Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

Chapter 3
[134, AWARENET, 2002]
Table 3.58 gives the reported total amounts of waste produced in Nordic dairy installations and
their disposal. The figures do not include waste that is intended for animal feed. Nonconforming
products sent for landfilling are included.
Total solid Of which
Products waste Recycled Incinerated Composted Sent for
(kg/1000 l)
landfilling
Market milk, 1.7 – 14 5 – 41 % 0 – 48 % 0 – 14 % 14 – 95 %
cultured products (13)
Cheese, whey, 0.5 – 10 1 – 91 % 0 – 80 % 0 – 2 % 9 – 88 %
powder
(17)
Ice-cream
35 – 48 4 – 33 % 0 – 6 % 0 % 67 – 95 %
(kg/1000 kg)
(4)
* The figures in brackets show the number of dairy installations in each category
Table 3.58: Production and disposal of solid wastes from some Nordic dairies
[42, Nordic Council of Ministers, et al., 2001]
The overall solid output for ice cream manufacturing reported for Europe is in a wider range,
i.e. 30 – 150 kg/t product [118, CIAA-EDA, 2002].
3.3.5.4 Energy
Dairies have a significant energy consumption. Around 80 % of the energy is consumed as
thermal energy from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate steam and hot water. It is used
for heating operations and cleaning. The remaining 20 % is consumed as electricity to drive
machinery, refrigeration, ventilation, and lighting. The most energy consuming operations are
the evaporation and drying of milk [42, Nordic Council of Ministers, et al., 2001]. In
pasteurisation, e.g. significant energy is also needed for the heating and cooling steps. Recovery
of heat by heat-exchangers can be applied. Evaporation is normally combined with vapour
recompression. A wide range of energy consumption data has been reported for the European
dairy industry. Figures are included in Table 3.59.
Energy consumption
(GJ/t processed milk)
Products Electricity Fuel Remarks
Market milk and yoghurt 0.15 – 2.5 0.18 – 1.5 Minimum for liquid milk,
0.09 – 1.11* maximum for specialities
Cheese
0.08 – 2.9 0.15 – 4.6 Depends on the type of cheese
0.06 – 2.08*
and production run.
Maximum fuel for whey
evaporation
Milk and whey powder 0.06 – 3.3 3 – 20 Maximum fuel for whey
0.85 – 6.47* products
* approximate kWh/l (assuming milk has a density of 1 kg/l)
Table 3.59: Energy consumption in European dairies
[160, European Dairy Association, 2002]
Similar figures are reported for Nordic dairies, as shown in Table 3.60.
RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 193