de - Beste verfügbare Techniken (BVT) - Umweltbundesamt

Verzeichnis der Figures bzw. Abbildungen
Figure 1.1: Sectoral breakdown of EU chemical industry sales (2003) ....................................................... 1
Figure 1.2: Number of enterprises and sales by employment size ............................................................... 2
Figure 1.3: Management of waste streams................................................................................................... 4
Figure 1.4: Major chromophores of commercially important dyes..............................................................5
Figure 1.5: Main uses of organic pigments .................................................................................................. 6
Figure 1.6: Share of the world textile dye market attributable to major manufacturers............................... 7
Figure 1.7: Share of the world organic pigments market attributable to main geographic regions.............. 7
Figure 1.8: Examples of APIs ...................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.9: Use of vitamins by sectors....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 1.10: Examples of biocides and plant health products.................................................................... 11
Figure 1.11: European crop protection market in 2001 showing percentages............................................ 12
Figure 1.12: Western European market (EU and EFTA) by product sector, 2001..................................... 12
Figure 1.13: Real growth in the Western European crop protection market, 1990 – 2001 ........................ 13
Figure 1.14: Examples of some fragrance and flavour substances............................................................. 13
Figure 1.15: Examples of some optical brighteners ................................................................................... 14
Figure 1.16: Examples of some flame-retardants....................................................................................... 15
Figure 1.17: World market for brominated flame-retardant compounds by region ................................... 15
Figure 1.18: Market composition by flame-retardant material................................................................... 16
Figure 1.19: Examples of some plasticisers ............................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.20: Examples of some organic explosives ................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.1: Illustrative example of a synthesis using several unit processes.............................................. 21
Figure 2.2: Typical layout for a multipurpose plant................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.3: Example for the utilisation of the vessels in a production building ......................................... 23
Figure 2.4: Stirred tank reactor (conventional temperature control, left) and loop reactor (right)............. 24
Figure 2.5: Example of an energy supply setup with two boilers .............................................................. 28
Figure 2.6: Typically applied recovery/abatement techniques for exhaust gases on OFC sites................. 30
Figure 2.7: Typically applied recovery/abatement techniques for waste water streams on OFC sites....... 31
Figure 2.8: Typically applied processing units for solvent recovery on OFC sites.................................... 33
Figure 2.9: Examples of aromatic compounds with a biodegradability of more than 80 %....................... 39
Figure 2.10: Examples of aromatic compounds with a biodegradability of less than 80 %....................... 39
Figure 2.11: Typical sequence of operations and related waste streams from N-acetylations ................... 41
Figure 2.12: Diazotisation and azo coupling.............................................................................................. 43
Figure 2.13: Typical sequence of operations for diazotisation and azo coupling....................................... 44
Figure 2.14: Common esterification........................................................................................................... 45
Figure 2.15: Typical sequence of operations for esterification .................................................................. 46
Figure 2.16: Applied abatement techniques for the waste streams from esterification ..............................47
Figure 2.17: Side chain chlorination of toluene derivates .......................................................................... 49
Figure 2.18: Typical sequence of operations for the halogenation to distillable products ......................... 50
Figure 2.19: Typical sequence of operations for halogenation with precipitation of the products.............50
Figure 2.20: Nitration of an aromatic compound ....................................................................................... 51
Figure 2.21: Typical sequence of operations for a nitration....................................................................... 52
Figure 2.22: Typical setup for the manufacture of nitrated alcohols.......................................................... 53
Figure 2.23: Catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds.................................................................. 56
Figure 2.24: Typical sequence of operations for the reduction of an aromatic nitro compound ................ 58
Figure 2.25: Sulphonation of an aromatic system ...................................................................................... 59
Figure 2.26: Typical sequence of operations for a sulphonation................................................................ 60
Figure 2.27: Sulphonation with SO3........................................................................................................... 61
Figure 2.28: Sulphonation with SO3 in liquid phase .................................................................................. 62
Figure 2.29: Sulphonation with SO3 in gas-liquid reaction........................................................................62
Figure 2.30: Sulphochlorination with chlorosulphonic acid....................................................................... 63
Figure 2.31: Typical sequence of operations for sulphochlorination ......................................................... 64
Figure 2.32: Typical sequences of operations for fermentations and downstream work-up ...................... 69
Figure 2.33: Applied abatement techniques for the waste streams from fermentation............................... 71
Figure 3.1: Composition of VOC emissions from the OFC sector in Spain .............................................. 75
Figure 6.1: Comparison of conventional temperature control and constant flux control ......................... 401
OFC_BREF Dezember 2005 xxi