Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung
Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung
2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES Chapter 2 Manufacturing in the FDM sector is diverse, using numerous individual processes. There are huge variations even in the production of similar products. All processes used in the sector cannot be described in detail in this document, but it covers a very wide range from the whole sector. Section 2.1 provides a short description of the processing techniques and unit operations used in the FDM sector, including their objectives and field of application. The application of processing techniques and unit operations in some FDM sectors is described in Section 2.2. The main environmental issues are listed, together with consumption and emission data, in Chapter 3. 2.1 Processing techniques and unit operations The most commonly used processing techniques and unit operations in the FDM sector are shown in Table 2.1. A. Materials reception and preparation A.1 Materials handling and storage A.2 Sorting/screening, grading, dehulling, destemming/destalking and trimming A.3 Peeling A.4 Washing A.5 Thawing B. Size reduction, mixing and forming B.1 Cutting, slicing, chopping, mincing, pulping and pressing B.2 Mixing/blending, homogenisation and conching B.3 Grinding/milling and crushing B.4 Forming/moulding and extruding C. Separation techniques C.1 Extraction C.2 Deionisation C.3 Fining C.4 Centrifugation and sedimentation C.5 Filtration C.6 Membrane separation C.7 Crystallisation C.8 Removal of free fatty acids by neutralisation C.9 Bleaching C.10 Deodorisation by stream stripping C.11 Decolourisation C.12 Distillation D. Product processing technology D.1 Soaking D.2 Dissolving D.3 Solubilisation/alkalising D.4 Fermentation D.5 Coagulation D.6 Germination D.7 Brining/curing and pickling D.8 Smoking D.9 Hardening D.10 Sulphitation D.11 Carbonatation D.12 Carbonation D.13 Coating/spraying/enrobing/agglomeration/encapsulation D.14 Ageing RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 9
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2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES<br />
Chapter 2<br />
Manufacturing in the FDM sector is diverse, using numerous individual processes. There are<br />
huge variations even in the production of similar products. All processes used in the sector<br />
cannot be described in detail in this document, but it covers a very wide range from the whole<br />
sector. Section 2.1 provides a short description of the processing techniques and unit operations<br />
used in the FDM sector, including their objectives and field of application. The application of<br />
processing techniques and unit operations in some FDM sectors is described in Section 2.2. The<br />
main environmental issues are listed, together with consumption and emission data, in<br />
Chapter 3.<br />
2.1 Processing techniques and unit operations<br />
The most commonly used processing techniques and unit operations in the FDM sector are<br />
shown in Table 2.1.<br />
A. Materials reception and preparation<br />
A.1 Materials handling and storage<br />
A.2 Sorting/screening, grading, dehulling, destemming/destalking and trimming<br />
A.3 Peeling<br />
A.4 Washing<br />
A.5 Thawing<br />
B. Size reduction, mixing and forming<br />
B.1 Cutting, slicing, chopping, mincing, pulping and pressing<br />
B.2 Mixing/blending, homogenisation and conching<br />
B.3 Grinding/milling and crushing<br />
B.4 Forming/moulding and extruding<br />
C. Separation techniques<br />
C.1 Extraction<br />
C.2 Deionisation<br />
C.3 Fining<br />
C.4 Centrifugation and sedimentation<br />
C.5 Filtration<br />
C.6 Membrane separation<br />
C.7 Crystallisation<br />
C.8 Removal of free fatty acids by neutralisation<br />
C.9 Bleaching<br />
C.10 Deodorisation by stream stripping<br />
C.11 Decolourisation<br />
C.12 Distillation<br />
D. Product processing technology<br />
D.1 Soaking<br />
D.2 Dissolving<br />
D.3 Solubilisation/alkalising<br />
D.4 Fermentation<br />
D.5 Coagulation<br />
D.6 Germination<br />
D.7 Brining/curing and pickling<br />
D.8 Smoking<br />
D.9 Hardening<br />
D.10 Sulphitation<br />
D.11 Carbonatation<br />
D.12 Carbonation<br />
D.13 Coating/spraying/enrobing/agglomeration/encapsulation<br />
D.14 Ageing<br />
RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 9
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