de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt
de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt
Chapter 2 2.3.5 Energy supply [43, Chimia, 2000] Two main sources of energy are consumed on the typical site: • steam • electricity. Generally, only steam is produced on-site and electricity is supplied by an external source. Cogeneration by self-production of electricity and steam is advantageous on large sites. Energy is normally provided by boilers equipped with turbines fitted with burners for natural gas and fuel oil, with gas being the main fuel (about 95 %). Spent solvents are often used as a fuel together with gas. Figure 2.5 shows an example for a setup with two boilers sharing an exhaust gas recuperator. Here the smaller boiler (boiler 1 which produces 80 tonnes steam/hour) is mainly used in summer and the larger boiler (boiler 2 which produces 160 tonnes steam/hour) mainly in winter, when the steam demand is higher. The recuperator cools down the exhaust gas from 130 °C to about 45 °C and warms the water from 20 °C to about 60 °C. About 3.8 MW heat is recovered. Steam and electricity can also be provided by on-site combined cycle power plants, thermal oxidisers or incinerators. Boiler 1 Chimney Water Water Recuperator Water Boiler 2 Figure 2.5: Example of an energy supply setup with two boilers Chimney Steam 28 Dezember 2005 OFC_BREF
2.3.6 Vacuum systems [9, Christ, 1999] Chapter 2 Many processes in organic chemistry are operated under vacuum. A number of criteria influence the selection of a vacuum pump, such as the required pressure difference, volume flows, temperature, etc. The choice of the pump type is relevant also from the environmental point of view. Table 2.5 gives an overview to some pump types and the environmental issues. Pump type Medium Main environmental issues Water ring pumps cause relatively large amounts of waste waters streams. If VOCs Water are present, these contaminate the waste Liquid ring vacuum pump water stream. Especially halogenated hydrocarbons can be a problem Dry vacuum pump Dry vacuum pump Solvent No medium, no lubrication No medium, with lubrication Table 2.5: Some pump types and their main environmental issues Contamination with the pumped substance, typically connected to a recovery system No contamination of any medium The lubrication oil has to be collected and disposed of For information on vacuum generation see also Sections 4.2.5 and 4.2.6. OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 29
- Seite 10 und 11: Zusammenfassung VOC in Abgasen Wert
- Seite 12 und 13: Zusammenfassung Entfernung von Schw
- Seite 14 und 15: Zusammenfassung x Dezember 2005 OFC
- Seite 16 und 17: Vorwort Als „verfügbar“ werden
- Seite 18 und 19: Vorwort vorliegenden Dokument entha
- Seite 20 und 21: 2.5.6 Halogenation.................
- Seite 22 und 23: 4.3.5.3 Scrubbing of HCl from exhau
- Seite 24 und 25: 5.2.3.5 Removal of SOx from exhaust
- Seite 26 und 27: Abbildung 4.1: : Behandlungsschritt
- Seite 28 und 29: Verzeichnis der Tables bzw. Tabelle
- Seite 30 und 31: Tabelle 4.71: Weitere Beispiele fü
- Seite 33 und 34: 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 The secto
- Seite 35 und 36: Chapter 1 It is a feature of the se
- Seite 37 und 38: 1.3 Some products 1.3.1 Organic dye
- Seite 39 und 40: 1.3.1.3 Economics Chapter 1 The sca
- Seite 41 und 42: 1.3.2.3 Economics Chapter 1 The pha
- Seite 43 und 44: Pesticide group Pest group Insectic
- Seite 45 und 46: Real growth in % per year 8 3 -2 -7
- Seite 47 und 48: 1.3.7 Flame-retardants [6, Ullmann,
- Seite 49: 1.3.9 Explosives [46, Ministerio de
- Seite 52 und 53: Chapter 2 2.1.1 Intermediates [6, U
- Seite 54 und 55: Chapter 2 2.2 Multipurpose plants M
- Seite 56 und 57: Chapter 2 2.3 Equipment and unit op
- Seite 58 und 59: Chapter 2 2.3.2.2 Liquid-solid sepa
- Seite 62 und 63: Chapter 2 2.3.7 Recovery/abatement
- Seite 64 und 65: Chapter 2 2.3.9 Groundwater protect
- Seite 66 und 67: Chapter 2 2.4 Site management and m
- Seite 68 und 69: Chapter 2 2.4.2.2 Solvents and vola
- Seite 70 und 71: Chapter 2 2.4.2.4 Biodegradability
- Seite 72 und 73: Chapter 2 2.5 Unit processes and co
- Seite 74 und 75: Chapter 2 2.5.3 Condensation [6, Ul
- Seite 76 und 77: Chapter 2 Clarifying may be necessa
- Seite 78 und 79: Chapter 2 Co-solvent Acid, alcohol,
- Seite 80 und 81: Chapter 2 2.5.6 Halogenation [6, Ul
- Seite 82 und 83: Chapter 2 Operations Figure 2.18 sh
- Seite 84 und 85: Chapter 2 Organic feed, H 2 SO 4 ,
- Seite 86 und 87: Chapter 2 2.5.9 Oxidation with inor
- Seite 88 und 89: Chapter 2 2.5.11 Reduction of aroma
- Seite 90 und 91: Chapter 2 2.5.11.3 Alkali sulphide
- Seite 92 und 93: Chapter 2 Aromate, H 2SO 4 or oleum
- Seite 94 und 95: Chapter 2 Organic feed solvent SO 3
- Seite 96 und 97: Chapter 2 The product is isolated b
- Seite 98 und 99: Chapter 2 2.5.16 Processes involvin
- Seite 100 und 101: Chapter 2 2.6 Fermentation [2, Onke
- Seite 102 und 103: Chapter 2 Further steps can also be
- Seite 104 und 105: Chapter 2 2.7 Associated activities
- Seite 107 und 108: 3 CURRENT EMISSION AND CONSUMPTION
- Seite 109 und 110: Reference HCl HBr Cl2 Br2 SO2 NOx N
2.3.6 Vacuum systems<br />
[9, Christ, 1999]<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Many processes in organic chemistry are operated un<strong>de</strong>r vacuum. A number of criteria influence<br />
the selection of a vacuum pump, such as the required pressure difference, volume flows,<br />
temperature, etc. The choice of the pump type is relevant also from the environmental point of<br />
view. Table 2.5 gives an overview to some pump types and the environmental issues.<br />
Pump type Medium Main environmental issues<br />
Water ring pumps cause relatively large<br />
amounts of waste waters streams. If VOCs<br />
Water are present, these contaminate the waste<br />
Liquid ring vacuum pump<br />
water stream. Especially halogenated<br />
hydrocarbons can be a problem<br />
Dry vacuum pump<br />
Dry vacuum pump<br />
Solvent<br />
No medium,<br />
no lubrication<br />
No medium,<br />
with lubrication<br />
Table 2.5: Some pump types and their main environmental issues<br />
Contamination with the pumped substance,<br />
typically connected to a recovery system<br />
No contamination of any medium<br />
The lubrication oil has to be collected and<br />
disposed of<br />
For information on vacuum generation see also Sections 4.2.5 and 4.2.6.<br />
OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 29
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