Roadmap The German Committee for Research with Neutrons, KFN, presented a “Roadmap for the phased operation of neutron sources in Germany“ in September 2003 [1]. Based on the national and international conditions and foreseeable developments, concepts were developed and priorities described to point out a medium- and long-term perspective for research with neutrons in Germany. Concrete recommendations for the extension and continued operation of the research neutron sources important for German user groups were made. The incorporation into the international and, in particular, the European neutron scene is of essential signifi cance. Since decisions on the operation of the national neutron sources also have signifi cant impacts in the European context, a pan-European strategy is desirable. Starting situation It is internationally recognized that research with neutron as a scientifi c discipline full of life and subject to constant renewal is of great signifi cance and indispensable for a very wide range of different research areas [2, 3]. At present, Europe holds the leading position in the field of research with neutrons. The Institute Laue- Langevin, ILL, in Grenoble with its high-flux reactor is currently the best facility worldwide. The new German FRM-II research neutron source exhibits comparable neutron beam intensities. Major political decisions on the development of the research infrastructure were made, which will secure competitiveness in the medium term. Of particular importance for German users are the Millennium Programme of ILL, the full exploitation of the possibilities of the FRM-II, the representation of the centres of the Helmholtz Association, HGF, at FRM-II, the extension of the Berlin Neutron Scattering Centre, BENSC, (second neutron guide hall) and participation in the instrumentation of the new American spallation source, SNS. In the OECD studies of 1998 [4] and 2001 [3] it was recommended that one next-generation spallation source each should be constructed in the three world regions of the Asiatic-Pacific Area, Europe and North America. With the SNS in Oak Ridge, USA, and the JSNS in Tokai, Japan, this recommendation is being implemented in two of these regions in the form of megawatt sources. For the SNS there are extension plans for a second target station and for power increase. Recommendations for further developing the basis for research with neutrons in Germany Institute Laue-Langevin ILL ILL has succeeded in further strengthening its international top position by selectively extending the instrumentation and infrastructure. The Millennium Programme has the potential for further increasing the efficiency of the instruments at ILL by a factor of 15 on average. A factor of 5 has already been achieved. It is of extreme significance that this process is consistently further pursued in order to also maintain the European leadership in the world in the years to come. The currently valid Intergovernmental Convention of ILL must be extended by another 10 years in 2013. KFN takes the view that as the only truly European source the ILL should in future play a major role in planning the European multi-MW spallation source. FRM-II research neutron source The new FRM-II research neutron source in Garching has successfully completed its nuclear commissioning. The setup of the in part unique instruments of modern and innovative design with the participation of numerous universities from all over Germany, Max Planck Institutes and the Helmholtz centres FZJ, GKSS and HMI is far advanced. Neutron fl uxes and beam qualities comparable to those of the ILL are measured. Some of the instruments of the FRM-II have the potential for worldwide leadership. The long-term assurance of effective high-quality experimental and user operation as well as the continuous extension of infrastructure and instrumentation are indispensable. KFN assumes that the FRM-II will play a leading role as the national neutron source for the German user groups in the near future and will essentially contribute towards strengthning Europe in the fi eld of research with neutrons. Representation of the HGF centres at FRM-II In June 2004, a contract was concluded between FZJ and FRM-II/TUM, which provides for close cooperation and a massive participation in the instrumentation, operation and use of the experimental facilities at FRM-II. FZJ plans to build up and operate a total of seven instruments at the FRM-II and to strengthen the infrastructure on site. Going beyond the commitment already <strong>und</strong>ertaken, GKSS has decided in favour of a participation in two instruments at FRM-II in the short term and plans to further intensify its activities in the medium term. HMI also operates an instrument at the FRM-II. The services offered by the different experimental facilities at the most up-to-date continuous neutron source worldwide are thus being supplemented and extended in an outstanding manner. KFN appreciates this process and recommends that it should be consistently continued, in order to utilize the expertise and experience of the Helmholtz centres in the fi eld of methods development and user operation for the FRM-II. BENSC in the network of medium-flux sources The network of European medium-flux neutron sources fulfi ls important tasks for • the provision of measuring time for experiments that do not really need the highest neutron flux; • the provision of specialized measuring possibilities that are not available at the top sources; • specialized support for users and training of young scientists; • possibilities for the development of methods including maintenance and extension of the know-how for MW spallation sources; • building up international collaborations; and • opening up new fi elds of research including contacts with industry. At the moment, all sources of the Helmholtz centres essentially contribute to this European infrastructure. Decisions on the phased decommissioning of the reactors in Jülich and Geesthacht have been made or are expected. After their implementation, only BENSC at HMI will be left as the second national centre in the network of medium-flux reactors. Its specialization in extreme sample environments must be further developed as a unique feature. At least until full user operation at a future European multi-MW spallation source BENSC will remain indispensable. The vision Multi-MW spallation source In the long term, the construction of a multi-MW spallation source as the central European next-generation source is indispensable, if Europe wants to consolidate its leading position in research with neutrons in the world. According to the analysis of the working group on neutrons „European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures“ (ESFRI) of autumn 2002 [2], a 5-MW long-pulse source (ESFRI Scenario 2) is to be realized in a fi rst extension stage, complementing the American and Japanese projects. A positive decision on this must be made at the European level as soon as possible, since planning and construction will take approximately 10 years. In the long term, such a multi-MW spallation source is indispensable as the European top source in succession of the ILL. German contribution to the multi-MW spallation source Germany should make a significant contribution to a multi-MW spallation source, wherever it is built in Europe. A site in Germany would provide great advantages, e. g. with respect to the training and employment of scientists, engineers and technicians, an increase in attractiveness for the best international researchers, and technology transfer to the site region. In the opinion of KFN, due to their methodological expertise, FZJ and HMI should play a central role in the design and construction of a future European multi-MW spallation source and its instrumentation. In the meantime, participation in the construction of the instrumentation at the American SNS spallation source is recommended, so that this modern top source is made accessible to German users and experience is gathered in the development and operation of instruments at a MW spallation source. 10 Recommendations 11
Wissenschaftliches Potential der Forschung mit Neutronen Galaxie 1 Motor Textur 10 -2 Zelle Zelle 10 -4 Domänen 10 -6 Teilchen-Hadronenphysik Radiographie / Tomographie Texturdiffraktometrie Reflektometrie <strong>und</strong> Kleinwinkelstreuung zeitaufgelöste - Radiographie - Beugung - Reflektometrie Spinechospektroskopie Rückstreuspektroskopie Teilchen-Hadronenphysik Geologie M H laufender Motor Rotationstunneln Domänenwanddynamik Dynamik von Makromolekülen Roter Riese Gesteinsfaltung 1 10 -6 10 -9 10 -11 10 -8 Polymer magnetische 10 -14 Struktur Diffraktometrie Kern- <strong>und</strong> Teilchenphysik Flugzeit- <strong>und</strong> Dreiachsspektroskopie hochenergetische Streuung Ladungs- 10 -10 - dichte Atomkern Stoneranregungen Spinwellen Gitterschwingungen 10 -12 10 -13 10 -14 10 -15 Nukleon 10 -14 Länge [m] Zeit [s] Kern-Compton- Streuung 10 -15 12 13
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