jahrbuch numismatik geldgeschichte - Bayerische Numismatische ...
jahrbuch numismatik geldgeschichte - Bayerische Numismatische ... jahrbuch numismatik geldgeschichte - Bayerische Numismatische ...
26 David MacDonaldtype in the fourth century. The Cretan cities Elyros and Polyrhenionemployed it late in the fourth or early in the early third century. It even appearedon an Achaemenid satrapal issue from Tarsos in Cilicia.13The Chi surcharge on the shield (1') cannot even be assumed with certaintyto represent Chalkis. Despite assertions to the contrary, the form of the letteris not distinctively Chalkidian or even Euboian, but rather appears in anumber of archaic Greek local scripts including that of Boiotia. This is onlyto be expected. Despite the tradition of Kadmos' introduction of writingfrom Phoenicia, it appears that Boiotia received its alphabet from Euboia."Alphabetic shield blazons bearing the initial letter of a city's ethnic appeartoward the end of the fifth or early in the fourth century,15 but there seemto be no other instances of shields charged with a City ethnic or initial oncoins. An alphabetic shield blazon on a coin of the late fifth or early fourthcentury represents a dynast's name rather than an abbreviation of a cityethnic.16 The significance of the letter on the shield/wheel issue remainsuncertain. It may stand for Chalkis, or for something else entirely, such asa magistrate's initial. Isolated letters of uncertain significance appear on a13Salamis: BMC Attica p. 116 nos. 1-11, representing the shield of Ajax; Tarsus: BMC Lycaoniap. 175 no. 79, time of Mazaeus. In addition, the heroic shield also appears as an adjuncttype, probably representing the individual badge of a magistrate, on coins of Leukas(BMC Corinth pl. XXXV, 8), Thyrrheion (BMC Corinth pl. XXXVIII, 12), on postumoustetradrachms of Philip II and Alexander from the Pella mint, (G. LeRider, Le monnayaged'argent et d'or de Philippe II, Paris 1977, Pella mint nos. 528-534), and on still morediverse issues: Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies grecques, 221-224. For the general significanceof the "Boiotian" shield, L. Lacroix, Le bouclier, embleme des Beotiens, RBPhil 1958,5-30, and L. Lacroix, A propos des representations de boucliers sur les monnaies grecques,Centennial Publication of the American Numismatic Society, New York 1958, 401-406.The shield may have been adopted as a coin type initially because its ovoid form resembledthe turtle of Aigina. Early coins of Aiginetan weight tended toward turtle-shaped types, e.g.Melos — apple or vase, Naxos — cantharus, Coressia — squid, Andros — amphora, etc.14L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford 1961, 79-83, 89-95, Table ofLetters, following Plate 72. For use of the "Chalkidian" Chi on Boiotian coins well intothe fourth century, BMC Central Greece p. 82 no. 141-142.15The Lakedaemonians used a A on their hoplite shields; Messenians M, Sikyonians E,Thebans a club, and Mantineans a trident. A or AOE variously arranged appear on shieldon a number of Attic vases, often in athletic contexts. G.H. Chase, The Shield Devices ofthe Greeks, HarvSt, 1902, 87, 110-111; A.M. Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks,Ithaca 1967, 67.16 Dynast: Kherriga of Xanthos: 0. Merkholm and J. Zahle, The Coinages of the LycianDynasts Kheriga, Kherei and Erbbina, ActaArch 1976, p. 50 no. 31: Obv.: Helmeted headof Athena r. Rev.: Athena sitting r. with shield bearing (Y) and Lycian legend consistingof the name of Kheriga and the Lycian name of Xanthos. The shield blazon cannot standfor the initial of Xanthos; the Lycian name of that city was Arnnahe. Similarly, Pyrrhus'monogram appears on a shield on some of his coins (BMC Thessaly to Aetolia p. 113 nos.36-39) and the monogram of Achilles on a shield held by Thetis (BMC Thessaly to Aetoliap. 33 nos. 1-2: Larissa Cremaste).
Significance of „Boiotian League/Chalkis" Silver Issue 27number of archaic Greek coins. Even if it is assumed to stand for Chalkis,there is no reason to assume it indicates a political combination with theBoiotian League.A wheel appears as the reverse type on some of Chalkis' early coinage, butit is not the only or even the characteristic reverse type. The wheel on theshield/wheel coin, moreover, is not exactly like the wheel on any issue thatis certainly from Chalkis. W.P. Wallace has pointed out that "this is the onlyChalkis wheel to have an axle-hole, and its fabric seems more Eretrian thanChalkidian."17 A wheel appears on a number of other contemporarycoinages, including Makedonian issues of a style generally similar to Euboiancoinages and the shield/wheel issue."The Berlin specimen is clipped; its original weight cannot be ascertained.The Paris specimen weighs 16.80 g, in reasonable agreement with both theEuboian and Attic standards for the stater.'9 The stater weighs the sametheoretical 17.2 g in both standards, but the Euboian stater was divided intothirds and sixths while the Attic was divided into halves and quarters. In theabsence of fractional denominations, the two standards cannot bedistinguished. Euboian cities first struck coins to the Euboian standard butchanged to the Attic system of divisions before 500 B.C. The Chalkidikesimilarly changed from the Euboian to the Attic system of fractions at anearly date. Both the Euboian and Attic standards were, of course, alsoemployed elsewhere. Boiotia coined to the Aigenitic standard rather than theEuboian, but the first certain Boiotian coins of Aigenitic standard were notstruck until a decade or more after the shield/wheel issue.2° It is not beyondpossibility that some Boiotian city, perhaps Tanagra, employed the Euboianstandard for an abortive issue considerably before it commenced regularcoinage.Despite these doubts, it is likely that the shield/wheel issue was in factstruck at Chalkis sometime around 520 B.C. Style, fabric, and weight agreebetter with contemporary Euboian issues than with any others. Salvaging theprobable Chalkidian origin of the issue does not, however, resurrect17W.P. Wallace, "Early," p. 38 n. 2.18E.g. coins of the Ichnai (BMC Macedonia p. 76 no. 1; Price and Waggoner, Asyut, nos.40-44), other Thraco-Macedonian issues (BMC Macedonia pp. 154-155 nos. 16-21), aswell as the EMINAKO coins from Olbia (Babelon, Traite 113, Paris 1912, 272, giving theissue to Thrace; modern opinion is in favor of Olbia as the mint.) These coinages, of course,are struck to different weight standards from the Attic-Euboian standard of theshield/wheel issue. Wheel types are common throughout the Greek world, from Massaliathrough Baktria.19The coin has suffered a test cut on the obverse, which should not have altered its weight.The loss of 0.4 g is most likely due to corrosion, which affected many of the coins in theTaranto hoard greatly. Kraay, Archaic, 88-91, 329-330.20 Note 11 supra.
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26 David MacDonaldtype in the fourth century. The Cretan cities Elyros and Polyrhenionemployed it late in the fourth or early in the early third century. It even appearedon an Achaemenid satrapal issue from Tarsos in Cilicia.13The Chi surcharge on the shield (1') cannot even be assumed with certaintyto represent Chalkis. Despite assertions to the contrary, the form of the letteris not distinctively Chalkidian or even Euboian, but rather appears in anumber of archaic Greek local scripts including that of Boiotia. This is onlyto be expected. Despite the tradition of Kadmos' introduction of writingfrom Phoenicia, it appears that Boiotia received its alphabet from Euboia."Alphabetic shield blazons bearing the initial letter of a city's ethnic appeartoward the end of the fifth or early in the fourth century,15 but there seemto be no other instances of shields charged with a City ethnic or initial oncoins. An alphabetic shield blazon on a coin of the late fifth or early fourthcentury represents a dynast's name rather than an abbreviation of a cityethnic.16 The significance of the letter on the shield/wheel issue remainsuncertain. It may stand for Chalkis, or for something else entirely, such asa magistrate's initial. Isolated letters of uncertain significance appear on a13Salamis: BMC Attica p. 116 nos. 1-11, representing the shield of Ajax; Tarsus: BMC Lycaoniap. 175 no. 79, time of Mazaeus. In addition, the heroic shield also appears as an adjuncttype, probably representing the individual badge of a magistrate, on coins of Leukas(BMC Corinth pl. XXXV, 8), Thyrrheion (BMC Corinth pl. XXXVIII, 12), on postumoustetradrachms of Philip II and Alexander from the Pella mint, (G. LeRider, Le monnayaged'argent et d'or de Philippe II, Paris 1977, Pella mint nos. 528-534), and on still morediverse issues: Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies grecques, 221-224. For the general significanceof the "Boiotian" shield, L. Lacroix, Le bouclier, embleme des Beotiens, RBPhil 1958,5-30, and L. Lacroix, A propos des representations de boucliers sur les monnaies grecques,Centennial Publication of the American Numismatic Society, New York 1958, 401-406.The shield may have been adopted as a coin type initially because its ovoid form resembledthe turtle of Aigina. Early coins of Aiginetan weight tended toward turtle-shaped types, e.g.Melos — apple or vase, Naxos — cantharus, Coressia — squid, Andros — amphora, etc.14L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford 1961, 79-83, 89-95, Table ofLetters, following Plate 72. For use of the "Chalkidian" Chi on Boiotian coins well intothe fourth century, BMC Central Greece p. 82 no. 141-142.15The Lakedaemonians used a A on their hoplite shields; Messenians M, Sikyonians E,Thebans a club, and Mantineans a trident. A or AOE variously arranged appear on shieldon a number of Attic vases, often in athletic contexts. G.H. Chase, The Shield Devices ofthe Greeks, HarvSt, 1902, 87, 110-111; A.M. Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks,Ithaca 1967, 67.16 Dynast: Kherriga of Xanthos: 0. Merkholm and J. Zahle, The Coinages of the LycianDynasts Kheriga, Kherei and Erbbina, ActaArch 1976, p. 50 no. 31: Obv.: Helmeted headof Athena r. Rev.: Athena sitting r. with shield bearing (Y) and Lycian legend consistingof the name of Kheriga and the Lycian name of Xanthos. The shield blazon cannot standfor the initial of Xanthos; the Lycian name of that city was Arnnahe. Similarly, Pyrrhus'monogram appears on a shield on some of his coins (BMC Thessaly to Aetolia p. 113 nos.36-39) and the monogram of Achilles on a shield held by Thetis (BMC Thessaly to Aetoliap. 33 nos. 1-2: Larissa Cremaste).