Integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung der Umweltverschmutzung

3 CURRENT consumption AND emission levels
Chapter 3
This chapter presents the data and information provided about current consumption and
emission levels in the FDM sector. Section 3.1 gives general information about consumption
and emission levels in the whole sector. Section 3.2 gives more detailed information about the
processing techniques and unit operations listed in Table 2.1. Section 3.3 reports data for
specific FDM sectors.
In the FDM sector, energy, water and chemicals are consumed and gaseous, solid and liquid
outputs are generated. These may have a negative impact on the environment and may be due to
the inefficient use of materials or processes.
This chapter also contains information about outputs that are not the main final product and are
not disposed of as waste. The FDM sector distinguishes between main products, co-products,
by-products, returned products and waste, as shown in Figure 3.1. Normally the main product
has the highest economic value.
CBy-products o-pro ducts
By-products
Co-products
Raw materials/
Auxiliary auxiliarlym m aterials
Production process
Main product
Customers
Figure 3.1: Output stream terminology used in the FDM sector
[1, CIAA, 2002]
W aste
Returned
products
In this document, co-products, by-products and returned products have the following meanings.
A co-product is a material, intentionally and unavoidably, created in the same process and at the
same time as the main product. Both a main product and a co-product may each meet a set
specification or design, and individually each is capable of being used directly for a particular
purpose. For example, in the FDM sector some co-products are wheat gluten, maize gluten feed,
maize gluten meal, maize germ, wheat feed, corn steep liquor, fruit pulp, concentrated fruit
water, potato fibres, potato proteins, potato fruit water, malt culms, small barley and husks.
A by-product is a residual material which arises during the manufacture of a product. It may be
used directly itself as an effective substitute for a product or may be used as an ingredient in
another manufacturing process to create a different product, e.g. sludge and filter residues from
filtration.
Returned products are those returned from retailers and wholesalers because they do not meet
the required specification or because their shelf-life has expired.
RHC/EIPPCB/FDM_BREF_FINAL January 2006 113