmium in certain foodstuffs, but not
in wines 5) . The Ministry of Health of Republic of Croatia
has established a tolerable Cd concentration in wines of
10 μg Cd/l 11) . This value is the same as the maximum
acceptable level of Cd in wine established by the Office
International de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) 10) .
Due to the toxicity of cadmium and the potential health
risks of dietary exposure of humans to cadmium, the
JECFA established PTWI value of 7 μg Cd/kg of body
weight at the thirty-third Meeting (1988), and this value
DLR | November/Dezember 2008 «
» Originalarbeiten
51
was maintained at the sixty-fourth Meeting of JECFA in
2005 8) .
To evaluate the possible daily intake of Cd through the
drinking the examined wines, we used the mean Cd concentration
value (0.13 μg Cd/l) of all investigated wine
samples. Supposing that an adult person consumes one
glass of wine (0.2 l) per day, on average, then average
evaluated average daily Cd intake through wine
consumption would be around 0.03 μg Cd/d.
The total diet studies (TDS) cited in the literature reported
different total daily dietary intake (TDDI) of Cd. So, e.g.
TDDI value reported for TDS in UK was 14 μg Cd/d 29) , the
average daily intake of Cd in USA TDS was 13 μg Cd/d 30) ,
daily dietary Cd intake by adults in Belgium is 23.1 μg Cd/
d 34) , dietary intake of Cd in Germany for adults is up to
27.6 μg Cd/d 35) , Cd dietary intake in TDS in Spain
population was 11.17 μg Cd/d 36) , and the average intake of
Cd in adults diet investigated in 13 European countries,
according recently information 1,2) is 14.4 μg Cd/d. Our
evaluated value of 0.03 μg Cd/d from drinking wines is
only 0.1–0.3 % of TDDI values for Cd reported in above
TDS.
In accordance with PTWI value for Cd established by
JECFA 11) an adult person of 60 kg could consume daily up
to 60 μg Cd/d (tolerable daily intake, TDI). Our estimated
Cd intake (0.03 μg Cd/d) from drinking wines is only
0.05 % of this calculated TDI. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the possible daily dietary Cd intake through
consumption of wines is negligible in relation to the total
dietary daily intake (TDDI) and tolerable daily intake
(TDI) of Cd. Thus, Cd from wines is negligible source of
dietary Cd intake into the human body.
Copper (Cu)
The results in Table 1 show that Cu content varies significantly
with the brand of wines. The mean Cu concentration
of investigated wines ranged from 10 μg Cu/l in white wine
Graševina-Kutjevo to 413 μg Cu/l determined in white wine
Traminac. The mean concentration of all wine samples investigated
(78 samples) was 156 μg Cu/l. The analysis of
these results shows that half of all investigated samples
(54 %) contained between 100–200 μg Cu/l. Less then
100 μg Cu/l contained 23 % of investigated samples, 15 %
of samples have between 200–300 μg Cu/l, and only 8 % of
wines contained more then 300 μg Cu/l (up to maximum
concentration determined of 413 μg Cu/l). These results
show that the concentration of Cu in investigated Croatian
wines is significantly below the tolerable limit of Cu content
in wines established by Ministry of Health of Republic of
Croatia (1000 μg Cu/l) 11) . The same maximum acceptable
limit of 1000 μg Cu/l of wine was established by OIV 10) .
If we compare the results obtained by FTSCP electrochemical
method and spectrometry FAAS method it could be
seen from Table 1 that here is no significant difference in
the results obtained by these methods. Only, the limit of
detection (LOD) of FTSCP method (0.3 μg Cu/l) is lower
then that of FAAS (1 μg Cu/l).