Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung
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Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

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10.12.2012 Aufrufe

Chapter 3 3.2.40.3 Solid output Oil which has reached the end of its useful life needs to be disposed of. Inorganic material may also be contained in the solid output. 3.2.40.4 Energy The frying oven is usually oil-fired or steam heated. 3.2.41 Tempering (E.7) 3.2.41.1 Water Water is used for the recirculating chilled water system for cooling. The waste water produced contains soluble organic material and SS. 3.2.41.2 Energy Electricity is needed for the pumps and drives and for the cooling system. 3.2.42 Pasteurisation, sterilisation and UHT (E.8) 3.2.42.1 Water Water or other chilling media are required for cooling after heat treatment. Cooling after UHT treatment can be performed in two steps, i.e. firstly, by flash cooling to atmospheric pressure in flash vessels, followed by cooling with water. In the case of aseptic or hot filling, there are product losses of both organic and inorganic deposits from the heat transfer surface. These are later discharged in the waste water during the cleaning of the equipment. In the case of heat treatment after canning or bottling, chlorinated cold water is required. This results in waste water containing dissolved organic material and SS. 3.2.42.2 Energy Energy, usually in the form of steam or hot water, is required for heat treatment. After heat treatment, energy can be recovered by heat-exchange in a recovery section. For the final cooling, a cooling medium is needed. Cooling can be accomplished by once-through cooling whereby the cooling water is cooled down in a cooling tower or with a recirculating chilled water system. The latter uses a mechanical refrigeration system, so energy is consumed. 3.2.43 Evaporation (liquid to liquid) (F.1) 3.2.43.1 Water The removal of deposits during cleaning and product losses during start-ups and shut-downs contributes to the organic and inorganic load in the waste water. During evaporation, condensates from the product are also produced. Depending on their content, e.g. organic, inorganic and SS, these condensates can be re-used in the process or are treated in a WWTP. The final vapours are condensed in an open or closed condenser using cooling water. The waste water contains dissolved organic and inorganic matter and SS. 3.2.43.2 Air emissions Sometimes non-condensable gases are vented to the air to ensure efficient heat transfer. The environmental effects arising depend on the gases being vented. Dust and odour may also be a problem. 140 January 2006 RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL

3.2.43.3 Energy Chapter 3 Steam requirements for single-stage evaporators range from 1.1 to 1.2 tonnes of steam per tonne of evaporated water. Energy requirements may be reduced when using multi-effect evaporators. In the case of double or third effect, the steam requirement lowers respectively to 0.6 - 0.7 and 0.4 tonnes of steam per tonne of evaporated water. The steam consumption can also be reduced by applying mechanical or thermal vapour recompression (see Sections 4.2.9.2.1 and 4.2.9.2.2) Sometimes exhaust gases can be used to recover energy from other processes such as drying (see Section 3.2.44). 3.2.43.4 Noise Noise is often produced from the evaporation processes, in particular from the thermal compressor, the mechanical compressor, the steam ejectors and the high velocity of the fluids in the pipework. This can usually be managed by applying appropriate acoustic insulation. Noise is also generated in pumps due to cavitation. 3.2.44 Drying (liquid to solid) (F.2) 3.2.44.1 Water The use of water is normally restricted to cleaning the equipment. The amount used greatly depends on the type of equipment. During cleaning, waste water is generated containing soluble organic material and SS. When air scrubbers are used, a waste water stream containing organic material such as fine dust is generated. 3.2.44.2 Air emissions In hot air drying, a gas/vapour is generated and exhausted into the air. This gas/vapour may contain dust and VOCs, which originate from the product. This may cause an odour problem which might require treatment prior to discharge. If drying is done using direct gas or fuel fired burners, the exhaust gases might contain CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, depending on the heat source and burner type. Food safety requirements must be respected, especially when drying very sensitive products. 3.2.44.3 Solid output A solid output may be generated when the equipment is emptied for a next batch or for cleaning. This solid output can consist of raw materials, product residues, and dust which has been recovered from the exhaust air. These solid products/dust can be recycled back into the process or sold as animal feed. 3.2.44.4 Energy For the evaporation of water, theoretically 0.611 kWh/kg (2.2 MJ/kg) energy is required. In practice, due to energy losses in the process, the energy consumption for water evaporation ranges from 0.694 – 0.972 kWh/kg (2.5 to 3.5 MJ/kg). 3.2.44.5 Noise Noise may arise from the air inlet and outlet of the driers. If sound baffles are used to reduce the noise at outlets, these baffles need to be checked periodically to remain effective. RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 141

Chapter 3<br />

3.2.40.3 Solid output<br />

Oil which has reached the end of its useful life needs to be disposed of. Inorganic material may<br />

also be contained in the solid output.<br />

3.2.40.4 Energy<br />

The frying oven is usually oil-fired or steam heated.<br />

3.2.41 Tempering (E.7)<br />

3.2.41.1 Water<br />

Water is used for the recirculating chilled water system for cooling. The waste water produced<br />

contains soluble organic material and SS.<br />

3.2.41.2 Energy<br />

Electricity is needed for the pumps and drives and for the cooling system.<br />

3.2.42 Pasteurisation, sterilisation and UHT (E.8)<br />

3.2.42.1 Water<br />

Water or other chilling media are required for cooling after heat treatment. Cooling after UHT<br />

treatment can be performed in two steps, i.e. firstly, by flash cooling to atmospheric pressure in<br />

flash vessels, followed by cooling with water.<br />

In the case of aseptic or hot filling, there are product losses of both organic and inorganic<br />

deposits from the heat transfer surface. These are later discharged in the waste water during the<br />

cleaning of the equipment. In the case of heat treatment after canning or bottling, chlorinated<br />

cold water is required. This results in waste water containing dissolved organic material and SS.<br />

3.2.42.2 Energy<br />

Energy, usually in the form of steam or hot water, is required for heat treatment. After heat<br />

treatment, energy can be recovered by heat-exchange in a recovery section. For the final<br />

cooling, a cooling medium is needed. Cooling can be accomplished by once-through cooling<br />

whereby the cooling water is cooled down in a cooling tower or with a recirculating chilled<br />

water system. The latter uses a mechanical refrigeration system, so energy is consumed.<br />

3.2.43 Evaporation (liquid to liquid) (F.1)<br />

3.2.43.1 Water<br />

The removal of deposits during cleaning and product losses during start-ups and shut-downs<br />

contributes to the organic and inorganic load in the waste water. During evaporation,<br />

condensates from the product are also produced. Depending on their content, e.g. organic,<br />

inorganic and SS, these condensates can be re-used in the process or are treated in a WWTP.<br />

The final vapours are condensed in an open or closed condenser using cooling water. The waste<br />

water contains dissolved organic and inorganic matter and SS.<br />

3.2.43.2 Air emissions<br />

Sometimes non-condensable gases are vented to the air to ensure efficient heat transfer. The<br />

environmental effects arising depend on the gases being vented. Dust and odour may also be a<br />

problem.<br />

140 January 2006 RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL

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