Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

Chapter 3
The consumption and emissions information is important as part of the benchmarking process,
and in the selection of techniques considered to be BAT.
Benchmarking is a technique used to assess performance against either internal or industry
standards [11, Environment Agency of England and Wales, 2000]. Operational or technological
improvement measures first applied at one site, may be applicable at others, even in different
FDM sectors. These techniques may be considered in addition to comparing numerical
consumption and emission levels.
Typically, benchmarks are expressed as ratios, but can be expressed as percentages, e.g. of
efficiency. In this respect, data on waste minimisation, water and energy consumption, odour,
noise and emissions to air and waste water, are generally relevant. Table 3.1 shows quantitative
benchmarking parameters applicable in the FDM sector.
Performance monitor Measurement
Air emissions Mass of emission per unit of production or per unit of raw
material
Waste water Volume of water, mass of contaminants or BOD/COD per
unit of production or per unit of raw material
Solid waste Mass of waste per unit of production or per unit of raw
material
Energy resources Energy use per unit of production or per unit of raw material
Utilities and services Use of water, compressed air or steam per unit of production
or per unit of raw material
Other Consumption of specific materials, e.g. packaging, per unit
of production
Table 3.1: Quantitative benchmarking parameters applicable in the FDM sector
[11, Environment Agency of England and Wales, 2000]
Data on water and energy consumptions vary, not only with the type of process and how it is
operated, but also with the size of operation.
Data on emissions to air and water are available for some sectors and even for some processes
within installations, but the latter are scarce. In the future, more detailed information may be
available about emissions to air and water, when this is reported to the EC’s European Pollutant
Emission Register (EPER). This is a requirement under Commission Decision 2000/479/EC
[221, EC, 2000]. Guidance from the EC [93, EC, 2000] includes an FDM sector-specific
checklist for the pollutants likely to be emitted to air and water. For FDM activities under
Annex I paragraph 6.4 of the IPPC Directive, six air pollutants, i.e. methane, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, HFCs, ammonia and NOx, and four water pollutants, i.e. total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, TOC and chlorides, are listed.
Within the FDM sector, the most common benchmarks compare utilities’ consumption against
production and, therefore, give a good indication of the efficiency and also of wastage occurring
within the process. This is also called quantitative benchmarking. The percentage of raw
materials going to the final main products is variable and waste minimisation is generally
considered as a cost effective goal for all manufacturers but benchmarks are not readily
available. Table 3.2 shows some examples of the percentages of raw materials which end up in
the final main product.
114 January 2006 RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL