Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

3.2 Consumption and emissions in unit operations
Chapter 3
It is quite difficult to give quantitative data on the environmental aspects of individual
processing techniques. This is due to a lack of reliable data or due to natural variations, e.g.
seasonal, in many of the raw materials. This often leads to changes in the processing techniques
applied. The ranges in the quantitative data are very largely due to the very wide variation in
individual process applications. Often better quantitative information is available on the
environmental aspects of the whole production line rather than on individual processing
techniques, because measurements have not been made at unit operation level.
Examples are given of some qualitative and quantitative environmental aspects of typical
production lines. In the description of environmental aspects of the various processing
techniques, “solid output” covers both by-products from the process which could be valorised,
as well as waste which cannot be valorised. For example, some by-products from the FDM
sector can be used as animal feed.
The main sources of consumption and emissions are identified for each processing technique.
The identified list of sources is not all encompassing, or every installation within an individual
sector have every one of the emissions. The information is associated with the FDM sector as a
whole. Local variations apply, depending on the raw materials used, the type of processes
applied and how they are applied.
Some process emissions are considered to have little potential environmental significance and
these are designated as minor, however, there could be specific installations where this
designation may be incorrect. Such emissions must then be examined on a case-by-case basis.
The environmental impacts or process emissions for each of the unit operation described in
Section 2.1 are summarised in Table 3.4. The symbols alongside each operation describe the
characteristic of the emission. The meaning of the codes used are given in Table 3.5, Table 3.6
and Table 3.7.
Code Unit operation
Air
Environmental impact
Water Solid
A. Materials reception and preparation
A.1 Materials handling and storage W1
Tank vents S1, S3 N N
Silos S2 N N
Material handling/transport S1, S2, S3 E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 W1
A.2
Sorting/screening, grading, dehulling,
destemming/destalking and trimming
S1, S2 E1, E2 W1,W3
A.3 Peeling N E1, E2 W1
A.4 Washing N E1, E2 W1
A.5 Thawing N E1, E2 W1
B. Size reduction, mixing, forming
B.1
Cutting, slicing, chopping, mincing, pulping
and pressing
N E1, E2, E4 W1, W2
B.2
Mixing/blending, homogenisation and
conching
S1, S2, S3 E1, E2, E4, E5 W1
B.3 Grinding/milling and crushing S2, S3 N W1, W3
B.4 Forming/moulding and extruding N E1, E2, E5 W1
C.1 Extraction
C. Separation techniques
S1, S3 E1, E2 W1, W4
C.2 Deionisation N E1, E3, E5 W1
C.3 Fining N E1, E2 W1, W3
C.4 Centrifugation and sedimentation N E1, E2 W1, W3
C.5 Filtration M E1, E2, E4 W1, W3
C.6 Membrane separation N E1, E2 N
C.7 Crystallisation N E1 N
C.8
Removal of free fatty acids by
neutralisation
N E1, E2, E3, E4 N
RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 121