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1.3 Some products
1.3.1 Organic dyes and pigments
Chapter 1
[1, Hunger, 2003, 2, Onken, 1996, 6, Ullmann, 2001, 19, Booth, 1988, 20, Bamfield, 2001, 46,
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2003]
1.3.1.1 Overview
Dyes and pigments can be classified according to their chemical structure or their mode of
application. The most important commercial products are the azo, anthraquinone, sulphur,
indigoid, triphenylmethane and phthalocyanine dyes. Figure 1.4 shows the major chromophores
and Table 1.1 shows the classification of dyes by use or method of application.
(a)
Figure 1.4: Major chromophores of commercially important dyes
Dyeing method
N N
N
N M N
N
Reactive dyes Cotton
N
N
SO 3H
Preferred substrate/
typical application
N N
Principal chemical class
Azo, metallised azo,
phthalocyanine,
anthraquinone
Solubility in
water
Soluble
Disperse dyes
Polyester,
electronic photography
Non-ionic Insoluble
Direct dyes
Cotton, regenerated
cellulose
Anionic, poly-azo Soluble
Vat dyes Cellulose fibres
Anthraquinone,
indigoids
Insoluble
Soluble leuco salts
Sulphur dyes Cotton Sulphur dyes Soluble
Cationic or basic
dyes
Paper, polyacrylo nitril,
polyesters
Triarylmethane Soluble
Acid dyes
Nylon, wool, silk,
leather, paper, ink-jets
Soluble
Solvent dyes
Plastics, gasoline, oils,
waxes
Azo, anthraquinone Insoluble
Table 1.1: Classification of dyes by use or method of application
(b)
C
N + Me 2
(d)
OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 5
NMe 2
(a) Phthalocyanine dye (b) Triarylmethane dye
(c) Indigoids (d) Azo dye
(e) Anthraquinone dye
NH
Cl
Me
S
O
(e)
O
(c)
S
O
O
Me
X
Z
Cl
Y