de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt
de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt
Chapter 1 1.2 Environmental issues The key environmental issues of the OFC sector are: • emission of volatile organic compounds • waste waters with potential for high loads of non-degradable organic compounds • relatively large quantities of spent solvents • non-recyclable waste in high ratio. The enormous variety of possibly handled (and emitted) substances also includes highly harmful compounds which may be toxic, suspected of being carcinogenic or being carcinogenic. The following values may give an impression of the dimensions: • if a new company with a solvent input of 10000 tonnes per year (which is not unusual) meets the limits of the VOC Directive, overall emissions of 500 tonnes VOC yearly are possible • if the same company does not operate its own recycling/incineration facilities, the remaining portion of about 9500 tonnes spent solvents have to be disposed of • for the same company, it would be not unusual to emit 50 tonnes COD yearly, representing organic compounds which were not degraded in the company’s waste water treatment plant • from a larger plant with a more “difficult” production spectrum, an annual emission of 1000 tonnes COD is possible. Prevention, minimisation and recovery/abatement of waste streams The reaction itself and the operations carried out to purify or separate the product create a variety of waste streams (exhaust gases, mother liquors, wash-waters, spent solvents, spent catalysts, by-products) which have to be identified. If a particular waste stream cannot be avoided by process modification, it is a crucial challenge in the multipurpose plant to assign this waste stream to recovery or abatement facilities or to dispose of it as waste (Figure 1.3). Production and related activities Waste streams from production and related activities, e.g. • exhaust gases • process waters • process residues • spent solvents • spent catalysts • by-products Figure 1.3: Management of waste streams Re-use ? Disposal Abatement Recovery Waste Emission to air Emission to water 4 Dezember 2005 OFC_BREF
1.3 Some products 1.3.1 Organic dyes and pigments Chapter 1 [1, Hunger, 2003, 2, Onken, 1996, 6, Ullmann, 2001, 19, Booth, 1988, 20, Bamfield, 2001, 46, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2003] 1.3.1.1 Overview Dyes and pigments can be classified according to their chemical structure or their mode of application. The most important commercial products are the azo, anthraquinone, sulphur, indigoid, triphenylmethane and phthalocyanine dyes. Figure 1.4 shows the major chromophores and Table 1.1 shows the classification of dyes by use or method of application. (a) Figure 1.4: Major chromophores of commercially important dyes Dyeing method N N N N M N N Reactive dyes Cotton N N SO 3H Preferred substrate/ typical application N N Principal chemical class Azo, metallised azo, phthalocyanine, anthraquinone Solubility in water Soluble Disperse dyes Polyester, electronic photography Non-ionic Insoluble Direct dyes Cotton, regenerated cellulose Anionic, poly-azo Soluble Vat dyes Cellulose fibres Anthraquinone, indigoids Insoluble Soluble leuco salts Sulphur dyes Cotton Sulphur dyes Soluble Cationic or basic dyes Paper, polyacrylo nitril, polyesters Triarylmethane Soluble Acid dyes Nylon, wool, silk, leather, paper, ink-jets Soluble Solvent dyes Plastics, gasoline, oils, waxes Azo, anthraquinone Insoluble Table 1.1: Classification of dyes by use or method of application (b) C N + Me 2 (d) OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 5 NMe 2 (a) Phthalocyanine dye (b) Triarylmethane dye (c) Indigoids (d) Azo dye (e) Anthraquinone dye NH Cl Me S O (e) O (c) S O O Me X Z Cl Y
- Seite 1 und 2: Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminde
- Seite 3: This document is one of a series of
- Seite 6 und 7: Zusammenfassung II. Techniken, die
- Seite 8 und 9: Zusammenfassung Parameter Volumen p
- Seite 10 und 11: Zusammenfassung VOC in Abgasen Wert
- Seite 12 und 13: Zusammenfassung Entfernung von Schw
- Seite 14 und 15: Zusammenfassung x Dezember 2005 OFC
- Seite 16 und 17: Vorwort Als „verfügbar“ werden
- Seite 18 und 19: Vorwort vorliegenden Dokument entha
- Seite 20 und 21: 2.5.6 Halogenation.................
- Seite 22 und 23: 4.3.5.3 Scrubbing of HCl from exhau
- Seite 24 und 25: 5.2.3.5 Removal of SOx from exhaust
- Seite 26 und 27: Abbildung 4.1: : Behandlungsschritt
- Seite 28 und 29: Verzeichnis der Tables bzw. Tabelle
- Seite 30 und 31: Tabelle 4.71: Weitere Beispiele fü
- Seite 33 und 34: 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 The secto
- Seite 35: Chapter 1 It is a feature of the se
- Seite 39 und 40: 1.3.1.3 Economics Chapter 1 The sca
- Seite 41 und 42: 1.3.2.3 Economics Chapter 1 The pha
- Seite 43 und 44: Pesticide group Pest group Insectic
- Seite 45 und 46: Real growth in % per year 8 3 -2 -7
- Seite 47 und 48: 1.3.7 Flame-retardants [6, Ullmann,
- Seite 49: 1.3.9 Explosives [46, Ministerio de
- Seite 52 und 53: Chapter 2 2.1.1 Intermediates [6, U
- Seite 54 und 55: Chapter 2 2.2 Multipurpose plants M
- Seite 56 und 57: Chapter 2 2.3 Equipment and unit op
- Seite 58 und 59: Chapter 2 2.3.2.2 Liquid-solid sepa
- Seite 60 und 61: Chapter 2 2.3.5 Energy supply [43,
- Seite 62 und 63: Chapter 2 2.3.7 Recovery/abatement
- Seite 64 und 65: Chapter 2 2.3.9 Groundwater protect
- Seite 66 und 67: Chapter 2 2.4 Site management and m
- Seite 68 und 69: Chapter 2 2.4.2.2 Solvents and vola
- Seite 70 und 71: Chapter 2 2.4.2.4 Biodegradability
- Seite 72 und 73: Chapter 2 2.5 Unit processes and co
- Seite 74 und 75: Chapter 2 2.5.3 Condensation [6, Ul
- Seite 76 und 77: Chapter 2 Clarifying may be necessa
- Seite 78 und 79: Chapter 2 Co-solvent Acid, alcohol,
- Seite 80 und 81: Chapter 2 2.5.6 Halogenation [6, Ul
- Seite 82 und 83: Chapter 2 Operations Figure 2.18 sh
- Seite 84 und 85: Chapter 2 Organic feed, H 2 SO 4 ,
Chapter 1<br />
1.2 Environmental issues<br />
The key environmental issues of the OFC sector are:<br />
• emission of volatile organic compounds<br />
• waste waters with potential for high loads of non-<strong>de</strong>gradable organic compounds<br />
• relatively large quantities of spent solvents<br />
• non-recyclable waste in high ratio.<br />
The enormous variety of possibly handled (and emitted) substances also inclu<strong>de</strong>s highly<br />
harmful compounds which may be toxic, suspected of being carcinogenic or being carcinogenic.<br />
The following values may give an impression of the dimensions:<br />
• if a new company with a solvent input of 10000 tonnes per year (which is not unusual)<br />
meets the limits of the VOC Directive, overall emissions of 500 tonnes VOC yearly are<br />
possible<br />
• if the same company does not operate its own recycling/incineration facilities, the remaining<br />
portion of about 9500 tonnes spent solvents have to be disposed of<br />
• for the same company, it would be not unusual to emit 50 tonnes COD yearly, representing<br />
organic compounds which were not <strong>de</strong>gra<strong>de</strong>d in the company’s waste water treatment plant<br />
• from a larger plant with a more “difficult” production spectrum, an annual emission of 1000<br />
tonnes COD is possible.<br />
Prevention, minimisation and recovery/abatement of waste streams<br />
The reaction itself and the operations carried out to purify or separate the product create a<br />
variety of waste streams (exhaust gases, mother liquors, wash-waters, spent solvents, spent<br />
catalysts, by-products) which have to be i<strong>de</strong>ntified. If a particular waste stream cannot be<br />
avoi<strong>de</strong>d by process modification, it is a crucial challenge in the multipurpose plant to assign this<br />
waste stream to recovery or abatement facilities or to dispose of it as waste (Figure 1.3).<br />
Production and<br />
related activities<br />
Waste streams from<br />
production and related<br />
activities, e.g.<br />
• exhaust gases<br />
• process waters<br />
• process residues<br />
• spent solvents<br />
• spent catalysts<br />
• by-products<br />
Figure 1.3: Management of waste streams<br />
Re-use<br />
?<br />
Disposal<br />
Abatement<br />
Recovery<br />
Waste<br />
Emission<br />
to air<br />
Emission<br />
to water<br />
4 Dezember 2005 OFC_BREF
Change language