Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung
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Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

bvt.umweltbundesamt.de
von bvt.umweltbundesamt.de Mehr von diesem Publisher
10.12.2012 Aufrufe

Chapter 3 3.3.3.5.4 Juices Energy is consumed when the juice is concentrated by evaporation and during pasteurisation. Waste water is produced from the condensate during evaporation and during start-up, product change-over and cleaning of pasteurisers. Solid wastes are produced during the pressing of fruit and vegetables. For example, 2 % of tomatoes and 30 % of citrus fruits may be lost as solid wastes during pressing [184, Italy, 2003]. 3.3.3.5.5 Other products Jams, jellies and preserves are based on the production of fruit gels, that come from extracted juices, purees or the whole fruit respectively. Fruit gels are composed of pectin, acid, sugar and water. The use of sugar and additional cooking tends to increase the BOD of waste water compared with most other fruit processing. The presence of natural or added pectin in the waste water may have an adverse effect on solids settling. 3.3.4 Vegetable oils and fats 3.3.4.1 Water consumption The processes with the most significant water consumption are crude oil production; chemical neutralisation and subsequent oil washing and deodorisation [182, Germany, 2003]. The water consumption depends on the type of process, e.g. water consumption for pressing-only is minimal, on the type of cooling and vacuum installation, and on the type and age of oilseeds, e.g. soft seeds like rapeseed require different amounts of water than soybeans [109, CIAA- FEDIOL, 2002, 182, Germany, 2003]. During crude oil production, 0.2 – 14 m³ water/t oilseed are consumed for cooling purposes. Chemical neutralisation of crude oil consumes water at a rate of 1 – 1.5 m 3 /t of product. Deodorisation of neutralised and bleached oil and bleached edible fat consumes 10 – 30 m 3 /t product. The water consumed during the hardening of vegetable oil is mainly used for cooling and vacuum purposes and ranges from 2.2 – 7 m 3 /t oil. In the chemical refining of edible oil, the following substances are used: • demineralised water: 0.1 – 0.3 m 3 /t oil • drinking water: 0.05 – 0.3 m 3 /t oil • cooling water: 0.1 – 0.2 m 3 /t oil • H2SO4: 50 – 250 kg/t soap. 3.3.4.1.1 Olive oil Olive oil producers use about 12 million tonnes of water per year [142, IMPEL, 2002], corresponding to about 5 m 3 water/t olive oil produced. 3.3.4.2 Waste water Seed dressing and edible oil processing can generate as much as 10 – 25 m 3 of waste water/t product [140, World Bank (IBRD), et al., 1998]. Specific waste water production is generally in the range of 3 – 5 m 3 /t feedstock. The amount of waste water highly depends on the type of oil source and the technology used. For example, rapeseed crude oil production uses pressing and solvent extraction and results in 2.5 – 3.0 m 3 waste water/t rapeseed (7 – 12 m 3 /m 3 crude oil), where the production of refined oil from rapeseed may result in 10 – 12 m 3 waste water/t rapeseed [134, AWARENET, 2002]. Waste water characteristics of vegetable oil manufacturing, from several sources, reported using various units, are shown in Table 3.40, Table 3.41 and Table 3.42. 178 January 2006 RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL

Chapter 3 Production sector Unit Waste water volume Production of crude vegetable oils/fats Seed processing Waste water (m³/t seed) 0.2 – 0.5 Cooling water Refining of crude vegetable oils/fats (m³/t seed) 0.2 – 14 Acid water from soap splitting in classic oil neutralisation (m³/t) * 1 – 1.5 Waste water from installation cleaning (m³/t) * up to 0.5 Condensed vapours from deodorisation (m³/t) * 0.01 – 0.1 Condensed vapours if steam ejectors (boosters) are used for vacuum generation for deodorisation (m³/t) * 0.02 – 0.4 Barometric falling water from vacuum end stages of distillative neutralisation and from deodorisation (without recirculation) (m³/t) * 10 – 30 Waste water from other vacuum equipment Margarine production (m³/t) * approximately 1.5 Rinsing and cleaning processes (m³/t finished product) 0.75 – 2 Water input for evaporation * In relation to finished refined oil ** For a refrigeration capacity of 15 – 20 kW/t finished product (m³/t finished product) 0.1** Table 3.40: Waste water production in vegetable oil manufacturing steps [65, Germany, 2002, 109, CIAA-FEDIOL, 2002] Process/unit operation Parameter Level Crude oil production (seed COD load 0.1 – 1.0 kg/t seed processing) processed Chemical neutralisation and Waste water 1 – 1.5 m³/t soap splitting volume refined product COD load

Chapter 3<br />

Production sector Unit Waste water<br />

volume<br />

Production of crude vegetable oils/fats<br />

Seed processing<br />

Waste water<br />

(m³/t seed) 0.2 – 0.5<br />

Cooling water<br />

Refining of crude vegetable oils/fats<br />

(m³/t seed) 0.2 – 14<br />

Acid water from soap splitting in classic oil neutralisation (m³/t) *<br />

1 – 1.5<br />

Waste water from installation cleaning (m³/t) * up to 0.5<br />

Condensed vapours from deodorisation (m³/t) * 0.01 – 0.1<br />

Condensed vapours if steam ejectors (boosters) are used for vacuum<br />

generation for deodorisation<br />

(m³/t) * 0.02 – 0.4<br />

Barometric falling water from vacuum end stages of distillative<br />

neutralisation and from deodorisation (without recirculation)<br />

(m³/t) * 10 – 30<br />

Waste water from other vacuum equipment<br />

Margarine production<br />

(m³/t) * approximately 1.5<br />

Rinsing and cleaning processes (m³/t finished<br />

product)<br />

0.75 – 2<br />

Water input for evaporation<br />

* In relation to finished refined oil<br />

** For a refrigeration capacity of 15 – 20 kW/t finished product<br />

(m³/t finished<br />

product)<br />

0.1**<br />

Table 3.40: Waste water production in vegetable oil manufacturing steps<br />

[65, Germany, 2002, 109, CIAA-FEDIOL, 2002]<br />

Process/unit operation Parameter Level<br />

Crude oil production (seed COD load 0.1 – 1.0 kg/t seed<br />

processing)<br />

processed<br />

Chemical neutralisation and Waste water 1 – 1.5 m³/t<br />

soap splitting<br />

volume refined product<br />

COD load

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