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1.3.9 Explosives
[46, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2003]
Chapter 1
Organic chemical explosives are classified as “secondary explosives” [6, Ullmann, 2001] and
represent active ingredients extensively used in energetic products such as dynamites and
smokeless powders. Figure 1.20 gives some examples.
Physical explosives (usually considered only as “blasting agents”) are produced by the mixing
of non-explosive materials (or materials not intended to be explosive) e.g. diesel oil, ammonium
nitrate, and sodium perchlorate.
Explosives are dangerous goods (class 1 ADR) and consequently, due to safety concerns
Member States have established special regulations covering their transport, storage and
manufacturing. Nearly every change in manufacturing processes and operations requires
authorisation by national security authorities.
O
NO 2
NO 2
(d)
CH 2
O NO 2
CH 2
C
CH 2
O
CH 3
NO 2
CH 2
NO 2
NO 2
O
(a)
NO 2
CH 2
CH
CH 2
NO 2
O
O
O
N
CH 2
(b)
CH 2 N
N
NO 2
NO 2
NO 2
NO 2
NO 2
CH 2
OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 17
CH 2
N
NO 2
NO 2
NH 2
NO 2
NO 2 CH 2 CH 2
NO 2
(a) PETN (b) HMX
(c) TATB (d) TNT
(e) Nitroglycerine (f) HNS
Figure 1.20: Examples of some organic explosives
Secondary explosives are used for industrial and military purposes. Production is carried out by
private companies in many countries, e.g. UK, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland,
Portugal. In Spain, production was shared between a national company and private ones
until 2004. Nowadays, all Spanish companies are privately operated and owned. In France,
military secondary explosives are manufactured by a national company.
Production figures and prices are usually not available, but as an example, the yearly production
of civil explosives (both inorganic and organic, including mixtures or blasting agents) in Spain
and Portugal amounts to about 95000 tonnes. Only about 9000 tonnes of these are organic
explosives produced by chemical methods.
(e)
NH 2
NO 2
NO 2
NH 2
NO 2
NO 2
(c)
(f)
NO 2