de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt

Chapter 2
2.4.2.2 Solvents and volatile organic compounds
[38, Moretti, 2001, 46, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2003]
A volatile organic compound (VOC according to the VOC Directive) is any organic compound
having at 293.15 K a vapour pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility
under the particular conditions of use.
VOC emissions arise mainly from the use of solvents, but also from volatile raw materials,
intermediates, products and by-products. The relation between the main VOC compound
families and their relative share in the emissions to the air from the Organic Fine Chemicals
sector is given in Figure 3.1 on page 75 [46, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2003]. Other
emitted VOCs include CFCs, ethers, free acids, amines, terpenes, mercaptans, thioethers,
nitriles, peroxacil nitrates (PAN), nitroalkanes, nitroaromatics and heterocyclics containing N,
O or S. Table 2.8 lists some organic solvents used in the OFC sector [60, SICOS, 2003].
Solvent Formula Comment
Methanol CH4O
Toluene C7H8
Acetone C3H6O
Ethanol C2H6O
o-chlorotoluene C7H7Cl halogenated R40
Benzene C6H6 R45
Trichloromethane CHCl3 halogenated R40
1,2 dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 R45
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) CH2Cl2 halogenated R40
Dimethylformamide C3H7NO R61
Table 2.8: Some solvents used in the OFC sector
The VOC Directive
The Council Directive 1999/13/EC on the limitations of emissions of volatile organic
substances due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations contains
regulations for pharmaceutical companies consuming more than 50 tonnes of solvents per year
(Table 2.9).
Activity ELV in waste gases
Manufacturing of
pharmaceutical
products
Fugitive emission values
(of solvent input) (2)
Total ELV
(of solvent input)
New Existing New Existing
20 (1) mg C/m 3 5 % 15 % 5 % 15 %
(1) 3
If techniques are used which allow the re-use of recovered solvents, the ELV is 150 mg C/m
(2)
The fugitive ELV does not include solvents sold as part of products in a sealed container
VOCs classified as carcinogens,
mutagens, or toxic to reproduction
under Directive 67/548/EEC
Compounds ELV Threshold
Assigned or need to carry the risk
phrases R45, R46, R49, R60, R61
2 mg/m 3 10 g/hour
Halogenated VOCs Assigned the risk phrase R40 20 mg/m 3 100 g/h
Table 2.9: Limit values for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products in the VOC Directive
36 Dezember 2005 OFC_BREF