Blutalkohol 2005 - BADS (Bund gegen Alkohol und Drogen im ...

Blutalkohol 2005 - BADS (Bund gegen Alkohol und Drogen im ... Blutalkohol 2005 - BADS (Bund gegen Alkohol und Drogen im ...

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270 Kröner/Padosch/Lachenmeier/Madea, Untersuchungen zur forensischen Relevanz thujonhaltiger Spirituosen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung toxikologisch-analytischer Aspekte versuches wurden nach Absinthgenuss Blutalkoholkonzentrationen > 1 ‰ gemessen, im Vollblut konnte jedoch mittels HS-SPME kein Thujonnachweis geführt werden. Die halluzinogene Potenz von Absinth ist bei Einhaltung der EU-Grenzwerte im Hinblick auf die forensischverkehrsmedizinische Relevanz aufgrund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen vorerst als gering einzustufen. Hier prävaliert die Wirkung des Alkohols, zumal Absinthsorten einen hohen Alkoholgehalt (> 50 Vol.-%) aufweisen. Es ist jedoch kritisch darauf hinzuweisen, dass das Erreichen tatsächlich relevanter Blut-Thujonkonzentrationen nach Konsum von in der EU über Internetvertrieb illegal erhältlichen Absinthsorten mit Thujongehalten um 100 mg/l nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann. Schlüsselwörter Thujon – Absinth – Festphasen-Mikroextraktion (SPME) – rechtsmedizinische Relevanz – forensische Toxikologie Summary In 1991, the European Commission permitted the addition of thujone-containing plant extracts (wormwood, mugwort) as well as aroma extracts to alcoholic beverages and spirits. For bitter spirits, such as absinthe, which has enjoyed more and more popularity in recent years, a limit of 35 mg/l �-/�-thujone was established by the European Commission. At present, no studies on �-/�-thujone effects, in particular with regard to the central nervous system after absinthe consumption are available. However, case reports already exist, reporting potentially life-threatening effects of accidental thujone intoxications. Major effects of thujone are supposed to be predominantly of hallucinogenic kind, moreover, nephro-toxic effects have been observed. The porphyrogenic effects of thujone and other terpenes are assumed to be a result of the hepatic cytochrome P450 pathway-dependent metabolism. Medico-legal relevance of thujone arises from its potential impact on driving abilities due to its predominantly hallucinogenic properties. Given the marked lipophilic character of thujone, such spirits are characterized by a high alcohol content to keep the essential ingredients in solution. Addition of water subsequently causes the clouding of the solution (so called “louche”-effect), as a consequence of the precipitation of the essential oils. Here, we introduce a simple and timesaving validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the detection of thujone in blood samples. Moreover, as a promising alternative to established methods, we report on headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) of thujone. Using this method we examined 14 absinthe samples, which are commercially available in Germany for their thujone content. Three of the samples examined showed a surpassing of the EC-limit with regard to thujone content, whereas no thujone was detected in another three absinthe samples. Moreover, in a pilot study, thujone and ethanol blood concentrations were determined after absinthe consumption. In this study, blood alcohol concentrations > 1 g/l were determined, whereas no thujone could be detected in blood samples by using HS-SPME. For the time being, our results allow the conclusion, that the hallucinogenic properties and relevance, respectively of absinthe and other thujone containing spirits might be rather negligible with regard to forensic and traffic-medical aspects. However, it has to be taken into consideration, that such spirits are characterized by high ethanol contents (> 50 Vol.-%). It also has to be mentioned, that it can not be excluded here, that actually relevant thujone concentrations and clinical effects, respectively might be observed after consumption of illegally distributed absinthe from non-EU countries with thujone concentrations around 100 mg/l purchased via the internet. Keywords thujone – absinthe – solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) – medico-legal relevance – forensic toxicology Literatur 1. Arnold W N (1989) Absinthe. Sci Am 260: 112–117. 2. Arnold W N (1988) Vincent van Gogh and the thujone connection. JAMA 260: 3042–3024. 3. Blumer D (2002) The illness of Vincent van Gogh. Am J Psychiatry 159: 519–526. 4. Bonkovsky H L, Cable E E, Cable J W, Donohue S E, White E C, Greene Y J, Lambrecht R W, Srivastava K K, Arnold W N (1992) Porphyrogenic properties of the terpenes camphor, pinene, and thujone (with a note on historic implications for absinthe and the illness of Vincent van Gogh). Biochem Pharmacol 43: 2359–2368. 5. Chiasson H, Belanger A, Bostanian N, Vincent C, Poliquin A (2001) Acaricidal properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) essential oils obtained by three methods of extraction. J Econ Entomol 94: 167–171. BLUTALKOHOL VOL. 42/2005

Kröner/Padosch/Lachenmeier/Madea, Untersuchungen zur forensischen Relevanz thujonhaltiger Spirituosen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung toxikologisch-analytischer Aspekte 6. European Council (1988) Council directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to flavourings for use in foodstuffs and to source materials for their production. Amended by Commission Directive 91/71/EEC of 16 January 1991. 7. Evening Standard (16. 6. 1999); Internet www.eveningstandard.co.uk, www.eabsinthe.com/de/press. 8. Galli C L, Galli G, Tragni E, Caruso D, Fiecchi A (1984) Quantitative analysis of alpha, beta-thujone, pulegone, safrole, coumarin and beta-asarone in alcoholic beverages by selected-ion monitoring. J Appl Toxicol 4: 273–276. 9. Gambelunghe C, Melai P (2002) Absinthe: enjoying a new popularity among young people? Forensic Sci Int 130: 183–186. 10. Hein J, Lobbedey L, Neumärker K J (2001) Absinth – Neue Mode, alte Probleme. Dt Ärztebl 98: A 2716–2724. 11. Hold K M, Sirisoma N S, Casida J E (2001) Detoxification of alpha- and beta-Thujones (the active ingredients of absinthe): site specificity and species differences in cytochrome P450 oxidation in vitro and in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 14: 589–595. 12. Hold K M, Sirisoma N S, Ikeda T, Narahashi T, Casida J E (2000) Alpha-thujone (the active component of absinthe): gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 3826–3831. 13. Holstege C P, Baylor M R, Rusyniak D E (2002) Absinthe: return of the green fairy. Semin Neurol 22: 89–94. 14. Juteau F, Jerkovic I, Masotti V, Milos M, Mastelic J, Bessiere J M, Viano J (2003) Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Artemisia absinthium from Croatia and France. Planta Med 69: 158–161. 15. Meschler J P, Howlett A C (1999) Thujone exhibits low affinity for cannabinoid receptors but fails to evoke cannabimimetic responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 62: 473–480. 16. Morrant J C (1993) The wing of madness: the illness of Vincent van Gogh. Can J Psychiatry 38: 480–484. 17. Olsen R W (2000) Absinthe and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 4417–4418. 18. Skopp G, Dettling A, Pötsch L, Schmitt G, Haffner H T (2003), Begleitstoffprofile Absinth-haltiger Bitterspirituosen. Blutalkohol 40: 287–293. 19. Simonetti W, Schuler S, Gualtiero S (1990) Simon and Schuster’s Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster, London – New York. 20. Strang J, Arnold W N, Peters T (1999) Absinthe: what’s your poison? Though absinthe is intriguing, it is alcohol in general we should worry about. BMJ 319: 1590–1592. 21. Weisbord S D, Soule J B, Kimmel P L (1997) Poison on line-acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood purchased through the Internet. N Engl J Med 337: 825–827. Anschriften der Verfasser Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Chem. Lars U. Kröner* Institut für Rechtsmedizin Klinikum der Universität zu Köln Melatengürtel 60–62, D-50823 Köln E-Mail: Lars.Kroener@uk-koeln.de Dr. med. Stephan A. Padosch Institut für Forensische Medizin Zentrum der Rechtsmedizin im Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main Dr. Dirk W. Lachenmeier Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe Weißenburger Str. 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe Prof. Dr. med. Burkhard Madea Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Bonn Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn *Korrespondenzautor 271 BLUTALKOHOL VOL. 42/2005

Kröner/Padosch/Lachenmeier/Madea,<br />

Untersuchungen zur forensischen Relevanz thujonhaltiger Spirituosen unter besonderer<br />

Berücksichtigung toxikologisch-analytischer Aspekte<br />

6. European Council (1988) Council directive on the approx<strong>im</strong>ation of the laws of the Member States relating<br />

to flavourings for use in foodstuffs and to source materials for their production. Amended by Commission<br />

Directive 91/71/EEC of 16 January 1991.<br />

7. Evening Standard (16. 6. 1999); Internet www.eveningstandard.co.uk,<br />

www.eabsinthe.com/de/press.<br />

8. Galli C L, Galli G, Tragni E, Caruso D, Fiecchi A (1984) Quantitative analysis of alpha, beta-thujone, pulegone,<br />

safrole, coumarin and beta-asarone in alcoholic beverages by selected-ion monitoring. J Appl Toxicol<br />

4: 273–276.<br />

9. Gambelunghe C, Melai P (2002) Absinthe: enjoying a new popularity among young people? Forensic Sci Int<br />

130: 183–186.<br />

10. Hein J, Lobbedey L, Neumärker K J (2001) Absinth – Neue Mode, alte Probleme. Dt Ärztebl 98: A 2716–2724.<br />

11. Hold K M, Sirisoma N S, Casida J E (2001) Detoxification of alpha- and beta-Thujones (the active ingredients<br />

of absinthe): site specificity and species differences in cytochrome P450 oxidation in vitro and in<br />

vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 14: 589–595.<br />

12. Hold K M, Sirisoma N S, Ikeda T, Narahashi T, Casida J E (2000) Alpha-thujone (the active component of absinthe):<br />

gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci<br />

USA 97: 3826–3831.<br />

13. Holstege C P, Baylor M R, Rusyniak D E (2002) Absinthe: return of the green fairy. Semin Neurol 22: 89–94.<br />

14. Juteau F, Jerkovic I, Masotti V, Milos M, Mastelic J, Bessiere J M, Viano J (2003) Composition and Ant<strong>im</strong>icrobial<br />

Activity of the Essential Oil of Artemisia absinthium from Croatia and France. Planta Med 69:<br />

158–161.<br />

15. Meschler J P, Howlett A C (1999) Thujone exhibits low affinity for cannabinoid receptors but fails to evoke<br />

cannab<strong>im</strong><strong>im</strong>etic responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 62: 473–480.<br />

16. Morrant J C (1993) The wing of madness: the illness of Vincent van Gogh. Can J Psychiatry 38: 480–484.<br />

17. Olsen R W (2000) Absinthe and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 4417–4418.<br />

18. Skopp G, Dettling A, Pötsch L, Schmitt G, Haffner H T (2003), Begleitstoffprofile Absinth-haltiger Bitterspirituosen.<br />

<strong>Blutalkohol</strong> 40: 287–293.<br />

19. S<strong>im</strong>onetti W, Schuler S, Gualtiero S (1990) S<strong>im</strong>on and Schuster’s Guide to Herbs and Spices. S<strong>im</strong>on &<br />

Schuster, London – New York.<br />

20. Strang J, Arnold W N, Peters T (1999) Absinthe: what’s your poison? Though absinthe is intriguing, it is alcohol<br />

in general we should worry about. BMJ 319: 1590–1592.<br />

21. Weisbord S D, Soule J B, K<strong>im</strong>mel P L (1997) Poison on line-acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood<br />

purchased through the Internet. N Engl J Med 337: 825–827.<br />

Anschriften der Verfasser<br />

Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Chem. Lars U. Kröner*<br />

Institut für Rechtsmedizin<br />

Klinikum der Universität zu Köln<br />

Melatengürtel 60–62, D-50823 Köln<br />

E-Mail: Lars.Kroener@uk-koeln.de<br />

Dr. med. Stephan A. Padosch<br />

Institut für Forensische Medizin<br />

Zentrum der Rechtsmedizin <strong>im</strong> Klinikum der<br />

Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main<br />

Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main<br />

Dr. Dirk W. Lachenmeier<br />

Chemisches <strong>und</strong> Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe<br />

Weißenburger Str. 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe<br />

Prof. Dr. med. Burkhard Madea<br />

Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Bonn<br />

Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn<br />

*Korrespondenzautor<br />

271<br />

BLUTALKOHOL VOL. 42/<strong>2005</strong>

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