Unser Haushund: Eine Spitzmaus im Wolfspelz? - Wolf-Ekkehard ...

228Überdies: "It is hypothesized that a nonmosaic (i.e., germline) AKT1 c.49G>Amutation would be lethal in early development. Animal data suggest that anembryo with a germline AKT1 p.Glu17Lys mutation would have early embryoniclethality, if such gametes are capable of leading to a fertilized embryo.” 410 WeiterePunkte in der aufgeführten Quelle (2012).Um das Ausmaß der Feinabstimmung zu erahnen, muss man sich nochvergegenwärtigen, dass die 3 AKT Kinasen nicht nur auf die bisher entdecktenmehr als 100 Kandidaten funktional präzis abgestimmt sind, sondern auch dieKandidaten untereinander und letztere wiederum auf die Funktionen vonTausenden weiteren Genen und Proteinen.Eine ganze Serie von Syndromen wurde bisher erwähnt 411 . Der eine oder andereLeser mag es vielleicht als ausgesprochen deprimierend empfinden, dass diedefinitionsgemäß richtungslosen Mutationen – trotz Epigenetik, die die genetischePrädestinationslehre relativiert hat 412 , trotz hocheffizienter ('genialer') DNA-Reparaturmechanismen 413 , die die meisten Replikationsfehler korrigieren, trotzpositiver psychosomatischer Ansätze ("mind over matter" 414 ) – in mehreren Fällen410 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99495/ (Zugriff ebenfalls 12. 12. 2012)411 Rhinitissyndrom, hypochondroplasia, ectodermal dysplasia, Laron syndrome, periodic fever syndrome in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs, humanautoinflammatory syndromes, Williams-Beuren Syndrome, Tourette-Syndrome, congenital keratoconjunctivitis sicca and ichthyosiform dermatosis(CKCSID [dry eye curly coat syndrome]), Cowden syndrome, CLOVE syndrome, Proteus Syndrome.412 Vgl. Dokumentation oben. Ich erinnere u.a. an Jörg Blech von der SPIEGEL-Redaktion für Wissenschaft und Technik (2010): Das Gedächtnis derKörpers (Titel der SPIEGEL-Ausgabe Der Sieg über die Gene, Untertitel Klüger, gesünder glücklicher: Wie wir unser Erbgut überlisten können (DerSpiegel 32/2010, pp. 110-121: http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-73107925.html).413 Siehe z. B. den ausführlichen Beitrag unter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair. Oder Clancy (2008): DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms forMaintaining DNA Integrity http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-damage-repair-mechanisms-for-maintaining-dna-344. Oder: Sancar et al. (2004):DNA damage response reactions include: (a) removal of DNA damage and restoration of the continuity of the DNA duplex; (b) activation of a DNAdamage checkpoint, which arrests cell cycle progression so as to allow for repair and prevention of the transmission of damaged or incompletely replicatedchromosomes; (c) transcriptional response, which causes changes in the transcription profile that may be beneficial to the cell; and (d) apoptosis, whicheliminates heavily damaged or seriously deregulated cells. DNA repair mechanisms include direct repair, base excision repair, nucleotide excisionrepair, double-strand break repair, and cross-link repair. The DNA damage checkpoints employ damage sensor proteins, such as ATM, ATR, theRad17-RFC complex, and the 9-1-1 complex, to detect DNA damage and to initiate signal transduction cascades that employ Chk1 and Chk2 Ser/Thrkinases and Cdc25 phosphatases. The signal transducers activate p53 and inactivate cyclin-dependent kinases to inhibit cell cycle progression from G1 to S(the G1/S checkpoint), DNA replication (the intra-S checkpoint), or G2 to mitosis (the G2/M checkpoint). (Siehe:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189136 ).Sehr empfehlenswerter Beitrag von 2010: Regulating DNA repair mechanisms:"Basically, DNA repair mechanisms are very powerful because they can often replace or remove nucleotide bases. […] From the article[http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765%2810%2900747-1]:"DNA repair is carried out by a plethora of enzymatic activities that chemically modify DNA to repair DNA damage, including nucleases, helicases,polymerases, topoisomerases, recombinases, ligases, glycosylases, demethylases, kinases, and phosphateases. These repair tools must be precisely regulated,because each in its own right can wreak havoc on the integrity of DNA if misused or allowed to access DNA at the inappropriate time or place.”The DNA repair mechanisms themselves are fascinating from a design perspective. The list above includes ten different tools (more like high poweredmachines) that the cell has available for DNA repair, but what is even more compelling from a design perspective is the regulation of the repair mechanisms.Because of the power of the repair mechanisms, there are regulators in place to recruit the right repair mechanism, lead it to the damaged spot, activate the repairmechanism, and "coordinate the choice of the pathways to employ for efficient DNA repair." The article refers to it as a "choreographed" response system. It soundslike a control tower or central command.” Nach Hinweisen zur Bedeutung und Funktion der DNA-Repararturmechanismen: "The mechanisms for DNA repair are afascinating field of research with frequent new discoveries, including how these repair mechanisms are regulated. However, it seems that to explain the origin of thesesystems, scientists will need to expand their framework, because the Darwinian step-by-step process of natural selection acting on random mutations does notcurrently have the explanatory capacity for this type of system.” (http://www.evolutionnews.org/2010/11/regulating_dna_repair_mechanis040801.html)Gemäß http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101004112156.htm: "On a good day about one million bases in the DNA in a human cell aredamaged. These lesions are caused by a combination of normal chemical activity within the cell and exposure to radiation and toxins coming fromenvironmental sources including cigarette smoke, grilled foods and industrial wastes.” Oder nach Clancy (2008): "…it has been estimated that anindividual cell can suffer up to one million DNA changes per day (Lodish et al., 2005).” Eine Zelle ist ein System im Fließgleichgewicht. Sie nimmtfortwährend Moleküle auf, verarbeitet sie, synthetisiert benötigte Stoffe, und gibt wiederum bestimmte Stoffe an die Umgebung ab"(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Reparatur ). Genauer: "DNA damage, due to environmental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell,occurs at a rate of 1,000 to 1,000,000 molecular lesions per cell per day.[1] While this constitutes only 0.000165% of the human genome'sapproximately 6 billion bases (3 billion base pairs), unrepaired lesions in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes) can impede a cell's ability tocarry out its function and appreciably increase the likelihood of tumor formation.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair). Zugriffe 15. 12. 2012.414 Vgl. http://www.weloennig.de/Die_Affaere1.pdf pp. 49, 57, 66, 109 (Auszug von p. 49: Aus einem Interview, Harper Collins Publishers: Question: Isthe mind an illusion created by the brain? Mario Beauregard: Materialists generally say yes. However, they have not proved that. Quite the opposite. Theystart with that assumption, and then they fit anything they see into it. Non-materialist neuroscience demonstrates that the mind is real and can change thebrain. For example, Jeffrey Schwartz, a nonmaterialist UCLA neuropsychiatrist, treats obsessive compulsive disorder by getting patients to reprogramtheir brains. Similarly, some of my neuroscientist colleagues at the Université de Montréal and I have demonstrated, via brain imaging techniques, thatwomen and girls can control sad thoughts, men can control responses to erotic films, and people who suffer from phobias such as spider phobia canreorganize their brains so that they lose the fear. Evidence of the mind's control over the brain is actually captured in these studies. There is such a thing as