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175Einige Hauptpunkte zum Thema A Positive, Testable Case for Intelligent Design hatCasey Luskin, ein Geologe und Jurist 304 , 2005 und 2011 exzellent wie folgtzusammengefasst 305 :Table 1. Ways Designers Act When Designing (Observations):(1) Intelligent agents think with an "end goal" in mind, allowing them to solve complex problems by taking many partsand arranging them in intricate patterns that perform a specific function (e.g. complex and specified information): "Agentscan arrange matter with distant goals in mind. In their use of language, they routinely 'find' highly isolated and improbablefunctional sequences amid vast spaces of combinatorial possibilities." (Meyer, 2004 a) "[W]e have repeated experience ofrational and conscious agents-in particular ourselves-generating or causing increases in complex specified information,both in the form of sequence-specific lines of code and in the form of hierarchically arranged systems of parts. ... Ourexperience-based knowledge of information-flow confirms that systems with large amounts of specified complexity(especially codes and languages) invariably originate from an intelligent source from a mind or personal agent." (Meyer,2004 b.)(2) Intelligent agents can rapidly infuse large amounts of information into systems: "Intelligent design provides asufficient causal explanation for the origin of large amounts of information, since we have considerable experience ofintelligent agents generating informational configurations of matter." (Meyer, 2003.) [See also Lönnig 2000/2001.] "Weknow from experience that intelligent agents often conceive of plans prior to the material instantiation of the systems thatconform to the plans--that is, the intelligent design of a blueprint often precedes the assembly of parts in accord with ablueprint or preconceived design plan." (Meyer, 2003.)(3) Intelligent agents re-use functional components that work over and over in different systems (e.g., wheels for cars andairplanes): "An intelligent cause may reuse or redeploy the same module in different systems, without there necessarilybeing any material or physical connection between those systems. Even more simply, intelligent causes can generateidentical patterns independently." (Nelson and Wells, 2003.)(4) Intelligent agents typically create functional things (although we may sometimes think something is functionless, notrealizing its true function): "Since non-coding regions do not produce proteins, Darwinian biologists have been dismissingthem for decades as random evolutionary noise or 'junk DNA.' From an ID perspective, however, it is extremely unlikelythat an organism would expend its resources on preserving and transmitting so much 'junk.'" (Wells, 2004.)These observations can then be converted into hypotheses and predictions about what we should find if an objectwas designed. This makes intelligent design a scientific theory capable of generating testable predictions, as seen inTable 2 below:Table 2. Predictions of Design (Hypothesis):(1) Natural structures will be found that contain many parts arranged in intricate patterns that perform a specific function(e.g. complex and specified information).(2) Forms containing large amounts of novel information will appear in the fossil record suddenly and without similarprecursors.(3) Convergence will occur routinely. That is, genes and other functional parts will be re-used in different and unrelatedorganisms.(4) Much so-called "junk DNA" will turn out to perform valuable functions.These predictions can then be put to the test by observing the scientific data, leading to conclusions:Table 3. Examining the Evidence (Experiment and Conclusion):(1) Language-based codes can be revealed by seeking to understand the workings of genetics and inheritance. Highlevels of specified complexity and irreducibly complexity are detected in biological systems through theoretical analysis,computer simulations and calculations (Behe & Snoke, 2004; Dembski 1998b; Axe et al. 2008; Axe, 2010a; Axe, 2010b;Dembski and Marks 2009a; Dembski and Marks 2009b; Ewert et al. 2009; Ewert et al. 2010; Chiu et al. 2002; Durston etal. 2007; Abel and Trevors, 2006; Voie 2006), "reverse engineering" (e.g. knockout experiments) (Minnich and Meyer,2004; McIntosh 2009a; McIntosh 2009b) or mutational sensitivity tests (Axe, 2000; Axe, 2004; Gauger et al. 2010). [Inhis 2005 paper C. L. mentions the bacterial flagellum, the specified complexity of protein bonds and the simplest selfreproducingcell.](2) The fossil record shows that species often appear abruptly without similar precursors. (Meyer, 2004; Lonnig, 2004;McIntosh 2009b.)(3) Similar parts are commonly found in widely different organisms. Many genes and functional parts not distributed ina manner predicted by ancestry, and are often found in clearly unrelated organisms. (Davison, 2005; Nelson & Wells,2003; Lönnig, 2004; Sherman 2007.)(4) There have been numerous discoveries of functionality for "junk-DNA." Examples include recently discoveredsurprised functionality in some pseudogenes, microRNAs, introns, LINE and ALU elements. (Sternberg, 2002, Sternbergand Shapiro, 2005; McIntosh, 2009a.)304 Die seltene Fächerkombination erinnert vielleicht an Charles Lyell, dem Hauptbegründer der modernen aktualistischen Geologie.305 Oder direkt hier nachsehen (2005): http://www.arn.org/docs/positivecasefordesign.pdf und (2011)http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/03/a_closer_look_at_one_scientist045311.html; dort auch die Literaturangaben.