Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung
Teilen Einbetten Melden
ePaper herunterladen

Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

bvt.umweltbundesamt.de
von bvt.umweltbundesamt.de Mehr von diesem Publisher
10.12.2012 Aufrufe

Chapter 3 3.2.48 Freeze-drying/lyophilisation (G.3) 3.2.48.1 Water The condensed water derived from the dried product is disposed of as waste water. The concentration depends on the original water content of the material and on the type of material that is being dried. The waste water contains dissolved organic material and SS. 3.2.48.2 Energy For freeze-drying, mainly electrical energy is used. 3.2.49 Packing and filling (H.1) 3.2.49.1 Water Releases occur due to product spills. Waste water is generated, e.g. by cleaning glass containers and kegs. If returned refillable bottles are used, the waste water will also contain residual contents. Installation and equipment cleaning also produces waste water, which typically contains dissolved organic material and SS. 3.2.49.2 Air emissions Dust emissions may be a problem. 3.2.49.3 Solid output Solid waste includes cast-offs due to, e.g. packaging machine faults/inefficiencies during filling, and capping process waste, especially during machine start-ups and shut-downs. Processes such as glass bottle blowing are usually completed off site by suppliers but waste can result from breakages in situ. Bottle blowing of PET may be carried out on site using either PET pellets or supplied pre-forms. This produces waste from off-cuts. Aluminium or steel can cylinders and aluminium can ends are pre-manufactured, off site. Laminated cartons and pouches are formed on site. This results in waste from off-cuts. Small amounts of solid waste are produced from inks and from the cleaning of printing equipment. The lubrication of equipment and the transport systems also produce waste. Some packaging is recycled. 3.2.49.4 Energy Energy is consumed by filling/capping/packing equipment and other associated activities. 3.2.49.5 Noise Noise emissions may be a problem along bottle filling lines. 3.2.50 Gas flushing and storage under gas (H.2) 3.2.50.1 Air emissions Gas mixtures used in the above processes are all supplied to the packing installation either in premixed form or as individual gases that are mixed in situ. Gas emissions, e.g. CO2, may occur during the process or as a result of accidents. 144 January 2006 RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL

3.2.51 Cleaning and disinfection (U.1) 3.2.51.1 Water Chapter 3 Large quantites of water are required for cleaning and disinfection. In many installations, this is the main consumer of water, with the amount depending on the type and size of equipment to be cleaned and the materials processed. Cleaning and disinfection produces waste water. This typically contains soluble organic material, FOG, SS, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphate from product remnants and removed deposited soil. It also contains residues of cleaning agents, e.g. acid or alkali solutions. In principle, the cleaning and disinfection agents that are used are discharged via the waste water, either in their original state or as reaction products. 3.2.51.2 Solid output Product residues may be recovered during cleaning. 3.2.51.3 Energy Cleaning is commonly carried out at elevated temperatures, which, therefore, requires the use of energy to heat water and produce steam. 3.2.52 Energy generation and consumption (U.2) 3.2.52.1 Water Boiler treatment chemicals, silica and other soluble minerals are concentrated within boilers. They are removed by blowing down the boiler at a rate of 1 % to more than 10 % of the steam production rate. The blowdown water is discharged and treated either in an on-site or off-site WWTP. Blowdown needs to take place to maintain the efficient, and ultimately safe, operation of the boiler. 3.2.52.2 Air emissions The main products resulting from the combustion process are CO2 and water vapour. CO2 emissions from coal firing are almost twice as those from natural gas. The contaminants generated and emitted depend on the fuel type, combustion process and combustion plant design. These are SO2, CO, NOx and dust. Emissions of SO2 are a result of the sulphur content of the fuel. Gas has only trace amounts of sulphur. Gasoil has up to 0.1 % by weight of sulphur. Coal has between 0.5 % and 2.5 % by weight of sulphur. Fuel oil may have up to 3.5 % by weight of sulphur. Emissions of NOx depend, not only on the fuel, but also on the inherent design of the combustion unit and the flame temperature. Gas, generally, does not contain any significant amounts of nitrogen compounds but will produce NOx from the oxidation of the nitrogen in the combustion air. Therefore, NOx from gas combustion is the lowest of any fossil fuel. NOx emissions may be reduced by steam injection into the burning chamber of the gas turbine or by using low NOx burners. When the product is heated by direct contact with combustion gases, VOCs and odours are released with the process air. The heat released at a chimney depends on the fuel type and plant design. The consumption of purchased electricity does not cause emissions at FDM installations as the emissions take place at the power station. Information about emissions at large combustion plants, i.e. those with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MW, is available in the “Large combustion plants BREF” [220, EC, 2003]. RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 145

Chapter 3<br />

3.2.48 Freeze-drying/lyophilisation (G.3)<br />

3.2.48.1 Water<br />

The condensed water <strong>der</strong>ived from the dried product is disposed of as waste water. The<br />

concentration depends on the original water content of the material and on the type of material<br />

that is being dried. The waste water contains dissolved organic material and SS.<br />

3.2.48.2 Energy<br />

For freeze-drying, mainly electrical energy is used.<br />

3.2.49 Packing and filling (H.1)<br />

3.2.49.1 Water<br />

Releases occur due to product spills. Waste water is generated, e.g. by cleaning glass containers<br />

and kegs. If returned refillable bottles are used, the waste water will also contain residual<br />

contents. Installation and equipment cleaning also produces waste water, which typically<br />

contains dissolved organic material and SS.<br />

3.2.49.2 Air emissions<br />

Dust emissions may be a problem.<br />

3.2.49.3 Solid output<br />

Solid waste includes cast-offs due to, e.g. packaging machine faults/inefficiencies during filling,<br />

and capping process waste, especially during machine start-ups and shut-downs. Processes such<br />

as glass bottle blowing are usually completed off site by suppliers but waste can result from<br />

breakages in situ. Bottle blowing of PET may be carried out on site using either PET pellets or<br />

supplied pre-forms. This produces waste from off-cuts. Aluminium or steel can cylin<strong>der</strong>s and<br />

aluminium can ends are pre-manufactured, off site. Laminated cartons and pouches are formed<br />

on site. This results in waste from off-cuts. Small amounts of solid waste are produced from<br />

inks and from the cleaning of printing equipment. The lubrication of equipment and the<br />

transport systems also produce waste. Some packaging is recycled.<br />

3.2.49.4 Energy<br />

Energy is consumed by filling/capping/packing equipment and other associated activities.<br />

3.2.49.5 Noise<br />

Noise emissions may be a problem along bottle filling lines.<br />

3.2.50 Gas flushing and storage <strong>und</strong>er gas (H.2)<br />

3.2.50.1 Air emissions<br />

Gas mixtures used in the above processes are all supplied to the packing installation either in<br />

premixed form or as individual gases that are mixed in situ. Gas emissions, e.g. CO2, may occur<br />

during the process or as a result of accidents.<br />

144 January 2006 RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL

logo

Produkte

Ressourcen

Unternehmen

AGB
Datenschutzerklärung
Cookie-Richtlinien
Cookie-Einstellungen
Impressum
Change language
Made with love in Switzerland
© 2024 Yumpu.com all rights reserved

Hurra! Ihre Datei wurde hochgeladen und ist bereit für die Veröffentlichung.

Erfolgreich gespeichert!

Leider ist etwas schief gelaufen!