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Assessment of formulation processes
Chapter 7
Many products from the chemical synthesis like, e.g. dyes/pigments, biocides/plant health
products or explosives are given in formulations, mixtures, or standardised suspensions. Such
manufacturing facilities can be technically linked to the synthesis unit and are possibly linked to
the same rhythm of production campaigns/batch operations. Formulation activities may cause
emissions, such as VOCs from residual solvent, particulates from handling, wash-water from
rinsing/cleaning or waste water streams from additional separation operations. Future work
could build on the information available in Section 2.7.1 and assess formulation processes in
more depth.
Other subjects
In some cases, the information exchange did not provide a sufficient basis for an assessment
according to the BAT concept or the related conclusions had to be kept general. Table 7.3 lists
these subjects as identified at the final TWG meeting.
Subject Comment
Treatment of sludges arising
from waste water treatment
Extraction from natural products
Treatment of waste explosives
See, e.g. Sections 4.3.7.4, 4.3.7.22 and 5.2.4.5. Future work
could assess different options
Important process for obtaining raw materials from natural
products, see Sections 2.7.2 and 4.1.5
Frequently carried out on explosives production sites, see
Section 2.5.8
Table 7.3: Subjects with too little information for an assessment within the BAT concept
Suggested topics for future R&D work
Most OFCs are manufactured in batch stirred vessels, which are used for blending, reaction and
separation (e.g. crystallisation, liquid-liquid extraction). Such technology has the benefit of
being well understood and highly flexible. However, performance is often suboptimal
(see Section 6.2). A range of alternative process technologies is described in the chapter
“Emerging techniques”. Other examples, with their first application on an industrial scale, are
given in Chapter 4 amongst the techniques to consider in the determination of BAT
(e.g. Section 4.1.4.6). Although these techniques are considered to offer environmental benefits,
such statements are usually vague. Future R&D could provide more detailed information
especially about environmental benefits, cross-media effects and the applicability of such
techniques.
Whole effluent assessment (WEA) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of
waste water treatment. The WEA concept uses bioassays to assess toxicity, persistency and
bioaccumulation. Several tests within the WEA toolbox are available and robust, mostly with
regard to acute toxicity and bioaccumulation. However, some further work is required on
persistency and chronic toxicity and case studies should be carried out to prove the
“availability” in the OFC context (see Section 4.3.8.19).
The EC is launching and supporting, through its RTD programmes, a series of projects dealing
with clean technologies, emerging effluent treatment and recycling technologies and
management strategies. Potentially these projects could provide a useful contribution to future
BREF reviews. Readers are therefore invited to inform the EIPPCB of any research results
which are relevant to the scope of this document (see also the Preface of this document).
OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 407